Anode For Sodium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Pre-intercalated Sodium Ions Enhance Sodium Storage of MoS2 Anode by Mitigating Structural Dissociation.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and layered structure. However, a poor reversible conversion reaction and a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) limit its practical application. This study systematically investigated the potential of pre-intercalated sodium ions molybdenum disulfide (Na-MoS2) as an anode material for SIBs. Because of the mitigation of MoS2 structural dissociation and effective replenishment of active sodium ions, Na-MoS2 delivered an outstanding capacity of 507.7 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 5 A g-1, along with an ICE of 95.30%. Pre-intercalating sodium ions can expand interlayer spacing and modulate electronic structure, allowing Na-MoS2 to have greater tolerance to the electrochemical intercalation/extraction process. Furthermore, the conversion reaction of Na-MoS2 has a higher Gibbs free energy, implying its structural dissociation is thermodynamically unfavorable. This work provides a new perspective on the study of transition metal dichalcogenide electrode materials for SIBs.

Constructing Accessible Closed Nanopores in Coal-Derived Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Hard carbon (HC) materials are suitable anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) but still suffer from insufficient initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Promoting sodium storage via the pore filling mechanism is an effective way to improve the ICE, and the key here is regulating the pore structures of HC. In this work, coal-derived HC is successfully engineered with abundant accessible closed nanopores by treating the coal precursors with a facile destructive oxidation strategy. Investigations demonstrate that the destructive oxidation strategy can not only introduce abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) but also decrease the size of graphitic microcrystals. Thus, the OFGs significantly enhance the crosslinking of small graphitic microcrystals and stimulate the formation of accessible closed nanopores during carbonization, which eventually improves the ICE by promoting the pore filling mechanism. The optimized HC exhibits so far the highest ICE (92.2%) among coal-derived SIB anode materials, together with a considerable capacity of 328.5 mAh g-1 at 90mA g-1 and a capacity retention of 95.1% after 150 cycles. The results provide guidelines for developing high-performance HC materials toward the large-scale application of SIBs, which is of great significance for future energy storage systems.

Electrochemo-Mechanics insights of Sn foil anode in Sodium-Ion batteries.

The development of high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is crucial to meeting the growing demand for low-cost, sustainable energy storage alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, achieving stable cycling performance in SIBs is challenging, particularly with tin (Sn) foil anodes, which suffer from issues like sodium trapping and structural degradation due to significant volume changes during sodiation and desodiation. In this study, we investigate the electrochemo-mechanical behavior of Sn foil anodes, focusing on the mechanisms of sodium trapping and structural evolution that impair battery performance. We demonstrate that sodiation forms a porous coral-like structure in Sn, which, while increasing surface area, also contributes to severe volume expansion, crack formation, and diffusive sodium trapping. We further explore zinc (Zn)-doped Sn foils, revealing that Zn-rich phases create additional fast sodium diffusion channels, significantly reducing sodium retention and enhancing the anode's structural integrity. Based on these insights, we propose several improvement strategies, including electrolyte additives, optimized electrode architecture, microstructural defect engineering, and artificial solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) coatings, all aimed at enhancing cycle stability and performance. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of Sn-based anodes and offers practical pathways for advancing SIBs technology.

Cu‐Driven Active Cu2Se@MXene Heterointerface Reconstruction and Co Electron Reservoir Toward Superior Sodium Storage

AbstractHeterostructure engineering and active component reconstruction are effective strategies for efficient and rapid charge storage in advanced sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, sandwich‐type CoSe2@MXene composites are used as a model to reconstruct new active Cu2Se@MXene heterostructures by in situ electrochemical driving. The MXene core provides interconnected pathways for electron and ion conduction, while also buffering volumetric expansion to stabilize the structure. This reconstructed Cu2Se@MXene heterointerface features abundant sodium storage active sites, enhanced Na+ adsorption, and diffusion kinetics, thus increasing sodium storage capacity. Moreover, the elevated Co valence state during the discharge process allows it to act as an electron reservoir to provide additional electron supply for Cu2Se conversion and accelerate the sodium storage kinetics. When employed as an anode in SIBs, the CoSe2@MXene electrode exhibits high capacity (694 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate performance (425 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), and exceptional durability (437 mAh g−1 after 10 000 cycles at 5 A g−1 with a 0.0014% capacity decay per cycle). The electrochemical reconstruction and sodium storage mechanism of Cu2Se@MXene anode is further revealed through ex situ characterization and theoretical calculations. This work provides a new approach for designing advanced conversion‐type anodes for SIBs.

S, Se-Codoped Dual Carbon Coating and Se Substitution in Co-Alkoxide-Derived CoS2 Through SeS2 Triggered Selenization for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

The development of metal sulfides as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is significantly obstructed by the slow kinetics of the electrochemical reactions and the substantial volume changes on the cycling. Herein, we introduce a selenium-substituted cobalt disulfide embedded within a dual carbon–graphene framework (Se-CoS2/C@rGO) for high-performance SIBs. The Se-CoS2/C@rGO was prepared via a synchronous sulfurization/selenization strategy using Co-alkoxide as the precursor and SeS2 as the source of selenium and sulfur, during which the EG anions are converted in situ to a S, Se codoped carbon scaffold. The dual carbon–graphene matrix not only improves the electronic conductivity but also stabilizes the electrode material effectively. In addition, the Se substitution within the CoS2 lattice further improves the electrical conductivity and promotes the Na+ reaction kinetics. The enhanced intrinsic electronic/ionic conductivity and reinforced structural stability endow the Se-CoS2/C@rGO anode with a high reversible capacity (558.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), superior rate performance (351 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), and long cycle life (93.5% capacity retention after 2100 cycles at 1 A g−1). This work provides new insights into the development of stable and reversible anode materials through Se substitution and dual carbon encapsulation.

Ultrafast Synthesis of Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-ion Batteries: An Intense-Pulsed-Light-Assisted Approach to Photothermal Carbonization of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composite Films.

The conventional carbonization process for synthesizing hard carbons (HCs) requires high-temperature furnace operations exceeding 1000°C, leading to excessive energy consumption and lengthy processing times, which necessitates the exploration of more efficient synthesis methods. This study demonstrates the rapid preparation of HC anodes using intense pulsed light (IPL)-assisted photothermal carbonization without the prolonged and complex operations typical of traditional carbonization methods. A composite film of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is carbonized at high temperatures in less than 1 min. The SWCNTs efficiently absorbed light energy, enabling ultrafast heating and eliminating the need for prolonged, high-energy furnace-based processes. The IPL-assisted HC anodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, with an initial desodiation capacity of 260.4 mAh g⁻¹anode and 97.5% capacity retention after 200 cycles. These results are comparable to those achieved using traditional furnace-based carbonization processes, such as carbonizing HC anodes at 1200°C, validating the effectiveness of IPL-assisted processes. Additionally, surface and structural analyses revealed the development of pseudo-graphitic domains, crucial for enhanced sodium-ion storage. This research highlights IPL-assisted photothermal carbonization as a viable, time-efficient, and energy-saving alternative to conventional methods, offering a sustainable pathway for the large-scale production of HC anodes for future sodium-ion battery technologies.

Mechanically Robust Bismuth-Embedded Carbon Microspheres for Ultrafast Charging and Ultrastable Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Advancements in the development of fast-charging and long-lasting microstructured alloying anodes with high volumetric capacities are essential for enhancing the operational efficiency of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). These anodes, however, face challenges such as declined cyclability and rate capability, primarily due to mechanical degradation reduced by significant volumetric changes (over 252%) and slow kinetics of sodium-ion storage. Herein, we introduce a novel anode design featuring densely packed bismuth (Bi) embedded within highly conductive carbon microspheres to overcome the aforementioned challenges. Remarkably, the high loading Bi anode within carbon microspheres with a high tap density of 2.59 g cm-3 possesses significant mechanical strength exceeding 590 MPa and limits volume swelling of only 10.9% post-sodiation. This anode demonstrates a high volumetric capacity (908.3 mAh cm-3), ultrafast chargeability (200 A g-1, full charge/discharge in just 5.5 s), and outstanding cyclability over 12,000 cycles and maintains exceptional cycling stability even at -30 °C. The full cell paired with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode retains over 80% capacity after 600 cycles at 36 C, demonstrating a remarkable rate capability of 126 C (full charge/discharge in 28.6 s). Our comprehensive experimental evaluations and chemo-mechanical simulations shed light on the mechanisms underpinning the anode's superior performance. This development marks a significant advancement in the design of durable and fast-charging anodes for high-performance SIBs.

Facile Synthesis of Iron Phosphide Nanoparticles in 3D Porous Carbon Framework as Superior Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Iron phosphide (FeP) represents a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries, attributed to its significant theoretical capacity, moderate operating potential, and natural abundance. However, due to the low conductivity and significant volume expansion of FeP electrodes, their specific capacity and cycle life decrease rapidly during charging and discharging. In this study, we synthesized FeP nanoparticles supported on a three-dimensional porous carbon framework composite (FeP@PCF) using a straightforward colloidal blow molding method, employing iron nitrate nonahydrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone as raw materials. The nanoscale size of the FeP particles, along with the abundant mesopores and high specific surface area of the 3D porous carbon framework, contribute to the impressive sodium storage performance of FeP@PCF. It is revealed that FeP@PCF achieves a remarkable capacity of 196.6 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. Furthermore, after 800 cycles at this current density, it retains a capacity of 172.4 mA h g−1, demonstrating excellent cycling performance. Kinetic and dynamic studies indicate that this exceptional performance is largely attributed to the well-designed FeP@PCF, which exhibits a high capacitive contribution of 88.3% at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1.

Novel NiCo2S4 nanorod arrays grown on carbon nanofibers as high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Novel NiCo2S4 nanorod arrays grown on carbon nanofibers as high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Unveiling the Potential of Bi/FeS-G Nanocomposites: A Pioneering Approach to Dual-Functional Anodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Unveiling the Potential of Bi/FeS-G Nanocomposites: A Pioneering Approach to Dual-Functional Anodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Zero-strain high entropy spinel oxide (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO as high-performance anode for sodium ion battery

High entropy spinel oxides (HEOs), as a new type of anode material with at least five transition metal elements and high theoretical specific capacity, have enormous promise in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, the influence of different transition metal elements on the structure and electrochemical performances of HEOs is not clear. In this study, the addition of Mn to HEO can increase the surface oxygen vacancy (Ov) concentration, shorten the band gap, and enhance the electrochemical performance of (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO. XPS results show (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO has the highest surface Ov concentration. Ab initio calculations demonstrate that the indirect band gap of (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO is 0.068 eV. In situ X-ray diffraction and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveal that (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO exhibits a zero-strain characteristic with an inconsequential unit cell volume change of 0.2 %. Specifically, (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO as anode materials for SIBs show good cyclic stability (with a capacity retention of 84 % at 500 mA g−1 after 3000 cycles). Overall, this work provides a new direction for optimizing transition metal elements in HEOs.

A Distinctive Edge-graphited Hard Carbon for Advanced Sodium-ion Batteries

The commercialization of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as an effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has garnered considerable attention. Among the various anodes for SIBs, hard carbon (HC) with expanded carbon...

Core–shell structured carbon@tin sulfide@hard carbon spheres as high-performance anode for low voltage sodium-ion battery

Core–shell structured carbon@tin sulfide@hard carbon spheres as high-performance anode for low voltage sodium-ion battery

Progress and challenges in the use of carbon anodes for high-energy and fast-charging sodium-ion batteries

Progress and challenges in the use of carbon anodes for high-energy and fast-charging sodium-ion batteries

Immiscible alloys as high-capacity and ultra-stable anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Immiscible alloys as high-capacity and ultra-stable anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Deep oxygen-crosslinking and self-coating synergetic engineering on pitch-based hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries

Deep oxygen-crosslinking and self-coating synergetic engineering on pitch-based hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries

Porous core-shell structured nitrogen doped carbon coated Cu2SnSe4 nanorod for improved sodium ion battery anode

Porous core-shell structured nitrogen doped carbon coated Cu2SnSe4 nanorod for improved sodium ion battery anode

Enhanced electrochemical performance of NiSbS/NiSb/NiS nanocomposites anchored on graphite nanosheets for sodium-ion battery applications

A novel Ni-Sb-S/GN multiphase metal sulfide with long cycling life for sodium-ion battery anodes was designed and synthesized based on guidance from DFT calculations.

Multifunctional Cyclized Polyacrylonitrile (cPAN) as a Coating for Sb-Based Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Conversion electrodes, such as antimony (Sb), are high energy density electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). These materials are limited in their performance due to the mechanical instability of these systems resulting from volume expansion of the material during cycling. Stabilizing conversion materials using a conductive polymer binder (CPB) protective layer is an effective way to enhance the performance of these materials. There is, however, a lack of a clear understanding of how CPBs affect the (de)insertion and surface chemistry of these systems. Herein, we report the systematic investigation of the effects on Na-ion (de)insertion chemistry of a cyclized-polyacrylonitrile (cPAN) layer on Sb-based conversion electrodes in NIBS. Through electrochemical characterization, it was determined that the inclusion of a cPAN layer increases the achievable capacity of the electrode system due to the storage of Na ions by the cPAN layer and facilitates Na-ion transport to the Sb active material at early cycles by reducing the charge transfer resistance of the ensemble electrode.

High-Capacity C/Sn-Composites as Next-Generation Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

High-Capacity C/Sn-Composites as Next-Generation Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries