Anode Material For Sodium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Synergistic engineering of amorphous network and oxygen vacancies in vanadium oxides for enhanced sodium-ion storage

In recent years, vanadium oxide (V2O5) as the anode material of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) has been widely concerned. However, it suffers poor cycling stability derived from the narrow distance between two vanadium atoms in adjacent bilayers. In this work, V2O5 with oxygen vacancies (Vos) and amorphous region (V2O5-Vo-A) was synthesized by pyrolyzing and reducing chitosan-VO3- gel under Ar/H2. Amorphous region can inhibit volume expansion during Na+ deintercalation and improve the pseudocapacitance response. When used as anode materials for SIBs, V2O5-Vo-A electrode has excellent cycling performance (260 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 360 cycles) and superior rate performance (208 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Vos significantly increase charge density at the entire Fermi energy level and adjacent bilayers distance to 4.76 Å, which result enhanced binding energy of Na+ (-1.32 eV) and decreasing volume change of 0.87 % after Na+ adsorption. This research presents a new method to improve the Na+ storage performance of metal oxides, which is expected to be generalized to other metal oxides electrode materials.

Flash-pyrolyzed coal char as a high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries

This work explores a novel approach for improving the sodium-ion battery performance of coal char using flash pyrolysis and an ether-based electrolyte. Coal char is an ultra-low cost hard carbon with promising application as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries. During flash pyrolysis, char is heated at 1000 °C/s in a drop-tube furnace to create a highly-irregular structure. The larger d-spacing and smaller closed micropore diameter of flash-pyrolyzed char increases anode capacity compared to traditional slow-pyrolyzed char electrodes. The sodium-ion battery anode performance of flash-pyrolyzed char is further improved using an ether-based electrolyte in place of the traditional ester-based electrolyte. Performance improvements include greater initial Coulombic efficiency (58% in ester- vs. 64% in ether-based electrolyte) and improved specific capacity in an ether-based electrolyte. Overall, the combination of flash pyrolysis and ether-based electrolyte increases the sodium-ion battery discharge capacity of coal char by over 50%, from 72.5 mAh g−1 (slow-pyrolyzed char in ester-based electrolyte) to 109.4 mAh g−1 (flash-pyrolyzed char in ether-based electrolyte) (50 mA g−1 discharge rate). The results highlight improvements that can be realized through flash pyrolysis of coal char for battery applications and the numerous processing advantages of flash vs. slow pyrolysis.

Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Coated ZnPS3 and its Superior Electrochemical Properties for Lithium and Sodium Ion Storage.

Graphitic carbon-coated ZnPS3 is prepared via direct phosphosulfurization and high energy mechanical milling (HEMM) with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and first introduced as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The HEMM process with MWCNTs reduces the particle size of as-synthesized ZnPS3 bulk to 100-500nm and yields the ≈5nm thick graphitic carbon coated ZnPS3 nanoparticles, which are the nanocomposites of 5nm sized nanocrystallites embedded in the amorphous matrix. The ZnPS3 electrode undergoes the combined conversion and alloying reactions with Li and Na ions and exhibits high initial discharge and charge capacities in both LIBs and SIBs. The graphitic carbon-coated ZnPS3 electrode exhibits excellent high-rate capability and long-term cyclability. The superior electrochemical properties can be attributed to high electrical conductivity, high Li ion mobility, and high reversibility and structural stability derived from the graphitic carbon-coated nanoparticles. This study demonstrates that the novel graphitic carbon-coated ZnPS3 is a promising anode material for both LIBs and SIBs and the graphitic carbon coating methodology by HEMM is expected to apply to the various metal oxides, sulfides, and phosphides.

Universal architecture and defect engineering dual strategy for hierarchical antimony phosphate composite toward fast and durable sodium storage

Antimony (Sb)-based anode materials are feasible candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity and excellent electrical conductivity. However, they still suffer from volume distortion, structural collapse, and ionic conduction interruption upon cycling. Herein, a hierarchical array-like nanofiber structure was designed to address these limitations by combining architecture engineering and anion tuning strategy, in which SbPO4−x with oxygen vacancy nanosheet arrays are anchored on the surface of interwoven carbon nanofibers (SbPO4−x@CNFs). In particular, bulky PO43− anions mitigate the large volume distortion and generate Na3PO4 with high ionic conductivity, collectively improving cyclic stability and ionic transport efficiency. The abundant oxygen vacancies substantially boost the intrinsic electronic conductivity of SbPO4, further accelerating the reaction dynamics. In addition, hierarchical fibrous structures provide abundant active sites, construct efficient conducting networks, and enhance the electron/ion transport capacity. Benefiting from the advanced structural design, the SbPO4−x@CNFs electrodes exhibit outstanding cycling stability (1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 with capacity decay of 0.05% per cycle) and rapid sodium storage performance (293.8 mA h g−1 at 5.0 A g−1). Importantly, systematic in-/ex-situ techniques have revealed the “multi-step conversion-alloying” reaction process and the “battery-capacitor dual-mode” sodium-storage mechanism. This work provides valuable insights into the design of anode materials for advanced SIBs with elevated stability and superior rate performance.

Ultrahigh initial coulombic efficiency for deep sodium storage enabled by carbon-free vanadium-doping MoS2 hierarchical nanostructure

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has garnered attention as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and unique lamellar texture. Nevertheless, unmodified MoS2 suffers from inferior electrical conductivity, poor reaction reversibility, and suboptimal cycle life upon repeated sodiation/desodiation. In this study, a novel carbon-free V-heteroatom doping MoS2 composite (abbr. VMS) with hierarchical laurustinus-like structure was synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process. Specifically, the rational doping of V-atoms can effectively modulate the intrinsic electronic structure of pure MoS2, resulting in enhanced Na-ion diffusion rate, improved reaction kinetics and reduced activation energy compared to bare MoS2. Additionally, the hierarchical structure of the VMS composite, with sufficient spacing, effectively mitigates mechanical stress and ensures the integrity of active materials. Consequently, the prepared VMS composite possesses exceptional reaction reversibility (average ICE value of 92 %) and remarkable capacity retention (92.1 % after 450 cycles at 10 A/g). These findings contribute valuable insights into the development of advanced MoS2-based anode for sodium ion batteries.

Study of stable sodium ion storage in porous carbon derived from puffball biomass

The pursuit of affordable anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has become imperative in light of the rising energy demand in modern society. Hard carbon (HC), a highly promising candidate for SIBs, has garnered interest among researchers. In this study, we present a novel approach involving the thermal treatment of low-cost puffball (PB) at various temperatures to produce cost-effective porous carbon, which holds great potential as an anode material for SIBs. The carbon derived from the treated puffball biomass showcases distinctive morphological features, including carbon tubes and plentiful balloon-like porous structures. This morphological structure can prevent the agglomeration and stacking of carbon materials, which can effectively increase the active sites and energy storage channels. The resulting puffball biomass-derived carbon exhibits a reversible capacity of 205.05 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1. Even after 600 cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1, the discharge capacity remains as high as 146.98 mAh g−1. These findings emphasize the remarkable performance and cycling stability of the carbon material. Significantly, the puffball biomass-derived carbon exhibited an impressive initial Coulomb efficiency of 57.6%, which is a noteworthy achievement. Moreover, we employed in situ XRD to investigate its energy storage mechanism in sodium-ion batteries. When integrated into a complete cell with Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) and bulking materials, the carbon anode exhibited impressive multiplicative performance and maintained good cycling stability. These findings not only provide new insights into the design of carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries but also emphasize their exceptional attributes such as excellent initial coulombic efficiency, impressive rate capability, and cost-effectiveness for sodium storage.

Ultrafast and ultrastable FeSe2 embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers anode for sodium-ion half/full batteries

Transition metal selenides are considered as promising anode materials for fast-charging sodium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the low intrinsic conductivity, particle aggregation, and large volume expansion problems can severely inhibit the high-rate and long-cycle performance of the electrode. Herein, FeSe2 nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (FeSe2@NCF) have been synthesized using the electrospinning and selenization process, which can alleviate the volume expansion and particle aggregation during the sodiation/desodiation and improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode. The FeSe2@NCF electrode delivers the outstanding specific capacity of 222.3 mAh g−1 at a fast current density of 50 A g−1 and 262.1 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 with the 87.8% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the Na-ion full cells assembled with pre-sodiated FeSe2@NCF as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3/C as cathode exhibit the reversible specific capacity of 117.6 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 with the 84.3% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. This work provides a promising way for the conversion-based metal selenides for the applications as fast-charging sodium-ion battery anode.

The B3S monolayer as a high-capacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries: First-principles density functional theory approach

The B3S monolayer as a high-capacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries: First-principles density functional theory approach

Two-dimensional layered In2P3S9: A novel superior anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Developing reliable and efficient anode materials is essential for the successfully practical application of sodium-ion batteries. Herein, employing a straightforward and rapid chemical vapor deposition technique, two-dimensional layered ternary indium phosphorus sulfide (In2P3S9) nanosheets are prepared. The layered structure and ternary composition of the In2P3S9 electrode result in impressive electrochemical performance, including a high reversible capacity of 704 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, an outstanding rate capability with 425 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1, and an exceptional cycling stability with a capacity retention of 88% after 350 cycles at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, sodium-ion full cell also affords a high capacity of 308 and 114 mA h g−1 at 0.1 and 5 A g−1. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy tests are conducted to investigate the underlying Na-storage mechanism of In2P3S9. The results reveal that during the first cycle, the P–S bond is broken to form the elemental P and In2S3, collectively contributing to a remarkably high reversible specific capacity. The excellent electrochemical energy storage results corroborate the practical application potential of In2P3S9 for sodium-ion batteries.

Structure Dependent Electrochemical Behaviors of Hard Carbon Anode Materials Derived from Natural Polymer for Next-Generation Sodium Ion Battery.

Hard carbons are one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation sodium-ion batteries due to their high reversible capacity, long cycle life, and low cost. The advantage in terms of price of hard carbons can be further improved by using cheaper resources such as biomass waste as precursors. Lignin is one of the richest natural bio-polymer in the earth which can be obtained from woods. As the lignin has three-dimensional amorphous polymeric structure, it is considered as good precursor for producing carbonaceous materials under proper carbonization processes for energy storage devices. In this study, structural properties of lignin-derived hard carbons such as interlayer spacing, degree of disorder and surface defects are controlled. Specifically, lignin-derived hard carbons were synthesized at 1000 °C, 1250 °C, and 1500 °C, and it was confirmed that the structure gradually changed from a disordered structure to ordered structure through X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Hard carbons exhibit sloping regions at high voltage and plateau region at low voltage during the electrochemical processes for sodium ions. As the heat treatment temperature increases, the contribution to the overall reversible capacity of the sloping region decreases and the contribution of the plateau region increases. This trend confirms that it affects reversible capacity, rate-capability, and cycling stability, meaning that an understanding of structural properties and related electrochemical properties is necessary when developing hard carbon as a negative electrode material for sodium ion batteries.

Bamboo-derived hard carbon/carbon nanotube composites as anode material for long-life sodium-ion batteries with high charge/discharge capacities

Bamboo-derived hard carbon/carbon nanotube composites as anode material for long-life sodium-ion batteries with high charge/discharge capacities

Nanotechnology based on anode and cathode materials of sodium-ion battery

With the urgent need for carbon neutrality and the new energy vehicle industry's quick development around the world, the market demand for batteries is growing rapidly. At present, the batteries in the market are mainly lithium-ion batteries. However, the shortage and uneven distribution of lithium deposits worldwide result in high production costs. In recent years, sodium-ion batteries have developed rapidly for the sake of their similar principles and easy access to sodium resources, and are regarded as being able to replace lithium-ion batteries in the future. Nanotechnology is widely used in sodium-ion batteries to overcome the issue of extracting/inserting during charging/discharging due to the sodium ions large radius. This paper reviewed the application of nanotechnology in both anode and cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries. This paper covers widely used cathode materials such as layered transition metal oxides, polyanion compounds, and Prussian blue. Nanotechnologies employed in anode materials such as carbon-based materials and titanium-embedded materials are also introduced. It has turned out that sodium-ion batteries can improve the sodium storage capacity, energy density, and cycle performance efficiently via the application of nanomaterials.

Three-dimensional nanostructured Co2VO4-decorated carbon nanotubes for sodium-ion battery anode materials

Three-dimensional nanostructured Co2VO4-decorated carbon nanotubes for sodium-ion battery anode materials

Fe0.6Co0.3Ni0.1S2@NC core-shell nanoboxes as anodes for ultrafast sodium-ion batteries

Developing sodium storage anode materials with high capacity and high rate capability is the primary challenge for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. This study presents sulfide nanoboxes with nitrogen-doped carbon encapsulation, specifically Fe0.6Co0.3Ni0.1S2@NC, as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high electrical conductivity. The Fe0.6Co0.3Ni0.1S2@NC is manufactured using polydopamine-coated Prussian blue analogues as the precursor in a sulfidation-in-nanobox strategy. Experimental analysis suggests that the Fe0.6Co0.3Ni0.1S2 nanoparticles with conformal carbon layers are uniformly embedded in a three-dimensional, high-conductivity carbon shell to form Fe0.6Co0.3Ni0.1S2@NC. The anode material demonstrates a high capacity of up to 1000 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and delivers 390 mAh g−1 even at a high rate of 10 A g−1.

Enhancing long-term stability and energy/power density of sodium ion battery through fluorination-induced electron density engineering in covalent organic nanosheets

The structure-related performance of covalent organic nanosheets (CONs) as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries is investigated by the introduction of an electron-withdrawing atom such as fluorine in the unit structure of CON. Then, strong permanent dipoles induced by fluorine are well preserved through the CON framework; these dipoles can provide a large number of accessible sites for Na+ on the self-assembled frameworks. The effect of the dipole on the Na+ storage capacity of fluorinated CON-37 is demonstrated by subsequently comparing that of non-fluorinated CON-35 with respect to various electrochemical behaviors. As a result, the interaction between Na+ and the π framework of CON-37 is reduced with respect to CON-35 as fluorine could withdraw the electron density of the framework. Therefore, the charging/discharging capacity of CON-37 can be improved as a result of better ion and charge carrier conductivity with high stability for up to 2500 subsequent cycles. Furthermore, its chemical structure is extremely well maintained for up to 2500 cycles. The CON-37 electrode exhibits stable cycling performance and a rate capability, maintaining a highly improved reversible discharge capacity of ∼ 350 mA h g−1 for up to 2500 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1.

SnSe2/NiSe2@N‐Doped Carbon Yolk‐Shell Heterostructure Construction and Selenium Vacancies Engineering for Ultrastable Sodium‐Ion Storage

AbstractTin diselenide, a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), still faces sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics and severe volume change, resulting in undesirable cycling stability and rate capability. Heterostructure construction is an effective strategy for boosting Na+ storage of SnSe2. Herein, an appealing yolk‐shell nanostructure of SnSe2/NiSe2 heterointerface with rich Se vacancies embedded into N‐doped carbon (SnSe2/NiSe2@NC) is precisely designed through a facile hydrothermal process followed by a selenization strategy. The experimental studies coupled with theoretical calculations results verify that the heterostructure interfaces and Se vacancies accelerate the charge and Na+ transfer efficiency, improve Na+ adsorption energy and supply ample active sites. The yolk‐shell nanostructure and N‐doped carbon buffer the volume variation and improve the structural stability of the electrode material during sodium storage processes. The SnSe2/NiSe2@NC delivers ultra‐long term cycling stability (322.7 mAh g−1 after 7500 cycles at 3 A g−1) and exceptional rate capability (314.6 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). The Na‐ion storage mechanism of SnSe2/NiSe2@NC is explored through in situ X‐ray diffraction and ex situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. The present work provides an effective avenue to the rational design of heterostructure anode materials for high efficiency SIBs.

NiS2 @MWCNTs as a promising anode material for lithium and sodium-ion batteries with superior cycling stability

The NiS2 @MWCNTs materials were synthesized using a straightforward hydrothermal one-step process, forming a 3D conductive network structure with stable and uniformly distributed nanosphere morphology. Electrochemical tests yielded a sodium storage capacity of 463.99 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles with 0.2 A g−1, and a coulomb efficiency of 83.3% at the first cycle, followed by excellent long-cycle stability with a capacity retention rate of 96.7% after 600 cycles at a high current of 1 A g−1. It's interesting to note that Na+ storage mechanism is provided by a pseudocapacitor. The 3D conductive network was credited with enhanced electrochemical performance and structural stability. The incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) also improves the material conductivity and accelerated the ion transport efficiency, while modulation of the nano microsphere structure increases the reactive active sites and reduce the capacity loss. These findings highlight the great potential NiS2 @MWCNTs composites as a perfect anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), opening up new possibilities for sustainable energy storage solutions.

A novel Sn24P19.3I8/carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries

The Sn24P19.3I8/carbon nanotubes was synthesized using the in situ growth method and used as anode material for sodium-ion batteries for the first time. It demonstrates a high initial discharge capacity of 1086.44 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and excellent cycling performance with a capacity retention rate of 95% after 100 cycles. Notably, it exhibits a small voltage hysteresis, and the reason for its small voltage hysteresis is explored due to the more symmetrical reaction path, which has a promising application in the field of sodium-ion batteries.

ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES PREPARED VIA GREEN SYNTHESIS ROUTE USING CHROMOLAENA ODORATA LEAVES EXTRACT AS POTENTIAL ANODE MATERIAL IN SODIUM-ION BATTERY

A paradigm shift in the preparation of nanoparticles from a chemical synthetic route to the green synthetic method using plant extractives has gained much impetus. This study used Chromolaena odorata leaf extract to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The ZnO-NPs were characterised by spectroscopic, optical and thermal techniques. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) revealed no significant weight loss observed after 550°C for precursor powder which was further calcined using a furnace at 800°C and 900°C to obtain ZnO-NPs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis indicated Zn-O stretching between 400 cm-1 to 500 cm-1. UV-Vis spectra show a strong absorption band at 388 nm for both calcination temperatures. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed the irregular shapes of the samples at different calcinations. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms showed that the synthesised ZnO-NPs are in a hexagonal wurtzite structure. Studies of the electrochemical performance showed that ZnO-NPs made with Chromolaena odorata extract and calcined at 800oC have better cyclability than ZnO-NPs calcined at 900oC. Due to better cyclability, these ZnO-NPs can be applied as anode material in sodium-ion batteries.

Homogeneous slate-like nitrogen-doped carbon/SnS composites constructed by in-situ carbonization and vulcanization as high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

SnS possesses a unique layered structure, which makes it suitable as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the low intrinsic electronic conductivity limits its further development. The use of interface coatings can effectively mitigate this problem, and carbon coatings are a good choice. In our work, Sn-MOF containing S was calcined in an inert atmosphere to achieve synchronous carbonization and vulcanization, and the homogeneous slate-like nitrogen-doped carbon /SnS (N-C/SnS) composites were synthesized in-situ. The slate-like structure makes the anodes solid for long durability. The homogeneous growth of N-doped C and SnS strengthens the mechanical stability of SnS as well as greatly enhances the conductivity. The N-doped C framework can induce the formation of excessive active sites for Na+ insertion. The N-C/SnS-500 electrode can still reach 293 mA h g−1 capacity after 1600 cycles at 5 A/g as SIBs anode materials, showing outstanding cycle-to-cycle stability. It is exciting to note that a sodium-ion full cell with the N-C/SnS-500 anode can still provide a capacity of 183 mA h g−1 after 1200 cycles at 0.5 A/g. This work has guiding significance for the homogeneous synthesis of carbon/metal sulfide composites and the regulation of their electrochemical properties.