Anode Material For Sodium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Pre-intercalated Sodium Ions Enhance Sodium Storage of MoS2 Anode by Mitigating Structural Dissociation.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and layered structure. However, a poor reversible conversion reaction and a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) limit its practical application. This study systematically investigated the potential of pre-intercalated sodium ions molybdenum disulfide (Na-MoS2) as an anode material for SIBs. Because of the mitigation of MoS2 structural dissociation and effective replenishment of active sodium ions, Na-MoS2 delivered an outstanding capacity of 507.7 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 5 A g-1, along with an ICE of 95.30%. Pre-intercalating sodium ions can expand interlayer spacing and modulate electronic structure, allowing Na-MoS2 to have greater tolerance to the electrochemical intercalation/extraction process. Furthermore, the conversion reaction of Na-MoS2 has a higher Gibbs free energy, implying its structural dissociation is thermodynamically unfavorable. This work provides a new perspective on the study of transition metal dichalcogenide electrode materials for SIBs.

Constructing Accessible Closed Nanopores in Coal-Derived Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Hard carbon (HC) materials are suitable anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) but still suffer from insufficient initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Promoting sodium storage via the pore filling mechanism is an effective way to improve the ICE, and the key here is regulating the pore structures of HC. In this work, coal-derived HC is successfully engineered with abundant accessible closed nanopores by treating the coal precursors with a facile destructive oxidation strategy. Investigations demonstrate that the destructive oxidation strategy can not only introduce abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) but also decrease the size of graphitic microcrystals. Thus, the OFGs significantly enhance the crosslinking of small graphitic microcrystals and stimulate the formation of accessible closed nanopores during carbonization, which eventually improves the ICE by promoting the pore filling mechanism. The optimized HC exhibits so far the highest ICE (92.2%) among coal-derived SIB anode materials, together with a considerable capacity of 328.5 mAh g-1 at 90mA g-1 and a capacity retention of 95.1% after 150 cycles. The results provide guidelines for developing high-performance HC materials toward the large-scale application of SIBs, which is of great significance for future energy storage systems.

High-Energy Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Water-in-Salt Electrolytes and 3D Structured Electrodes.

Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are gradually being recognized as viable solutions for large-scale energy storage because of their inherent safety as well as low cost. However, despite recent advancements in water-in-salt electrolyte technologies, the challenge of identifying anode materials with sufficient specific capacity persists, complicating the wider adoption of these batteries. This study introduces an innovative and straightforward approach for synthesizing vanadium oxide laser-scribed graphene (VOx-LSG) composites, which function as effective anode materials in aqueous sodium-ion batteries. By combining a rapid laser-scribing technique with precise thermal control, the method not only allows for changing the morphology of the vanadium oxide, but also tuning its oxidation state. This is achieved while embedding these electrochemically active particles within a highly conductive graphene scaffold. When paired with a Prussian blue-based cathode (Na1.88Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.97) in a concentrated NaClO4-based aqueous electrolyte, the battery's charge storage mechanism is found to be largely surface-controlled, leading to exceptional rate performance. The full cell demonstrates specific capacities of 128 mA h/g@0.05 A/g and 65.6 mA h/g@1 A/g, with an energy density of 47.7 W h/kg, outperforming many existing aqueous sodium-ion batteries. This strategy offers a promising path forward for integrating efficient, eco-friendly, and low-cost anode materials into large energy storage devices and systems.

Non-hexagonal symmetry-induced QH-graphene as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries: Effects of solvent, vacancy defect, and interlayer coupling

Non-hexagonal symmetry-induced QH-graphene as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries: Effects of solvent, vacancy defect, and interlayer coupling

Facile Synthesis of Iron Phosphide Nanoparticles in 3D Porous Carbon Framework as Superior Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Iron phosphide (FeP) represents a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries, attributed to its significant theoretical capacity, moderate operating potential, and natural abundance. However, due to the low conductivity and significant volume expansion of FeP electrodes, their specific capacity and cycle life decrease rapidly during charging and discharging. In this study, we synthesized FeP nanoparticles supported on a three-dimensional porous carbon framework composite (FeP@PCF) using a straightforward colloidal blow molding method, employing iron nitrate nonahydrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone as raw materials. The nanoscale size of the FeP particles, along with the abundant mesopores and high specific surface area of the 3D porous carbon framework, contribute to the impressive sodium storage performance of FeP@PCF. It is revealed that FeP@PCF achieves a remarkable capacity of 196.6 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. Furthermore, after 800 cycles at this current density, it retains a capacity of 172.4 mA h g−1, demonstrating excellent cycling performance. Kinetic and dynamic studies indicate that this exceptional performance is largely attributed to the well-designed FeP@PCF, which exhibits a high capacitive contribution of 88.3% at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1.

Empirical Optimization of Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Efficient Sodium Storage

Hard carbon is widely recognized as the most promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbon is a non-graphitizable carbon characterized by a turbostratic structure with disordered stacking of carbon layers, each consisting of a few nanometer-sized graphene layers. It remains difficult to graphitize even at temperatures above 2500°C. This unique structure, combined with its low cost, high electrical conductivity, low working voltage, and high capacity, allows hard carbon to achieve exceptional sodium ion storage performance. These characteristics make it the most commercially viable anode material. Recent research has also actively explored the use of biomass instead of high-cost inorganic materials, to reduce production costs, minimize pollution from biomass incineration, and reduce the significant amounts of biological waste produced annually. This study investigates the performance of hard carbon anodes derived from lignin, with commercial graphite serving as a control. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were utilized to analyze their crystallographic structures, microstructures, and surface elemental compositions. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using electrolytes consisting of 1M NaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1 v/v) with 5 wt% FEC and 1M NaPF6 in DEGDME. By comparing the electrochemical characteristics of hard carbon and graphite under different electrolyte conditions, this study demonstrates the potential of hard carbon as a promising anode material for sodium-ion battery applications.

Facile synthesis of in situ carbon-coated CoS2 micro/nano-spheres as high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

In situ carbon-coated CoS2 micro/nano-spheres were successfully prepared by sulfuric calcination using the solvothermal method with glycerol as the carbon source without introducing extraneous carbon. This method prevents carbon agglomeration and avoids the cumbersome steps of the current technology. The composite demonstrates excellent sodium storage capacity as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. The initial charge and discharge capacities were 1027 and 1224 mA h g-1 at 50 mA g-1, respectively, with an initial coulombic efficiency of 83.9%. The capacity of CoS2@C at 350 °C was maintained at 937 mA h g-1 after 140 cycles at a current density of 2 A g-1. The outstanding electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the nanostructure design and the presence of in situ carbon. As revealed by the kinetic analysis, the pseudo-capacitive behaviour also contributed to the excellent electrochemical performance.

Effect of pre-treatment conditions on the electrochemical performance of hard carbon derived from bio-waste.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) offer several advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries, including a more uniform sodium distribution, lower-cost materials, and safer transportation options. A promising development in SIBs is the use of hard carbons as anode materials due to their low insertion voltage and larger interlayer spacing, which improve sodium-ion insertion. Traditionally, hard carbons are made from costly carbon sources, but recent advancements have focussed on using abundant bio-waste, like coffee grounds. This approach reduces costs and helps manage global waste. This research investigates the electrochemical performance of bio-waste-derived hard carbons, which is significantly impacted by various pre-treatment methods. Techniques such as BET, XRD, TEM, and XPS are employed to examine the effects of pre-treatment variables, including washing solvents (organic, acidic, or distilled water), pre-oxidation temperatures, and post-heating processes. These factors influence the structural properties and purity of the hard carbon, impacting its effectiveness as an anode material in SIBs. A significant finding is a mesoporous hard carbon produced from coffee grounds that, after washing with distilled water, pre-oxidation at 150 °C, and thermal treatment at 1300 °C in argon, shows a 23% yield, a reversible capacity of 304 mA h g-1, and Initial coulombic efficiency of 78%. This study underscores the importance of pre-treatments in removing impurities and enhancing the material's sodium storage capabilities.

Bithiophene dicarboxylate as an efficient organic anode material for sodium-ion batteries.

In this study, new carboxylates are synthesized for sodium-ion batteries. The bithiophene-based anode material BT demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 201 mA h g-1 and excellent durability. BT retains 99.1% capacity after 400 cycles at 0.2C and 90.1% capacity after 1500 cycles at 2C, showing superior conductivity and stability.

Research progress on carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Research progress on carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

A mango peel-derived hard carbon as high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries

A mango peel-derived hard carbon as high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries

High-Pressure Enabled High-Entropy (CrFeCoNiMn)4S5 Composite Anode for Enhanced Durability and High-Rate Sodium-Ion Batteries

Transition metal sulfides (TMS) have gained attention as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, their cyclic stability is often...

Zero-strain high entropy spinel oxide (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO as high-performance anode for sodium ion battery

High entropy spinel oxides (HEOs), as a new type of anode material with at least five transition metal elements and high theoretical specific capacity, have enormous promise in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, the influence of different transition metal elements on the structure and electrochemical performances of HEOs is not clear. In this study, the addition of Mn to HEO can increase the surface oxygen vacancy (Ov) concentration, shorten the band gap, and enhance the electrochemical performance of (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO. XPS results show (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO has the highest surface Ov concentration. Ab initio calculations demonstrate that the indirect band gap of (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO is 0.068 eV. In situ X-ray diffraction and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveal that (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO exhibits a zero-strain characteristic with an inconsequential unit cell volume change of 0.2 %. Specifically, (FeNiCuCrMn)3O4@rGO as anode materials for SIBs show good cyclic stability (with a capacity retention of 84 % at 500 mA g−1 after 3000 cycles). Overall, this work provides a new direction for optimizing transition metal elements in HEOs.

Preparation of hard carbon from acid-treated locust wood as anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Preparation of hard carbon from acid-treated locust wood as anode material for sodium-ion batteries

VN Quantum Dots Anchored onto Carbon Nanofibers as a Superior Anode for Sodium Ion Storage.

Vanadium-based compounds exhibit a high theoretical capacity to be used as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries, but the volume change in the active ions during the process of release leads to structural instability during the cycle. The structure of carbon nanofibers is stable, while it is difficult to deform. At the same time, the huge specific surface area energy of quantum dot materials can speed up the electrochemical reaction rate. Here, we coupled quantum-grade VN nanodots with carbon nanofibers. The strong coupling of VN quantum dots and carbon nanofibers makes the material have a network structure of interwoven nanofibers. Secondly, the carbon skeleton provides a three-dimensional channel for the rapid migration of sodium ions, and the material has low charge transfer resistance, which promotes the diffusion, intercalation and release of sodium ions, and significantly improves the electrochemical activity of sodium storage. When the material is used as the anode material in sodium ion batteries, the specific capacity is stable at 230.3 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g-1, and the specific capacity is still maintained at 154.7 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g-1.

Structure Regulation and Energy Storage Mechanisms of Bismuth‐Based Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries

AbstractThe increasing demand for eco‐friendly energy storage solutions has driven significant interest in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) as an alternative to lithium‐ion batteries, primarily due to sodium's abundant availability. Among various anode materials, bismuth (Bi) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its high theoretical volumetric capacity and excellent electrical conductivity. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of structural characteristics and failure mechanisms inherent to Bi‐based anode materials for SIBs, providing valuable insights into the significance of material modification methods. Structure regulation strategies for Bi‐based SIB anodes are reviewed, focusing on the challenges associated with volumetric expansion and strategies to enhance their electrochemical performance. Typically, nanostructure optimization, surface engineering, morphology modification, and composition regulation are highlighted. Furthermore, this review will discuss the underlying mechanisms that improve sodium storage capabilities and the role of bismuth in advancing the efficiency and stability of SIBs. Lastly, the prospects and imminent challenges associated with bismuth‐based materials will be presented, providing insights for future research and development in energy storage technologies.

Synthesis of yolk-shell structured microspheres consisting of heterogeneous nickel cobalt selenide@nickel cobalt selenite core–shell nanospheres and their application of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Synthesis of yolk-shell structured microspheres consisting of heterogeneous nickel cobalt selenide@nickel cobalt selenite core–shell nanospheres and their application of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Ultrahigh Plateau-Capacity Sodium Storage by Plugging Open Pores.

Hard carbon (HC) stands out as the most promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and a precise adjustment of the pore structure is the key to achieving high plateau-capacity. In this work, composite hard carbon is developed by integrating graphitic carbon with biomass waste (banana peel)-derived activated carbon (AC). In this design, N-doped pseudographite layer is stacked at the entrance of open pores, forming a long-range graphitic layer without excessive graphitization. As a result, the surface area of AC is decreased by 170 times down to less than 10m3 g-1, and the corresponding open pores are in situ converted into closed pores. In an optimized electrolyte solvation structure, the obtained HC anode achieves the reversible sodium-storage capacity up to 524 mAh g-1. In particular, a large portion of the capacity (490 mAh g-1) lies below the plateau of 0.25V, which originates from the pore-filling mechanism as revealed by in situ Raman. This study provides a straightforward method to modulate the pore structure of carbon materials, and an energy-efficient (900 °C) synthesis for HC compared to traditional high-temperature routes (e.g., ≈1300-2000 °C).

Sn@Zn/Co-NPC as Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries via the Solvothermal Method

Sn@Zn/Co-NPC as Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries via the Solvothermal Method

(Invited) Design and Synthesis of Heterostructured Anode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries

The transition toward carbon neutrality has accelerated the adoption of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems, predominantly powered by lithium-ion batteries. However, concerns over the limited lithium resources necessitate exploring alternative battery systems. Sodium-ion batteries stand out due to the abundant supply and economic feasibility of sodium compared to lithium.This study focuses on developing high-capacity anode materials for sodium-ion batteries through the design of heterostructured composites. By combining conversion- or alloy-based active materials with a porous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) nanocoating layer, we aim to address challenges such as volume changes, sluggish kinetics, and interfacial instability during battery cycling. Heterostructured composite anodes with a SiOC-based nanocoating layer were synthesized via controlled dispersion of precursors in silicon oil followed by heat treatment. Comprehensive physicochemical and electrochemical characterization, along with post-mortem analysis, elucidated how the heterostructure influenced battery performance. Our findings demonstrate improved electrochemical stability and enhanced sodium storage capacity attributed to the unique architecture of the heterostructured composites.This novel approach offers promising prospects for developing advanced anode materials capable of significantly enhancing the energy density and overall performance of sodium-ion batteries, thereby contributing to sustainable energy storage solutions for future applications in electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems.