Anode Material For Potassium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Self-assembly of carbon nanotubes on a hollow carbon polyhedron to enhance the potassium storage cycling stability of metal organic framework-derived metallic selenide anodes

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) is increasingly studied because of their suitable redox potential and high natural abundance. However, potential anode materials with long-term cycling stability are still in high demand because of the large radius of K+. Herein, an MOF-derived hierarchical carbon structure and the self-assembly of CNTs on hollow carbon polyhedrons are used as carbon matrices to disperse and stabilize metal selenides(Co-Se@CNNCP). When the hybrid is utilized in PIBs, it displays a specific capacity of 410 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 80 cycles and 253 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 100%, while the metal selenides dispersed on hollow carbon polyhedrons without CNTs (Zn-Co-Se@NCP) lose 86% of their capacity after 200 cycles. The superior cycling stability of the hybrid is mainly attributed to the large amounts of CNTs suppressing the agglomeration of the metal selenide nanoparticles on the surface, and the hollow carbon polyhedrons cause a high structural integrity during the repreated K+ insertion and extraction process. This work offers a feasible route to design a hierarchical carbon matrix for use as the anode materials of PIBs with long-term cycling stability.

Precise tuning of low-crystalline Sb@Sb2O3 confined in 3D porous carbon network for fast and stable potassium ion storage

Metal antimony (Sb) is a promising anode material of potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) for its high theoretical capacity but limited by its inferior cycle stability due to the serious volume expansion during cycling. Herein, we design and construct a kind of low-crystalline Sb nanoparticles coated with amorphous Sb2O3 and dispersed into three-dimensional porous carbon via a strategy involving NaCl template-assisted in-situ pyrolysis and subsequent low-temperature heat-treated in air. Significantly, the crystallinity and ratio of Sb/Sb2O3 have been precisely tuned and controlled, and the optimized sample of [email protected]2O3@C-4 displays a high reversible specific capacity of 543.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, superior rate capability and excellent cycle stability (~273 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 2000 cycles) as an anode of PIBs. The outstanding potassium-ion storage performance can be ascribed to the appropriate crystallinity and the multiple-buffer-matrix structure comprising an interconnected porous conductive carbon to relieve the volume changes and suppress the aggregation of Sb, a Sb nanoparticle core to shorten the ion transport pathways and decrease the mechanical stress, and a low-crystalline Sb2O3 as the shell to consolidate the interface between Sb and carbon as well as facilitate the rapid electron transport. The dynamic analysis shows that the composite is mainly controlled by pseudocapacitance mechanism. This work provides a novel thought to design high-performance composite electrode in energy storage devices.

FeS2 Nanoparticles Encapsulated in N/S-Doped Hollow Carbon Spheres as Anode Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries

As the most competitive candidate to lithium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have gained widespread attention for next-generation power storage devices owing to their superior perform...

SnSe nanocomposite chemically-bonded with carbon-coating as an anode material for K-ion batteries with outstanding capacity and cyclability

• A chemically bonded, nanosize SnSe@C composite is fabricated by a scalable method. • The chemically bonded SnSe@C nanocomposite anode is explored for use in K-ion batteries. • The use of amorphous carbon and selenium can significantly suppress the volume expansion of SnSe. • The chemically bonded SnSe@C nanocomposite exhibits excellent cyclability and rate capability. The use of SnSe alloys as anode materials in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) has recently attracted considerable attention owing to the natural abundance of Sn and Se and the environmental friendliness, high theoretical capacity, and 2D layered structure of SnSe. However, due to the large volumetric change and severe pulverisation during potassiation and depotassiation, they exhibit poor cycling stability in PIBs. In this work, we fabricated a strongly chemically bonded SnSe@C nanocomposite using a simple two-step process consisting of a facile chemical reaction followed by high-energy ball milling. In addition, the introduction of amorphous carbon and selenium effectively suppressed the stress/strain originating from volume expansion during potassiation/depotassiation. The chemically bonded SnSe@C nanocomposite exhibited high initial discharge and charge capacities of 744.8 and 440.7 mAh g −1 , respectively. Even after 50 cycles, it retained a charge capacity of 401 mAh g −1 at 50 mA g −1 , with a coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.6%. Even at high specific currents of 300 and 500 mA g −1 , the electrode maintained capacities of 270.7 and 203.4 mAh g −1 after 100 and 1000 cycles, respectively, and the CE was almost 100%. Furthermore, a SnSe@C/KFe[Fe(CN) 6 ·xH 2 O] full cell also showed superior cyclability and better rate capability. After 100 cycles, it retained a discharge capacity of 213.9 mAh g −1 at 200 mA g −1 . In addition, the phase transitions in the SnSe@C electrode during potassiation/depotassiation were investigated using ex-situ X-ray diffraction analysis. This work will provide an effective reference for Sn-Se alloy-based anodes for batteries to replace the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

Boosting potassium storage performance via construction of NbSe2–based misfit layered chalcogenides

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have become promising anode materials for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and large interlayer spacing. The application of TMDCs is prevented by their volume expansion during cycling and relatively poor conductivity. Herein, we developed a general strategy to prepare a series of NbSe2-based misfit layered compounds MLCs ((SnSe)1.16NbSe2, (PbSe)1.14NbSe2) by a facile top-down process. The unique sandwich structure of MLCs combines the excellent structure stability and conductivity of NbSe2 with the high reactivity of selenides (SnSe and PbSe), which greatly improves the potassium storage performance. The high-strength lamella and weak interlayer bonding of NbSe2 improve the K+ diffusion rate, leading to high rate-capability of the MLCs. This work provides a new avenue for designing novel types of sandwich structured electrode materials for energy storage systems.

Recent advances in anode materials for potassium-ion batteries: A review

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are appealing alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their wide potential window, fast ionic conductivity in the electrolyte, and reduced cost. However, PIBs suffer from sluggish K+ reaction kinetics in electrode materials, large volume expansion of electroactive materials, and the unstable solid electrolyte interphase. Various strategies, especially in terms of electrode design, have been proposed to address these issues. In this review, the recent progress on advanced anode materials of PIBs is systematically discussed, ranging from the design principles, and nanoscale fabrication and engineering to the structure-performance relationship. Finally, the remaining limitations, potential solutions, and possible research directions for the development of PIBs towards practical applications are presented. This review will provide new insights into the lab development and real-world applications of PIBs.

Fabrication of 2D Cu-BDC MOF and its derived porous carbon as anode material for high-performance Li/K-ion batteries

2D Cu-BDC MOF nanosheets were designed and synthesized by controlling the reaction time, and then annealed at different pyrolysis temperatures; the final MOF-derived carbons C500 (Final product at 500 °C) and C700 (Final product at 700 °C) were obtained by acid etching. Both carbon derivatives possessed abundant mesoporous structures which could facilitate ion migration and be conducive to the storage of lithium/potassium ions. C500 and C700 exhibited different dominant kinetic behaviors in lithium ion/potassium ion batteries. C500, which was controlled by diffusion process, showed better performance when used as anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The C500 anode exhibited a reversible specific capacity of 690.4 mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.1 Ag−1. Even after 500 cycles at a current density of 5.0 Ag−1, the high specific capacity of 210.3 mAhg−1 was still maintained. C700, which was dominated by surface capacitance contribution, was a superior anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). The reversible specific capacity of C700 anode was maintained at 286.2 mAhg−1 at the current density of 0.1 Ag−1 after 100 cycles. Even after 500 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1, C700 anode still maintained 170.8 mAhg−1.

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet coated multilayer graphite as stabilized anode material of potassium-ion batteries with high performances

By designing a multi-functional layer on the graphite surface, nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet (NC) coated multilayer graphite (NC@MG) is synthesized as a promising anode material of potassium ion batteries (KIBs) with enhanced performances. Compared with the conventional graphite and multilayer graphite (MG), NC@MG exhibits a comparative flat discharge platform voltage of graphite anode and enhanced cyclic stability, rate performance, and specific capacity. It is indicated that the modified NC coating facilitates the formation of a stable SEI film on the NC@MG surface, which not only helps to improve the cycle stability, but also maximizes the embedding of K+ into the MG. The nitrogen elements in the NC also increase the electronic conductivity, which is beneficial to the rate performances of NC@MG. After 200 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g−1, the specific capacity of NC@MG is 252.7 mAh g−1; after 1000 cycles at 200 mA g−1, the specific capacity is still 215.7 mAh g−1. This work can not only obtain a stabilized graphite-based anode material of KIBs with enhanced electrochemical performances to date, but also provide a routine to modify and utilize the commercial graphite materials for KIBs.

Two–dimensional PC3 as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries: First–principles calculations* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11574167 and 11874033) and the KC Wong Magna Foundation in Ningbo University.

With the diversified development of the battery industry, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have aroused widespread interest due to their safety and high potassium reserves on earth. However, the lack of suitable anode materials limits their development and application to a certain extent. Based on first-principles calculations, we investigate the possibility of using PC3 monolayer as the anode material for PIBs. PC3 sheet has excellent electrical properties and meets the prerequisite of anode materials. The storage capacity of potassium is as high as 1200 mAh⋅g−1, which is better than many other reported potassium-ion anode materials. In addition, the outstanding advantages of PC3 sheet, such as low diffusion barrier and moderate open-circuit voltage, make it a potential anode candidate for PIBs.

Encapsulating V2O3 Nanoparticles in Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanosheets via C-O-V Bonds for Fast and Durable Potassium-Ion Storage.

Vanadium oxide (V2O3) has been considered as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), but challenging as well for the low electron/ion conductivity and poor structural stability. To tackle these issues, herein, a novel sheetlike hybrid nanoarchitecture constructed by uniformly encapsulating V2O3 nanoparticles in amorphous carbon nanosheets (V2O3@C) with the generation of C-O-V bonding is presented. Such a subtle architecture effectively facilitates the infiltration of electrolyte, relieves the mechanical strain, and reduces the potassium-ion diffusion distance during the repetitive charging/discharging processes. The generated C-O-V bonding not only accelerated charge transfer across the carbon-V2O3 interface but also strengthened the structural stability. Benefiting from the synergistic effects, the as-prepared V2O3@C nanosheets display fast and durable potassium storage behaviors with a reversible capacity of 116.6 mAh g-1 delivered at 5 A g-1, and a specific capacity of 147.9 mAh g-1 retained after 1800 cycles at a high current density of 2 A g-1. Moreover, the insertion/extraction mechanism of V2O3@C nanosheets in potassium-ion storage is systematically demonstrated by electrochemical analysis and ex situ technologies. This study will shed light on the fabricating of other metal oxides anodes for high-performance PIBs and beyond.

The effect of addition Ni2+ to Cr2O3 and its potential characterization as anode potassium ion battery

Potassium ion battery (PIB) is an alternative to replace Lithium ion battery (LIB). In this study, amount of Ni2+ is added to substitute of Cr(III) on Cr2O3. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of adding Ni2+ ions to Cr2O3 and to test its potential as anode of PIB. Synthesis used the coprecipitation method followed by calcination at 700°C for 12 hours. The results showed that the Cr2O3 - NiCr2O4 composites were formed when the addition of Ni2+ was 0.25; 0.50; and 0.75 mole with the most dominant amounts of NiCr2O4 in the addition of 0.50 mole Ni2+. Cyclic voltammetry analysis of addition of 0.50 mole of Ni2+ to the Cr2O3 shows that the material has an a reduction potential of +0.0344 V and an oxidation potential of +0.587 V. NiCr2O4/Cr2O3 material has the potential as anode material for PIB.

Carbon supported tin sulfide anodes for potassium-ion batteries

Carbon-supported SnS composite was prepared via a solvothermal process followed by thermal calcination. The carbon nanosheets could not only ensure electron conduction within the composite but also alleviate the volume change of SnS during the charging/discharging process. As a result, when employed as an anode material for potassium-ion batteries, the composite delivers good potassium storage performance. In detail, at a current density of 100 mA g−1, its capacity is still higher than 102.6 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. In terms of long-cycling stability, 76.1 mAh g−1 was obtained after 200 cycles at 200 mA g−1.

Core–Shell Structured Fe7S8@C Nanospheres as a High-Performance Anode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries

Fe₇S₈, a potential anode material, has been extensively investigated but still faces challenges because of its poor cycling performance resulted from a large volume expansion. In this work, a solvothermal approach was employed to synthesize quasicubic α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles followed by sequential phenol-formaldehyde resin and mesoporous SiO₂ coating. After sulfurization and the subsequent removal of the SiO₂ shell, a Fe₇S₈@medium thickness carbon coating has been successfully fabricated, which exhibits a large specific capacity, remarkable high-current property, and stable cyclic performance for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). It delivers a 423.3 mAh g–¹ superior initial reversible capacity at 0.2 A g–¹, excellent rate performance of 212.6 mAh g–¹ at 2 A g–¹, and long cyclic life of 266.9 mAh g–¹ at 1 A g–¹ after 500 cycles. These remarkable potassium storage properties are related to the excellent stress self-cushioning effect due to the spherical nanoarchitecture and complete carbon covering.

Copper phosphide as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted great attention due to the abundance and low cost of potassium resources.

A review on metal-organic framework-derived anode materials for potassium-ion batteries.

In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion because of their excellent properties, such as high specific surface area, adjustable pore size, high porosity, structural diversity, and functional controllability. This paper reviews the applications of metal-organic framework-derived composites such as nitrogen-doped carbon, transition metal sulfides, transition metal selenides, transition metal phosphides and metal selenium compound modifications in potassium ion batteries (PIBs) as anode electrode materials. A variety of MOF-derived composites with different structures and morphologies based on several types of ligands, including 2-methylimidazole, aromatic carboxylic acids, and ferricyanide, have been discussed. Moreover, the current challenges faced by MOF-derived materials and possible countermeasures are proposed.

Monodispersed Ni2P nanodots embedded in N, P co-doped porous carbon as super stable anode material for potassium-ion batteries

Transition metal phosphides are considered as attractive anode materials of potassium-ion batteries owing to their high specific capacity and abundant reserves. However, the huge volume expansion and agglomeration of transition metal phosphides during the charge-discharge process always limit their practical application. In this work, we designed and prepared the composite of Ni2P and N, P co-doped porous carbon (Ni2P@NPC) by using biomass (gelatin) as raw material. Gelatin is rich in nitrogen element and has strong chelation with metal ions, resulting in uniform distribution of small Ni2P nanodots (5 nm in diameter) in N, P co-doped porous carbon. Moreover, the Ni2P@NPC composite was demonstrated to have large specific surface area and large carbon interlayer spacing, which could provide abundant reaction sites for K ions. The Ni2P@NPC has excellent electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 282mAhg−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, and it still remains 212mAhg−1 after 5000 cycles at 1 A g−1. In addition, the potassium-ion storage mechanism and the structure change of Ni2P@NPC during the charge-discharge cycles were investigated as well. This work provides a simple and environmentally friendly method to synthesize the high-performance anode materials for potassium-ion batteries.

A N/S/O-tridoped hard carbon network anode from mercaptan/polyurethane-acrylate resin for potassium-ion batteries

Abstract Hard carbon is a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) due to its disordered and nonexpendable framework. However, the potassium storage performance in hard carbon still needs to be further improved. In this paper, functional nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen tri-doped hard carbon network (NSO-HCN), prepared through a carbonization-etching strategy using the precursor of mercaptan/polyurethane-acrylate (MPUA) resin, was promoted as the anode for KIBs. The obtained amorphous NSO-HCN possessed a porous 3D interconnected carbon network structure with an expanded interlayer distance (0.391 nm) and a large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific area (500.4 m2/g). These features allowed the NSO-HCN to deliver a high potassiation capacity of 209.6 mAh/g at 50 mA/g over 100 cycles and a favorable cycling stability by preserving potassiation capacities of 184.2, 146.8, and 136.0 mAh/g over 200 cycles at 100, 200 and 500 mA/g, respectively.

Coupling Co3[Co(CN)6]2 nanocubes with reduced graphene oxide for high-rate and long-cycle-life potassium storage

As one of prussian blue analogues, Co3[Co(CN)6]2 has been explored as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) owing to its high potassium storage capacity. Unfortunately, Co3[Co(CN)6]2 possesses low electronic conductivity and its structure collapses easily during potassiation and depotassiation, resulting in poor rate performance and cyclic stability. To solve these problems, we develop a facile multi-step method to successfully combine uniform Co3[Co(CN)6]2 nanocubes with rGO by C−O−Co bonds. As expected, these chemcial bonds shorten the distance between Co3[Co(CN)6]2 and rGO to the angstrom meter level, which significantly improve the electronic conductivity of Co3[Co(CN)6]2. Besides, the complete encapsulation of Co3[Co(CN)6]2 nanocubes by rGO endows the structure of Co3[Co(CN)6]2 with high stability, thus withstanding repeated insertion/extraction of potassium-ions without visible morphological and structural changes. Benefiting from the above-mentioned structural advantages, the Co3[Co(CN)6]2/rGO nanocomposite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 400.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, an exceptional rate capability of 115.5 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1, and an ultralong cycle life of 231.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. Additionally, the effects of different amounts of rGO and different sizes of Co3[Co(CN)6]2 nanocubes on the potassium storage performance are also studied. This work offers an ideal route to significantly enhance the electrochemical properties of prussian blue analogues.

Uncovering the design principle of conversion-based anode for potassium ion batteries via dimension engineering

Conversion-based metal sulfides are regarded as promising anode materials for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) owing to their high theoretical capacity. Although great advances have been made in PIBs, a comprehensive understanding of state-of-the-art structural design that mitigates the volume expansion upon potassiation/depotassiation remains elusive. Herein, with the established structure-property relationship between the different dimensions and the mechanical degradation with cycling, we suggest the material design rules of conversion anodes for high-performance PIBs via a dimensional engineering approach. Compared with the low-dimensional conversion anode (e.g. spherical and tubular), the multi-dimensional flower like structure formed by interlacing sheets provides the 3D network of ion transport and alleviates the stress concentration, exhibiting improved structural stability and superior electrochemical properties. Synchrotron X-ray tomography demonstrates the interconnected visual ion diffusion paths within the multi-dimensional structure and the decreased morphological complexity. Additionally, modeling of reaction-induced deformation shows that the multi-dimensional design rules of electrode materials can alleviate the uneven distribution of stress during K-ion storage. The material design rules discovered in this study will be proverbially applicable for constructing high capacity and excellent stability conversion-based anode.

Poly-p-phenylenes as Novel Bulk-type Anode Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries: A First-Principles Study

Because of the high voltage and low cost, potassium-ion batteries have become a hotspot in the research of rechargeable batteries. In this paper, the electrochemical properties of poly-p-phenylenes...