Total Annual Value Research Articles

Recreational benefits of wetlands: a survey on the Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir of India

PurposeA wetland is a place of tourist attraction, and tourism values play a key role in economic development. Among various services provided by a wetland, recreational services are increasingly valuable in the tourism sector. This paper aims to unfold the potential recreational values of the Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses individual travel cost methods (TCMs) and assesses its impact on regional development in terms of income and employment generation. A sample of 200 tourists is selected through an on-site survey on Dal Lake, and the demand for recreational visits and its value is estimated by employing the truncated Poisson regression model (TPRM) and un-truncated Poisson regression model (UTPRM). The consumers' surplus is estimated and tourists' benefit to visiting the wetland is explored.FindingsOn average, estimated consumers' surplus per visitor is Rs 6,250 (US$96.15) and Rs 25,000 (US$384.61) from respective models. The annual total recreational value of the lake is accounted for Rs 1713m (US$ 26m). This high consumer surplus (CS) and recreational values of the lake indicate large demand for its recreational facilities.Originality/valueThe study is based on primary data and thus, is original. The paper has implications for the policymakers to formulate sustainable management plans for the proper use of Dal Lake and tourism development.

Pricing Anomalies and Arbitrage in Container Transport in India

Intermodal transportation requires multiple entities to manage diverse resources under complex regulations and contracts. In this paper, we carry out a multidisciplinary cross-functional analysis of container rail haulage pricing and operations in India. We discover that the total haulage cost of a container train unduly depends on the position of the containers within the train, which is referred to here as position arbitrage. The main objective of this paper is to introduce and analyze this new concept of arbitrage for the first time in the literature. We derive the limits to the arbitrage, present management insights and empirical results, and explain that the arbitrage is undesirable because of its adverse effects on the efficiency of the container supply chain. With a real case, we empirically show that container train operators can save an average of 450 million INR annually by exploiting the arbitrage. On completion of dedicated freight corridors, the annual total value of the arbitrage can increase by one billion Indian rupees. This research is also beneficial for the railways to understand the implications of haulage pricing on operational efficiency and also for the port operators and shippers to understand the implications of the arbitrage for their operations.

Assessing of evapotranspiration models using limited climatic data in Southeast Anatolian Project Region of Turkey.

Evapotranspiration carries vital importance in areas with arid and semi-arid climate properties for many issues, including the planning of irrigation water as a scarce resource, the establishment of irrigation programs and conducting project design for drainage. The empirical equations used for determining plant water consumption are classified subject to the diversity of the utilized data. The Penman–Monteith method used frequently in many parts of the world as a standard method needs more climate data. Models that yield results that are similar to those of the standard method with less climate parameters are preferred due to their ease of use and wide impact. Temperature, relative humidity and radiation data for the years 2008–2017 were utilized to analyze the usability of the Hargreaves–Samani and Turc-1961 equations with regard to the estimation of reference evapotranspiration in four provinces located in Southeastern Anatolia Region. Results obtained via models were compared in pairs by way of the standard method in order to define the performance of the models. While the best performances were obtained from the comparison with the standard method and Hargreaves–Samani value pair, the comparison of the standard model with Turc displayed the lowest performance. Based on the study data, ETo-Turc values were higher in the provinces analyzed, thus displaying a lower performance. While maximum long term annual monthly average ETo-HS value was identified as 7.6 mm at Diyarbakır in July, whereas the lowest value was determined at Kilis with 5.8 mm; the highest and lowest ETo-Turc values were obtained in the same month at Diyarbakır and Kilis with 13.3 and 10.3 mm respectively. It was calculated based on the long term average annual total ETo values that while highest ETo-HS was calculated at Diyarbakır with 1,500 mm, whereas the lowest value was calculated at Batman with 1,183 mm. The highest value for ETo-Turc was obtained at Diyarbakır with 2,365 mm while Mardin had the lowest ETo value with 1,920 mm. Accordingly, based on the ETo values calculated at both cities studies based on both models, Diyarbakır had the highest values, whereas Kilis had the lowest ETo values. According to the standard method known as PM, lowest daily ETo values were calculated in all provinces, which displayed the highest performance among the models. As a result of this study, it is possible to use the Hargreaves-Samani model instead of the standard model in the absence of reliable climatic data.

Estimating the recreational value for the sustainability of Hingol National Park in Pakistan

Abstract Hingol National Park (HNP), in Baluchistan, Pakistan, is rich in biodiversity and has a variety of eco-services and marine eco-services. It has dune and mountain habitats that provide a significant environment for wildlife, including amphibians, dolphins, green marine turtles, and migratory birds, but the number of species is declining. HNP faces many problems such as unregulated tourism and lack of a budget to protect and conserve precious wildlife. The study used a negative binomial regression model and a zero-truncated regression model to estimate the visitors’ travel demand and recreational value of the National Park by collecting a sample of 210 respondents.. The study estimated a consumer surplus of USD 270 per person per visit and thus a total annual recreational value of the park at USD 35.11 million. Since the elasticity of demand is low, the study suggests the imposition of an entrance fee of USD 0.86 (PKR 100) that would generate an annual revenue of USD 113,000. It is recommended that both provisional and federal governments should take the necessary steps to maintain and promote heritage tourism in the region by reshaping the national parks for the protection of scarce natural resources and the protection of biodiversity.

Landscape valuation of historical tourism site in Northern Iran: A case study from Sheikh-Zahed Tomb

Abstract In Iran, the importance of landscapes and the need to preserve these unique assets is not particularly recognized especially at tourism and environmental sites. This study investigated the landscape valuation of Sheikh-Zahed Tomb in Northern Iran. The contingent valuation method (CVM), which is based on a survey model, was used to assess visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) in order to preserve the landscape. The data used in this study were collected though face-to-face interviews with 157 visitors to a historic tomb in the first half of 2019. The results indicate that the average of respondents’ WTP to preserve the landscape was 0.47 $ per year. The annual total economic value (TEV) of the landscape is estimated to be 11 960 782 $. Respondents’ age, monthly income of the respondent’s household, the tomb accessibility, the tomb architectural attraction, and proposed price for the landscape preservation had significant effects on WTP. Proposed empirical model (CVM) provides a comprehensive framework for illustrating landscape valuation of natural heritages and historical tourism sites globally as well as in Iran. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • The evaluation of landscape values of historical site of Sheikh-Zahed tomb (Iran) for visitors is presented. • Both types of qualitative and quantitative variables affect WTP of visitors for the landscape preservation. • Among the key factors, the accessibility to the landscape affects its value for visitors, and the pristine and original landscape of the tomb is important for visitors.

Combating Desertification through the Wine Industry in Hongsibu, Ningxia

Land desertification is a global environmental problem, leading to the deterioration of the ecological environment and is an issue that threatens humans. Hongsibu, located in Ningxia, northwest China, is a semi-desert area with the largest domestic single-site ecological resettlement area for poverty alleviation based on the wine industry. Here, we quantified the value of the ecosystem services of the wine industry in Hongsibu and used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to quantitatively evaluate the comprehensive benefits of the wine industry for resolving desertification. We found that winegrapes significantly increase vegetation cover, while significantly decreasing blowing sand and generating a total annual value of ecosystem services of 6.13× 108 RMB. The evaluation score of the comprehensive benefits is 81.85%, with grape growers and chateaus obtaining large economic benefits from the wine industry. In conclusion, the wine industry’s development not only enhances the economic level of grape growers but significantly resolves desertification in impoverished areas—thus alleviating poverty and land degradation, contributing to sustainable development. Therefore, this may be an effective strategy for sustainable development in other parts of the world.

Corruption among Rural Grassroots Cadres: A Study of Its Origins and Development, with Policy Recommendations

Abstract Drawing on 1,965 cases of corruption by rural grassroots cadre from 1993 to 2017, this article examines the evolving patterns of and intrinsic reasons for corruption as well as its changing characteristics over time, by focusing on the following indicators: the number of newly increased corruption cases, the frequency of corruption activities, the average amount of cash value involved in the cases, the annual total cash value involved in the cases, and the sectors where corruption took place. This article ends with several recommendations on corruption prevention, including further measures on legislation, ideological education, supervising mechanisms, and investigation and punishment.

Assessing the Ability of WRF‐BEP + BEM in Reproducing the Wintertime Building Energy Consumption of an Italian Alpine City

AbstractThis work aims at assessing the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model, coupled with a multilayer urban canopy scheme and a building energy model (BEP + BEM), to simulate the building energy consumption in the city of Bolzano (Italy) during wintertime. Estimates of the actual energy consumption, to be adopted as a benchmark for evaluating model results, are obtained from observed total annual values, combined with load curves derived from real‐time measurements in various meteorological conditions and for different building types. The validation of numerical results highlights that the modeling set‐up adopted is able to well reproduce the spatial distribution of the energy consumption in the urban area and its dependence on the morphological characteristics of the city. In particular, it is found that energy consumption in the urban area is particularly influenced by the building height and the building surface area to plan area ratio, highlighting the importance of an accurate representation of the urban morphology in mesoscale meteorological models to obtain reliable estimates of citywide building energy consumption. Moreover, also the diurnal profiles of energy consumption are well captured by the model, especially in the residential area. Larger errors are found in the commercial‐industrial area: here various utilities display peaks of energy demand, that the model cannot reproduce correctly.

Ecological impact assessment of land use in eco-industrial park based on life cycle assessment: A case study of Nanchang High-tech development zone in China

As the main unit of developing a circular economy, and an important way of realizing the ecological industry (eco-industry), the eco-industrial park (EIP) is the way forwards for industrial park development in China. As land is the carrier of industrial parks, the ecological effects brought about by its use patterns, and the evolution process play an important role in the sustainable park development. Based on 3S technology, using Nanchang High-tech Development Zone as a case-study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to quantitatively analyze the ecological impact of land use change, and the characteristics of its evolution or laws at different stages of the EIP life cycle. The results showed the following: (1) In the life cycle development period, the annual average ecological effect was −2.15 × 104 CNY, and during the mature life cycle period, the value rose to −2.01 × 104 CNY, an increase of 6.44%; (2) During the mature period, as a result of changes in quantity and quality, the cultivated, forest, and unutilized land types, had all increased in both total value and annual average value of the ecological effect, showing an improvement in the overall ecological environment of the park. These three types of land were the main contributors to the improvement of the ecological effect. The contribution size was: forest land > cultivated land > unutilized land. On the contrary, the construction land and grassland showed negative ecological effects compared with the previous life cycle stage. Construction land was the main contributor to the decline in ecological park quality, and its negative ecological effect increased by 1.66 times; (3) In the two life cycle stages, amongst the ecological effects caused by the transformation of various land usees, only the conversion to forest land brought significant ecological benefits. Others showed either a certain degree of improvement, or the accumulation of negativizes in ecological effects. Therefore, the EIP generally showed the state of ecological destruction; (4) Finally, there is a relevant discussion about the applicability, scientificity, and innovation of the LCA applied to evaluate the ecological effects of industrial land.

Assessment of Ecosystem Service Value and Its Differences in the Yellow River Basin and Yangtze River Basin

The Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin are the two most important watersheds in China, which consist of several key ecological function areas and are crucial in terms of economic contributions. The evaluation of the ecosystem service value and the quantitative acquisition of the regional ecological quality status are necessary for supporting the ecological protection and high-quality development of the two basins. By considering basic data and adopting different ecological function models, this study was carried out to evaluate the value of ecosystem services in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin from 2015 to 2018 in terms of provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services. Additionally, analysis was conducted in combination with economic indicators. The results showed that there were great differences in the ecosystem patterns between the Yellow River Basin, where grassland accounted for 45% of land use, and the Yangtze River Basin, where forest accounted for 39% of land use. The values of the ecosystem services of the two basins had similar spatial distributions, with higher values upstream (west) followed by downstream (east) and lower values in the middle (central China). The total annual ecosystem value of the Yangtze River Basin was more than three times that of the Yellow River Basin. In addition, the ecosystem services value of most counties in both basins was higher than their GDP, and there was a positive trend of transforming ecological benefits into economic benefits in the Yangtze River Basin. This research provides a methodology for evaluating ecosystem valuation. The results are helpful for formulating and implementing eco-compensation and payments for ecosystem service policies among different regions in the basins, and the results lay a foundation for the spatial planning and high-quality development paths of key basin areas in China.

Bazı tütün örneklerinde doğal radyonüklitlerin aktivite konsantrasyonları ve yıllık etkin doz değerleri üzerine bir çalışma

Tobacco samples were collected from different tobacco markets from Antalya in Turkey. To calculate natural radionuclides activity concentration, samples were counted for 86400 seconds by using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K for tobacco samples found higher than minimum detectable activity (MDA). 137Cs was not detected in any sample. Activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K range from 83±15 Bqkg-1 to 325±45 Bqkg-1, 29±5 Bqkg-1 to 207±37 Bqkg-1 and (2.09±0.28)x103 Bqkg-1 to (5.07±0.90) x103 Bqkg-1, respectively. In addition, annual effective dose value was calculated. The annual effective dose values owing to inhalation for adults change from 2.76 to 9.91 µSvy-1 for 214Pb, from 5.69 to 27.69 µSvy-1 for 214Bi, from 5.72 to 40.41 µSvy-1 for 228Ac, from 42.23 to 102.37 µSvy-1 for 40K. The total annual effective dose values change from 0.05 to 0.16 mSvy-1.

Estudo descritivo da evolução dos gastos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde com internações hospitalares por Acidente Vascular Cerebral em Goiás, 2010-2019

Objetivo: Analisar as os gastos com internação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com internações por Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) em Goiás, Brasil. Métodos: É um estudo ecológico sobre os gastos públicos com internação por AVC em Goiás, entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2019. Os dados obtidos por meio do Sistema de Dados do Ministério da Saúde (DATASUS). Foram tabulados pelo programa TabWin® e os calculados pelo Microsoft Excel®. Não houve submissão ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, por se tratar de um estudo utilizando dados secundários, sem identificação dos participantes. Resultados: Os custos aumentaram em 158,6% mesmo que as internações abaixaram em 23,8%. Pessoas com mais de 65 anos lideraram a lista de internações com 54,8%. Com relação às tendências, média gasta anual, valor total e intervalo de confiança das dez cidades mais dispendiosas do estado, nenhuma apresentou tendência decrescente. O tratamento de AVC foi responsável por 84,64% dos procedimentos realizados. Conclusão: As despesas com AVC foram altas e, possivelmente, medidas voltadas à atenção primária diminuiria a despesa total. Além disso, sexo masculino, idade e municípios com maiores portes populacionais e com bons índices de condições de vida são fatores que elevaram as despesas totais.

Assessing the Impact of Drought on Arsenic Exposure from Private Domestic Wells in the Conterminous United States.

This study assesses the potential impact of drought on arsenic exposure from private domestic wells by using a previously developed statistical model that predicts the probability of elevated arsenic concentrations (>10 μg per liter) in water from domestic wells located in the conterminous United States (CONUS). The application of the model to simulate drought conditions used systematically reduced precipitation and recharge values. The drought conditions resulted in higher probabilities of elevated arsenic throughout most of the CONUS. While the increase in the probability of elevated arsenic was generally less than 10% at any one location, when considered over the entire CONUS, the increase has considerable public health implications. The population exposed to elevated arsenic from domestic wells was estimated to increase from approximately 2.7 million to 4.1 million people during drought. The model was also run using total annual precipitation and groundwater recharge values from the year 2012 when drought existed over a large extent of the CONUS. This simulation provided a method for comparing the duration of drought to changes in the predicted probability of high arsenic in domestic wells. These results suggest that the probability of exposure to arsenic concentrations greater than 10 μg per liter increases with increasing duration of drought. These findings indicate that drought has a potentially adverse impact on the arsenic hazard from domestic wells throughout the CONUS.

Responses of Soil Respiration Dynamics and Bacterial Community Structure to Fertilizer and Irrigation Regimes Over 2 Years in Temperate Vineyards in North China

Fertilizer and irrigation regimes can have profound effects on soil carbon (C) emissions; however, information regarding the effects of fertilizer and irrigation management on the components of soil respiration (Rs) and the underlying bacterial community characteristics in vineyard ecosystems remains limited. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted in a wine-grape vineyard (WGV) and table-grape vineyard (TGV). For this experiment, each vineyard included two fertilizer and irrigation regimes: farmers’ practice (FP) and recommended practice (RP). The trenching method was employed to separate Rs into heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra) and soil bacterial community structure was examined after the 2-year experiment. Fertilizer and irrigation regimes have caused no effect on Ra, but RP treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the average daily Rh by 15.13% and 17.11% in the WGV and TGV, respectively, leading to significant (P < 0.05) decreases in annual total Rs values at the scale of whole-vineyard by 8.93% and 11.78%, respectively. The lower annual total Rh was partially ascribed to the significant (P < 0.05) decline in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes relative abundance, which decreased the rate of organic matter decomposition. When compared with WGV, the higher fertilizer and water input in the TGV resulted in 11.53% and 15.74% higher annual total Rs and Rh values on the scale of whole-vineyard, respectively, while the lower grapevine density and more frequent summer pruning resulted in an 18.83% lower annual total Ra. Overall, RP treatment was found to be a suitable strategy for reducing soil C emissions and benefiting SOC storage in vineyards around North China.

Land-use changes and ecosystem services under different scenarios in Nansi Lake Basin, China.

Ecosystem services (ESs) have been affected drastically by rapid urban sprawl and significant land-use changes (LUC) in Nansi Lake Basin (NLB) in China. Based on land-use data with a 30-m resolution from 1990 to 2015, we analyzed the process of LUC by atlas analysis and explored the impacts of LUC on ecological service value (ESV) under urban sprawl. The results showed that water area and buildup land increased significantly from 1990 to 2015. The area of cultivated land, forests, grassland, and unutilized land decreased. Land transfer mainly occurred between cultivated land, water area, and grassland. The total amount of land transfer was 4830.64 km2, and the average transfer rate is 185.79 km2/year in 26 years. The most obvious transfer occurred in period IV. The increased buildup land was mainly transferred from cultivated land. The total urban sprawl in the NLB was 1623.37 km2 in the past 26 years, with an average expansion rate of 62.44 km2/year, with the fastest sprawl in period IV. Tengzhou city was the most prominent area of expansion. Its ESV increased by 5.73 × 107 US$ with an increased rate of 2.21 × 106 US$/year. The annual total value of regulating and supporting services in the first-level ESs in the NLB accounted for 54.8 and 25.2% of the total ESV in all years, which were the primary types of ESs. Water area, forests, and cultivated land were the principal contributors to ESV changes. In conclusion, urban sprawl had a significant negative effect on ESV changes. Urban sprawl, water area, forests, and cultivated land were all sensitive factors for ESV changes.

Some Features of the Present-day Transition Period in Solar Activity

Various geophysical indices and their prognostic value were analyzed in (Obridko et al., 2013; Kirov et al., 2013, 2015, 2017; Georgieva et al., 2015, 2018). Two indices have been selected for the analysis (total annual Dst values, and duration of a storm). It is important to note that, unlike the other indices of solar and geophysical activity, the summary Dst index does not show violation of the Gnevyshev-Ohl rule. The analysis of annual mean Dst values reveals a clearly pronounced decrease in activity, at least since the 1980-ies. This allows us to suggest that we are at the descending branch of a secular cycle or on the threshold of a Grand Minimum. The decrease in solar activity is corroborated by the analysis of Forbush effects, solar wind speed, and intensity of the near-Earth magnetic field.

Estimating the Value of Global Ecosystem Structure and Productivity: A Geographic Information System and Emergy Based Approach

We have used the coverages of renewable emergy input developed from satellite derived data to determine the emergy supporting ecosystem productivity and biotic natural capital. In addition, the impact on global productivity and biotic natural capital that has resulted from human induced land cover change was evaluated. The actual evapotranpiration (AET), which is the portion of rain that is used by vegetation was the most significant driver of ecosystems. However, the accumulation of biomass over time is not only affected by the available water used, but also by solar input and negatively affected by wind. Additionally, we have estimated the value of ecosystem function and storages. In pre-anthroponcene era, total annual emdollar value of global gross primary production was em$ 12.3 trillion and the total emdollar value of biotic natural capital which includes below and above ground biomass as well as the soil carbon was em$ 578.5 trillion. However, total losses of biotic natural capital from land cover change since the anthropocene began equal to em$88.5 trillion or about 16% of total pre-anthropocene value.

Mode choice and spatial distribution in long-distance passenger transport – Does mobile network data deliver similar results to other transportation models?

Sound knowledge of travel behavior is important for many findings and decisions in science, business and transport policy. This is not only about spatial distribution, but also and above all about the choice of transport mode. Anonymized mobile network data (MND) can provide valuable information here. This relatively new method is fundamentally superior to other approaches in many respects, but a comprehensive scientific evaluation is still pending. In this context, the present study should help to close research gaps by comparing the results of an MND analysis with the output of an existing transportation model based on System Dynamics. The comparison includes the number of trips within one year, the choice of means of transport and the spatial distribution in long-distance passenger transport within Germany (for all trips with a distance of 50 km or more). We found that the results for travel frequency and modal split were very similar at high aggregation (total annual values for the study area). Also, for distance categories (with an interval of 100 km each) the deviations were very small. However, there were significant differences for origin-destination pairs. In order to be able to make a well-founded comparison here, more in-depth research is necessary in the future.

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services of National Zoological Park, New Delhi

The National Zoological Park, New Delhi, is an ecologically significant park which, apart from its primary function in education and research, serve as natural habitats for free ranging animals. The present study was to assess the total annual economic value o f the key ecosystem services provided by the National Zoological Park, which includes employment generation, carbon storage and sequestration, education and research, recreational and cultural and biodiversity conservation. The one time value ofcarbon storage and surrogate value o flan d were also estimated in the study but not considered in the total annual economic value. The total economic value o f the ecosystem services provided by the National Zoological Park for 2019-20 was estimated to be INR 4227.99 million. Recreational and cultural service had maximum contribution o f 77% followed by education and research service which contributed to 9% o f the total annual value. Employmentgeneration contributed to 8% followedbybiodiversityservice which contributed to 6% and Carbon sequestration contributed 0.31%. The one time value for carbon storage and surrogate value o flan d was estimated to INR 171.5 million and INR 250 million. This makes an important case for the preservation o f the habitats such as the Zoological Park in contributing towards local, national, and global values.

Seasonal Variability and Estimation of Annual East Siberian Sea Phytoplankton Primary Production and Comparison with the Other Siberian Seas

Studies of seasonal variability of the East Siberian Sea (ESS) water column primary production (IPP) and evaluation of its total annual value (PPtot) were performed using MODIS-Aqua data (2002–2018). Region-specific primary production and chlorophyll algorithms were used for the first time to achieve that result. Northeastern and Southwestern regions were distinguished in ESS based on multiyear average daily primary production. Seasonal variations in IPP in the Northeastern region were characterized by the maximum in June (273 mgC m–2 d–1). The maximum of water column primary production value in the Southwestern region was recorded in May (311 mgC m–2 d–1). The maximum of IPP for the entire ESS was registered in June (273 mgC m–2 d–1). Values of daily primary production and PPtot in the Southwestern region were, respectively, 1.8 and 2 fold higher than in the Northeastern region. The multiyear averaged value of ESS IPP was equal to 91 mgC m–2 d–1 and PPtot value was equal to 9 TgC. Productivity of the Siberian seas decreased eastward.