Anode Material For Sodium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Tuning the microstructure of biomass-derived hard carbons by controlling the impurity removal process for enhanced Na ion storage performance

Biomass-derived hard carbons are promising anode materials of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low cost, renewability and high specific capacity. However, there are inevitably some impurities in biomasses that may not only affect the purity, but microstructure and electrochemical performance of hard carbons. Although the impurities can be removed by appropriate treatments after carbonization, the microstructure of hard carbons can hardly be changed. In this work, taking ficus macrophylla leaves (FMLs) as the model biomass, the effects of impurities and their removing process on the microstructure and Na ion storage performance of hard carbons are investigated. It is found that the presence of Ca and Si-bearing impurities in FMLs results in more graphite-like structure in hard carbons because of their catalytic graphitization effect. The acid and base washing processes after carbonization can mostly get rid of the inorganic impurities is unable to increase the plateau region capacities associating to Na ion insertion in the interlayer of graphitic microcrystals and Na metal filling in micropores. By contrast, by stepwisely removing the Ca and Si-bearing impurities from raw materials before carbonization, hard carbons with high purity, larger interlayer space and more micropores are produced, which exhibit a high reversible specific capacity of 336 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1, a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 93 %, excellent rate capability (245 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1) and robust cycle stability. This study implies that controlling the impurity removal process can simultaneously tune the microstructure of hard carbon anodes derived from biomasses towards high performance Na ion storage.

Fast-Charging Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have undergone rapid development as a complementary technology to lithium-ion batteries due to abundant sodium resources. However, the extended charging time and low energy density pose a significant challenge to the widespread use of SIBs in electric vehicles. To overcome this hurdle, there is considerable focus on developing fast-charging anode materials with rapid Na⁺ diffusion and superior reaction kinetics. Here, the key factors that limit the fast charging of anode materials are examined, which provides a comprehensive overview of the major advances and fast-charging characteristics across various anode materials. Specifically, it systematically dissects considerations to enhance the rate performance of anode materials, encompassing aspects such as porous engineering, electrolyte desolvation strategies, electrode/electrolyte interphase, electronic conductivity/ion diffusivity, and pseudocapacitive ion storage. Finally, the direction and prospects for developing fast-charging anode materials of SIBs are also proposed, aiming to provide a valuable reference for the further advancement of high-power SIBs.

Binderless Electrodeposited NiCo2S4-MWCNT as a Potential Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Conversion type ternary NiCo2S4, exhibiting high electrical conductivity (∼1.25 × 106 S m−1) and high theoretical capacity (703 mAh g−1), has gained interest as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Despite its potential, NiCo2S4 (NCS) has extensive volume expansion during cycling. This study introduces the NCS-multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) onto a carbon fiber (CF) electrode (NCS and NCS-MWCNT@CF), developed through electrodeposition, which addresses these limitations. The unique sheet-like morphology of NCS, featuring abundant pores, ensures good access to the electrolyte. Incorporating a three-dimensional conductive CF framework that acts as a free-standing current collector helps prevent the agglomeration of NCS particles and mitigates volume expansion by providing enough buffer space in the layers of the CF matrix. Our findings reveal that NCS on CF electrodes deliver a second cycle capacity of 620 mA g−1 at 30 mA g−1 and retain 72% capacity after 200 cycles. At 200 mA g−1, the NCS@CF electrodes deliver 378 mAh g−1 in the second cycle with 68% capacity retention in the 200th cycle, whereas NCS-MWCNT@CF delivers 538 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1, maintaining 86 % capacity after 100 cycles, making it a potential anode for SIBs.

3D printing of porous hollow nanosphere MoS2@NiS/rGO scaffolds empowering long-cycle sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIB), as one of the most appealing electrochemical energy storage devices in the field of energy storage, consistently require optimization for both capacity and long-term cycling performance. The amalgamation of diverse material modification techniques with up-and-coming 3D printing technology presents a promising yet relatively underexplored avenue. Herein, we report a composite material, MoS2@NiS/rGO, as the anode material for SIB, achieving high reversible capacity and outstanding long-term cycling performance, surpassing current reported levels. Through carefully designed anode electrode structure and component interface engineering, the material rate capability (with a capacity of 289.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 66.8 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1) and cycling stability (maintaining a capacity of 131.3 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 1 A g−1) are significantly enhanced. The reasons for the improvement in electrochemical performance are elucidated through detailed electrochemical analysis. Encouragingly, we showcase the fabrication of a sodium-ion full battery entirely through 3D printing (3DP), achieving an area loading capacity as high as 8.23 mg cm−2 and retaining a capacity of 82.1 mAh g−1 after 240 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. This work underscores the pivotal significance of 3D-printed sodium-ion batteries in advancing the frontier of energy storage technology.

High-entropy selenides derived from Prussian blue analogues as electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Transition metal selenides (TMS) have received much attention as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their high theoretical capacity and excellent redox reversibility. However, their further development is constrained by the dissolution of transition metal ions and substantial volume changes experienced during cycling. Herein, the high-entropy Prussian blue analogues were selenized by the vapor infiltration method, resulting in the formation of a core–shell structured high-entropy selenides (HESe-6). The core–shell structure with voids and abundant selenium vacancies on the surface effectively mitigates bulk expansion and enhances electronic conductivity. Furthermore, the high-entropy property endows an ultra-stable crystal structure and inhibits the dissolution of metal ions. The ex-situ EIS and in-situ XRD results show that HESe-6 is able to be reversibly transformed into highly conductive ultrafine metal particles upon Na+ embedding, providing more Na+ reactive active sites. In addition, despite the incorporation of up to seven different elements, it exhibits minimal phase transitions during discharge/charge cycles, effectively mitigating stress accumulation. HESe-6 could retain an ultralong-term stability of 765.83 mAh g−1 after 1000 loops even at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, when coupled with the Na3V2(PO4)2O2F cathode, it maintains a satisfactory charge energy density of 303 Wh kg−1 after 300 cycles, which shows promising application prospect in the future.

Soft template-induced self-assembly strategy for sustainable production of porous carbon spheres as anode towards advanced sodium-ion batteries

Doped porous carbon is a prominent sodium anode material with high specific surface area (SSA) and abundant pore structure. Compared with the traditional “hard template” technique for the synthesis of porous carbon, the “soft template” method offers a more efficient synthesis process and simplified template removal. In response to the urgent need for eco-friendly synthesis methods for functional doping, our research introduces an innovative method using biomass-derived tannic acid as a precursor. We have successfully synthesized N/S double-doped porous spherical carbon materials (DF-N/S) through a self-assembly process driven by hydrogen bonding and solvent evaporation. As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), DF-N/S demonstrates superior electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacity of 327.04 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.05 Ag-1 in ether-based electrolytes. The remarkable sodium storage efficiency of DF-N/S has been thoroughly examined through kinetic analyses and ex-situ characterization methods. This study aims to provide a sustainable and widely adaptable method for the soft template production of doped carbon, while also shedding light on the intricacies of energy storage mechanisms in both ether/ester-based electrolytes.

In situ synthesis of SnPS3/Ti3C2Tx hybrid anode via molten salt etching method for superior sodium-ion batteries

Recently, SnPS3 has gained attention as an impressive sodium-ion battery anode material because of its significant theoretical specific capacity derived from the conversion-alloying reaction mechanism. Nevertheless, its practical applicability is restricted by insufficient rate ability, and severe capacity loss due to inadequate electrical conductivity and dramatic volume expansion. Inspired by the electrochemical enhancement effect of MXene substrates and the innovative Lewis acidic etching for MXene preparation, SnPS3/Ti3C2Tx MXene (T = Cl and O) is constructed by synchronously phospho-sulfurizing Sn/Ti3C2Tx precursor. Benefiting from the boosted Na+ diffusion and electron transfer rates, as well as the mitigated stress expansion, the synthesized SnPS3/Ti3C2Tx composite demonstrates enhanced rate capability (647 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1) alongside satisfactory long-term cycling stability (capacity retention of 94.6% after 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1). Importantly, the assembled sodium-ion full cell delivers an impressive capacity retention of 97.7% after undergoing 1500 cycles at 2 A g−1. Moreover, the sodium storage mechanism of the SnPS3/Ti3C2Tx electrode is elucidated through in-situ and ex-situ characterizations. This work proposes a novel approach to ameliorate the energy storage performance of thiophosphites by facile in-situ construction of composites with MXene.

Boosting sodium storage performance of biomass-derived porous carbon anodes by surface functionalized strategy

In order to enhance the sodium ion storage performance of biomass-derived carbon anode materials, a surface functionalization strategy was employed through a simple acid etching method on porous carbon. The resulting functionalized carbon exhibits a hierarchically porous structure, expanded interlayer spacing, and oxygen-containing functional groups. The redox reactions occurring at the surface between Na ions and carbonyl groups provide additional sites for sodium ion storage, thereby improving cycling capacity and rate capability. Theoretical calculations and electrochemical tests further demonstrate that the functionalized carbon can increase the surface-controlled sodium storage capacity by modifying the transport and adsorption processes of sodium ions. After 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, the carbon anode, which was surface-functionalized with an etching time of 6 h, achieve a high reversible capacity of 273 mA h g−1. Furthermore, it displays improved rate performance with a capacity of 194 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 2 A g−1 for sodium-ion batteries. This study introduces an effective and general strategy for the cost-effective and large-scale synthesis of carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Pseudocapacitive TiNb0.8O4 microspheres for fast-charging and durable sodium storage

Titanium niobium oxides are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their efficient ion diffusion channels. However, their poor electronic conductivity impedes the longevity of SIBs. To address these issues, core@shell TiNb0.8O4/C@C microspheres (TNO/C@C) have been developed to enhance electron conduction. The TNO/C@C, featuring a bulk and surface dual conductive configuration, outperforms pure TNO and other control samples such as TNO/C and TNO@C that rely solely on either bulk or surface electronic conductors. Thus, the TNO/C@C achieves a fast-charging rate of 200 C, allowing full charging in 2 s, and demonstrates long-term stability over 10,000 cycles. In-situ Raman analysis reveals a zero-strain feature during sodiation/desodiation, which minimizes structural degradation over repeated cycles. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test indicates low electron resistance, enhancing both the rate capability and stability. Therefore, the bulk and surface dual conducting strategy offers new insights into robust and fast-charging SIBs.

Construction of High-Performance Anode of Potassium-Ion Batteries by Stripping Covalent Triazine Frameworks with Molten Salt.

Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are promising battery electrodes owing to their designable functional groups, tunable pore sizes, and exceptional stability. However, their practical use is limited because of the difficulty in establishing stable ion adsorption/desorption sites. In this study, a melt-salt-stripping process utilizing molten trichloro iron (FeCl3) is used to delaminate the layer-stacked structure of fluorinated covalent triazine framework (FCTF) and generate iron-based ion storage active sites. This process increases the interlayer spacing and uniformly deposits iron-containing materials, enhancing electron and ion transport. The resultant melt-FeCl3-stripped FCTF (Fe@FCTF) shows excellent performance as a potassium ion battery with a high capacity of 447 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 257 mAh g-1 at 1.6 A g-1 and good cycling stability. Notably, molten-salt stripping is also effective in improving the CTF's Na+ and Li+ storage properties. A stepwise reaction mechanism of K/Na/Li chelation with C═N functional groups is proposed and verified by in situ X-ray diffraction testing (XRD), ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and theoretical calculations, illustrating that pyrazines and iron coordination groups play the main roles in reacting with K+/Na+/Li+ cations. These results conclude that the Fe@FCTF is a suitable anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

Synthesized nanosphere ZnSe and reduced graphene oxide as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries: Analysis on phase transition and storage mechanism

Zinc selenide (ZnSe), a metal chalcogenide, is an attractive anode material for sodium-ion batteries, exhibiting high theoretical capacity (371.4 mAhg−1) and numerous redox sites. However, volume expansion and low stability during the charge/discharge processes present challenges. This study aimed to solve these inherent problems and synthesize a high-performance anode material by growing nano sized ZnSe on surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). ZnSe has two crystal structures, namely zinc-blende and wurtzite, and undergoes a transformation from wurtzite to the zinc-blende phase during sodium ion storage. This study conducted X-ray diffraction analysis of the electrode after the galvanostatic charge/discharge test and performed cyclic voltammetry analysis to investigate the transformation process. In addition, real-time monitoring of Nyquist plot and phase transition was performed to investigate the mechanisms of sodium ion storage. The ZnSe-rGO, exhibiting conversion reactions, shows cycle performance of 316.14 mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag−1 after 1000 cycles. The evaluation of anode materials and analysis of their storage mechanism can facilitate sodium-ion batteries research.

Thermal vapor sulfurization modified micro-sized red phosphorus/activated carbon composite anode for sodium-ion batteries

High-capacity red phosphorus/activated carbon (P/C) composites are promising anode materials for next-generation sodium-ion batteries. However, the poor conductivity and significant volume effect of red phosphorus inevitably deposited on the outer surface of P/C composites may incur significant capacity decay and structural degradation. This work reports a method for preparing surface-modified micro-sized P/C composites with built-in nanoscale features. Through thermal vapor sulfurization, the obtained micron-sized sulfur-modified P/C (S-P/C) composites not only fulfill the requirements of the battery manufacture but also maintain their nano-in-micro structure. It can eliminate the detrimental red phosphorus on the outer surface of P/C composites and convert it into the ion conductive layer of Na3PS4, limiting its volume effect and significantly promoting ion conduction. As a result, S-P/C composites exhibit excellent cyclic stability in a half cell (610 mAh/g at 0.2 A/g and capacity retention of 94.2 % after 100 cycles) and reach a high areal capacity level (1.99 mAh cm−2) in a full cell.

Industrial-Scale Hard Carbon Designed to Regulate Electrochemical Polarization for Fast Sodium Storage.

Given the merits of abundant resource, low cost and high electrochemical activity, hard carbons have been regarded as one of the most commercializable anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, poor rate capability is one of the main obstacles that severely hinder its further development. In addition, the relationships between preparation method, material structure and electrochemical performance have not been clearly elaborated. Herein, a simple but effective strategy is proposed to accurately construct the multiple structural features in hard carbon via adjusting the components of precursors. Through detailed physical characterization of the hard carbons derived from different regulation steps, and further combined with in-situ Raman and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis, the network of multiple relationships between preparation method, microstructure, sodium storage behavior and electrochemical performance have been successfully established. Simultaneously, exceptional rate capability about 108.8 mAh g-1 at 8 A g-1 have been achieved from RHC sample with high reversible capacity and desirable initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Additionally, the practical applications can be extended to cylindrical battery with excellent cycle behaviors. Such facile approach can provide guidance for large-scale production of high-performance hard carbons and provides the possibility of building practical SIBs with high energy density and durability.

Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Basic Research and Industrial Application.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have significant potential for applications in portable electric vehicles and intermittent renewable energy storage due to their relatively low cost. Currently, hard carbon (HC) materials are considered commercially viable anode materials for SIBs due to their advantages, including larger capacity, low cost, low operating voltage, and inimitable microstructure. Among these materials, renewable biomass-derived hard carbon anodes are commonly used in SIBs. However, the reports about biomass hard carbon from basic research to industrial applications are very rare. In this paper, we focus on the research progress of biomass-derived hard carbon materials from the following perspectives: (1) sodium storage mechanisms in hard carbon; (2) optimization strategies for hard carbon materials encompassing design, synthesis, heteroatom doping, material compounding, electrolyte modulation, and presodiation; (3) classification of different biomass-derived hard carbon materials based on precursor source, a comparison of their properties, and a discussion on the effects of different biomass sources on hard carbon material properties; (4) challenges and strategies for practical of biomass-derived hard carbon anode in SIBs; and (5) an overview of the current industrialization of biomass-derived hard carbon anodes. Finally, we present the challenges, strategies, and prospects for the future development of biomass-derived hard carbon materials.

Double-layer carbon coated on the micrometer bismuth by photothermal effect as anode for high-rate sodium-ion batteries

Bismuth (Bi) is considered a promising anode material for high-rate sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its unique layered crystal structure which can easily insert/extract sodium-ion (Na+). However, the cycle stability of micrometer Bi with great commercial potential needs to be improved. Because the large volume change occurs during alloying/dealloying of Bi and sodium (Na) resulting in the crack of Bi, which reduces the stability of the battery. Herein, we design a Bi/Bi2O3@C composite where a double-layer carbon coated commercial micrometer Bi/Bi2O3 particles. The heat generated by Bi/Bi2O3 particles under ultraviolet (UV) exposure (called photothermal effect) accelerates the decomposition rate of photoinitiator, which in turn improves the polymerization rate of the monomer on the surface of Bi/Bi2O3 particles. So that, the surface of Bi/Bi2O3 particles is coated with a dense polymer, while the polymer away from the particle is relatively loose, thus forming a dense-loose double-layer carbon during the annealing process. The dense carbon layer can effectively protect against the volume effect of Bi/Bi2O3, and the loose carbon layer can provide channels for the transport of Na+. As a result, Bi/Bi2O3@C exhibits excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 94.5 % after 1600 cycles at 10 A g−1.

Constructing Ti-O-C bond in Na0.23TiO2@N-doped carbon sphere using dihydroxybenzene as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Na0.23TiO2 particles coated on a nitrogen-doped carbon sphere (NTO@NCS) were synthesized using dihydroxybenzene and hexamethylenetetramine as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. In the NTO@NCS-R sample, Na0.23TiO2 particles uniformly cover the surface of electrically conductive NCS by forming the Ti-O-C bonds between Na0·23TiO2 and NCS. The feature is favorable to provide the NTO electrode the structural robustness and sodium ion diffusion during cycling. The NTO@NCS-R electrode exhibits an outstanding discharge capacity of 193.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 300 cycles in the voltage range of 0.01–2.5 V, compared to bare Na0·23TiO2, NTO@NCS-C, and NTO@NCS-H. In addition, NTO@NCS-R exhibits a discharge capacity of 114.4 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 at 2000th cycle and 58.7 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1 at 8000th cycle, respectively, proving fast sodium ion diffusion and excellent cycle stability during long-term cycles.

Effect of polypyrrole-derived N-doped carbon coating on the sodium storage properties of NiCo2S4 synthesized by recycling discarded mobile phone batteries

NiCo2S4 with a spherical spinel structure was innovatively synthesized from discarded mobile phone batteries using a simple hydrothermal method, and the surface was coated with N-doped carbon to form NiCo2S4@NC. The products were used as anode materials of sodium-ion batteries to study the effect of the N-doped carbon layer on the electrochemical properties, structure and morphology. The results of XRD, FESEM and TEM revealed that the N-doped carbon layer derived by carbonizing polypyrrole had a minimal effect on the structure and morphology of NiCo2S4, but was coated on the surface of NiCo2S4 with different thicknesses to adjust the electrochemical performance. The presence of N-doped carbon in NiCo2S4@NC was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The mesoporous structure of NiCo2S4 and NiCo2S4@NC was corroborated by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis, and the optimal specific surface area and pore size were 23.14 cm2/g and 18.0 nm, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that Co2+/Co3+ and Ni2+/Ni3+ coexist in the spinel NiCo2S4@NC50 synthesized upon adding 50 μL of pyrrole monomer. NiCo2S4@NC50 outperformed other products in terms of its electrochemical properties, where its initial discharge specific capacity under the current density of 0.1 A g−1 was 1099.6 mA h g−1 and the specific capacity following 100 cycles reached 327.5 mA h g−1. NiCo2S4@NC50 exhibited an optimal electrochemical performance and demonstrated a competent approach toward recycling discarded mobile phone batteries and building electrodes with high performance for use in energy equipment.

Exploration of electrochemical behavior of Sb-based porous carbon composites anode for sodium-ion batteries

Sb-based materials are considered as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their excellent sodium storage capacities and suitable potentials. However, the Sb-based anodes usually suffer from intense volume expansion and severe pulverization during the alloying-dealloying process, resulting in poor cycling performance. Herein, a composite anode with Sb/Sb2O3 nanoparticles embedded in N-doped porous carbon is prepared by the gas–solid dual template method. The volume change of the anode material is mitigated by the carbon layer enwrapping and the confinement of the porous structure. Nitrogen doping provides abundant sodium storage sites, thus enhancing the storage capacity of sodium ion. Furthermore, to gain the accurate kinetic interpretation of the electrochemical process, an ex-situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization combined with distribution of relaxation times (DRT) is conducted. The Sb/Sb2O3@NPC-1.0 demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, achieving 340.3 mAh g−1 at 1A g−1, and maintains a capacity of 86.7 % after 1000 cycles. This work paves the way for the practical application of SIBs with high-performance and long-life Sb-based anodes.

Preparation of high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries using bamboo waste: Achieving resource recycling

Bamboo exhibits various excellent properties and is widely used in construction. However, appropriate disposal of the bamboo waste generated in a green manner is difficult. To realize resource recycling, we used a simple treatment method to prepare waste bamboo as a negative electrode material exhibiting considerable electrochemical properties for sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical properties of high-temperature calcination materials considerably improved after impurity removal treatment using an acid solution, which was performed to eliminate the influence of impurities on electrochemical properties. However, the materials still could not meet commercial requirements. A simple pre-oxidation modification treatment enabled the introduction of O atoms into the carbon skeleton to expand the layer spacing, improved the transport kinetics of Na+ in the carbon skeleton, and further increased the platform capacity of the pre-oxidation material. The preoxidative high-temperature co-treated materials exhibited a specific charge capacity close to 280 mAh g−1 at a 0.1 C rate and a capacity attenuation of almost zero after 100 cycles, and showing a specific charge capacity of more than 150 mAh g−1 at a 2 C rate test. In the context of sustainable development, this study makes waste bamboo become a candidate of low-cost negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries.

Tetrathiafulvalene Carboxylate-Based Anode Material for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Organic electrode materials are promising to be applied in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low cost and easily modified molecular structures. Nevertheless, low conductivity and high solubility in electrolytes still limit the development of organic electrodes. In this work, a carboxylate small molecule (BDTTS) based on tetrathiafulvalene is developed as anode material for SIBs. BDTTS has a large rigid π-conjugated planar structure, which may reduce solubility in the electrolyte, meanwhile facilitating charge transporting. Experimental results and theoretical calculations both support that apart from the four carbonyl groups, the sulfur atoms on tetrathiafulvalene also provide additional active sites during the discharge/charge process. Therefore, the additional active sites can well compensate for the capacity loss caused by the large molecular weight. The as-synthesized BDTTS electrode renders an excellent capacity of 230 mAh g-1 at a current density of 50 mA g-1 and an excellent long-life performance of 128 mAh g-1 at 2 C after 500 cycles. This work enriches the study on organic electrodes for high-performance SIBs and paves the way for further development and utilization of organic electrodes.