Annual Review Of Neuroscience Research Articles

Annual Review of Neuroscience. Volume 27: 2004. Edited by Steven E Hyman, Thomas M Jessell, Carla J Shatz, and , Charles F Stevens. Palo Alto (California): Annual Reviews. $74.00. ix + 791 p + 42 pl; ill.; subject index and cumulative indexes (contributing authors and chapter titles, Volumes 18–27). ISBN: 0–8243–2427–7. 2004.

<i>Annual Review of Neuroscience. <i>Volume 27: 2004.</i></i> <i>Edited by </i>Steven E Hyman, Thomas M Jessell, Carla J Shatz,<i> and </i>, Charles F Stevens. <i>Palo Alto (California): Annual Reviews</i>. $74.00. ix + 791 p + 42 pl; ill.; subject index and cumulative indexes (contributing authors and chapter titles, Volumes 18–27). ISBN: 0–8243–2427–7. 2004.

Appreciation of the Life of W. Maxwell Cowan, Founding Editor of the Annual Review of Neuroscience

Appreciation of the Life of W. Maxwell Cowan, Founding Editor of the <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>

Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: Combining FMRI and whole-head meg

There is currently much interest in investigating the neural substrates of metaphor processing. In particular, it has been suggested that the right hemisphere plays a special role in the comprehension of figurative (non-literal) language, and in particular metaphors. However, some studies find no evidence of right hemisphere involvement in metaphor comprehension (e.g. [Lee, S. S., & Dapretto, M. (2006). Metaphorical vs. literal word meanings: fMRI evidence against a selective role of the right hemisphere. NeuroImage, 29, 536–544; Rapp, A. M., Leube, D. T., Erb, M., Grodd, W., & Kircher, T. T. J. (2004). Neural correlates of metaphor processing. Cognitive Brain Research, 20, 395–402]). We suggest that lateralization differences between literal and metaphorical language may be due to factors such as differences in familiarity ([Schmidt, G. L., DeBuse, C. J., & Seger, C. A. (2007). Right hemisphere metaphor processing? Characterizing the lateralization of semantic processes. Brain and Language, 100, 127–141]), or difficulty ([Bookheimer, S. (2002). Functional MRI of language: New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 151–188; Rapp, A. M., Leube, D. T., Erb, M., Grodd, W., & Kircher, T. T. J. (2004). Neural correlates of metaphor processing. Cognitive Brain Research, 20, 395–402]) in addition to figurativeness. The purpose of this study was to separate the effects of figurativeness, familiarity, and difficulty on the recruitment of neural systems involved in language, in particular right hemisphere mechanisms. This was achieved by comparing neural activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) between four conditions: literal sentences, familiar and easy to understand metaphors, unfamiliar and easy to understand metaphors, and unfamiliar and difficult to understand metaphors. Metaphors recruited the right insula, left temporal pole and right inferior frontal gyrus in comparison with literal sentences. Familiar metaphors recruited the right middle frontal gyrus when contrasted with unfamiliar metaphors. Easy metaphors showed higher activation in the left middle frontal gyrus as compared to difficult metaphors, while difficult metaphors showed selective activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus as compared to easy metaphors. We conclude that the right hemisphere is involved in metaphor processing and that the factors of figurativeness, familiarity and difficulty are important in determining neural recruitment of semantic processing.

The role of attentional anterior network on threat-related attentional biases in anxiety

A Posner covert orienting task was developed to investigate the role of the anterior and posterior attentional networks described by Posner and Petersen (1990) (Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience , 13 , 25–42.) in attentional biases toward threat-related stimuli observed in non-clinical trait-anxious subjects. This task was administered in two different conditions depending on the informative value of the cue. Subjects had to detect an asterisk target that appeared 100 or 500 ms after the cue. As expected, the anxiety group (measured by the Sensitivity to Punishment scale) was related to a greater tendency to focus on locations where aversive and non-informative cues had appeared. This effect was observed at the 100 ms, but not at the 500 ms SOA, and disappears when cues were informative of target location. We have proposed that non-informative threat-related stimuli would activate the anterior network in anxious but not in non-anxious subjects.

Relative contributions of sustained and transient pathways to human stereoprocessing

It has been proposed [Hubel & Livingstone (1987) Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 3378–3415] that stereopsis is mediated solely by magnocellular pathway in primates. This hypothesis was evaluated for humans in psychophysical experiments with dynamic random-noise stimuli, based on the sustained/transient relationship of behavior mediated by the two divisions of the LGN [Merigan & Maunsell (1993) Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 369–402]. The stereoscopic limits show that stereoscopic system is more sensitive to sustained random-dot stimuli than to transient ones. Quantitative modeling of the result implied a weak role for magnocellular input, suggests that human stereopsis is more strongly influenced by parvocellular input through the LGN.

On theory and modelling

Parisi, D., & Plunkett, K. (1996). Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1988). Topography of cognition: Parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 11, 137–156. Kojima, S., & and, G.-R. P. S. (1982). Delay-related activity of prefrontal neurons in rhesus monkeys performing delayed response. Brain Research, 248, 43–49. Montague, P. R., Dayan, P., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1996). A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 1936–1947. Munakata. (1997). Infant perseveration and implications for object permanence theories: A PDP model of the A-not-B task. Developmental Science, this issue. Niki, H., & Watanabe, M. (1976). Prefrontal unit activity and delayed response: relation to cue location versus direction of response. Brain Research, 105, 79–88. Quartz, S. R., & Sejnowski, T. J. (in press). The neural basis of cognitive development: A constructivist manifesto. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 196€Commentaries

Temporal hierarchy of the visual perceptive systems in the Mondrian world.

Our earlier psychophysical work has shown that colour and motion are not perceived at the same time, with colour leading motion by about 50-100 ms. In pursuing this work, we thought it would be interesting to use a more complex colour stimulus, one in which the wavelength composition of the light reflected or emitted from surfaces changes continually, without entailing a change in the perceived colour (colour constancy). We therefore used a Mondrian figure--an abstract multi-coloured scene with no recognizable objects--against which squares (either red or green) moved up and down, changing colour from red to green in various phase differences with the change in direction of motion. The red and green squares changed continually in their spectral characteristics, as did every other patch on the Mondrian. The results showed that colour is still perceived before motion, by about 80 ms.

Antisense to NPY-Y1 demonstrates that Y1 receptors in the hypothalamus underlie NPY hypothermia and feeding in rats.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly potent endogenous peptide which when injected into the medial hypothalamus causes spontaneous eating behaviour and an intense fall in body temperature (Tb). This study used antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to determine whether the Y1 subtype of NPY receptor could underlie these remarkable physiological responses. In the unrestrained rat, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) which is highly reactive to NPY was injected with antisense for NPY (aNPY), Y1 receptors (aNPY-Y1) and mismatched controls (mNPY; mNPY-Y1). After cannulae were implanted bilaterally in the brain of 19 rats, 0.4 or 0.8 microgram per 0.8 microliter of the phosphorothioate synthesised ODNs were delivered to the VMH of the rats at 12 h intervals over 2 d. Only the lower dose of aNPY-Y1, but not aNPY, evoked an intense phasic rise in the Tb following each micro-injection. Simultaneously, 0.4 microgram per 0.8 microliter of aNPY-Y1, but not aNPY, suppressed feeding behaviour after a sequence of micro-injections and on the following day. Body weights and locomotor activity of the rats likewise declined concomitantly with the hyperthermia and hypophagia caused by the Y1 receptor antisense. Neither of the control ODNs for NPY or Y1 receptors injected similarly in the VMH of the rats exerted any effects on these measures. These results clearly provide convincing evidence that in the VMH the Y1 subtype of NPY receptor mediates, in part, the neuronal mechanisms responsible for spontaneous feeding and hypothermia produced by native NPY when applied directly to this structure. The concurrent decline in body weight and activity caused by aNPY-Y1 could be caused by the episodes of hyperthermia.

Beta-amyloid precursor protein is modified with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine.

The beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (Kang et al.: Nature 325:733-736, 1987; Selkoe: Science 248:1058-1060, 1990; Selkoe: In Cowan et al. (eds): "Annual Review of Neuroscience." Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc., pp 489-519, 1994) and numerous studies have shown that beta-amyloid is involved in amyloid plaque formation (Rumble et al.: N Engl J Med 320:1446-1452, 1989; Sisodia et al.: Science 248: 492-495, 1990). Evidence is presented that APP is modified with N-acetylglucosamine linked to cytoplasmic serine or threonine residues (O-GlcNAc). This is the first report of a plasma membrane protein modified with this carbohydrate. It has been postulated that this modification, which is ubiquitous in all organisms studied to date except bacteria (Haltiwanger et al.: Biochem Soc Trans 20:264-269, 1992; Dong et al.: J Biol Chem 268:16679-16687, 1993; Elliot et al.: J Neurosci 13:2424-2429, 1993; Kelly et al.: J Biol Chem 268:10416-10424, 1993), may function as an alternative to phosphorylation (Dong et al., 1993) and is involved in the multimerization of proteins (Haltiwanger et al., 1992; Dong et al., 1993). O-GlcNAc occurs at "PEST" sequences (Rogers et al.: Science 234:364-368, 1986) and it has been suggested that this modification within such a sequence leads to increased proteolytic stability of the molecule (Dong et al., 1993).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Optical measurements of activity-dependent membrane recycling in motor nerve terminals of mammalian skeletal muscle

Motor nerve terminals in a variety of rat and mouse skeletal muscles were stained in an activity-dependent fashion using the styryl dyes FM1-43 or FM2-10. Low-light video microscopy and digital image processing techniques were used to evaluate destaining of the preparations during application of depolarizing stimuli. Best results were obtained with the mouse triangularis sterni muscle. Quantitative analysis of the destaining of dye-loaded terminals supports the suggestion that FM1-43 stains a recycling membrane compartment, most probably synaptic vesicles. However, the pattern of staining and destaining were not the same as those reported previously for frog neuromuscular junctions. The pattern of nerve terminal staining was less punctate and the rate and amount of activity-dependent destaining were less than in frog muscle. Part of the explanation may be a more acute susceptibility of mammalian terminals to phototoxicity.

Triggering and gating of motor responses by sensory stimulation: behavioural selection inXenopus embryos

Neural mechanisms underlying selection of motor responses are largely unknown in vertebrates. This study shows that in immobilized Xenopus embryos, brief mechanical or electrical stimulation of the trunk skin can trigger sustained fictive swimming, whereas sustained pressure or repetitive electrical stimulation can evoke fictive struggling. These two rhythmic motor patterns are distinct: alternating single motor root spikes propagate from head to tail during swimming; alternating motor root bursts propagate from tail to head during struggling. As both motor patterns can be evoked in embryos with the CNS transected caudal to the cranial roots, the sensory pathway responsible must have direct access to the spinal cord. Rohon-Beard sensory neurons provide the only such pathway known. They respond appropriately to brief stimuli applied to the trunk skin, and also to repetitive electrical stimuli and sustained pressure. The results suggest that Rohon-Beard sensory neurons can both trigger sustained swimming and 'gate in' struggling motor patterns, and thus effect behavioural selection according to their pattern of activity.

Excitatory amino acid receptor-channels in Purkinje cells in thin cerebellar slices

Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA type serve different functions during excitatory synaptic transmission. Although many central neurons bear both types of receptor, the evidence concerning the sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to NMDA is contradictory. To investigate the receptor types present in Purkinje cells, we have used whole-cell and outside-out patch-clamp methods to record from cells in thin cerebellar slices from young rats. At a holding potential of -70 mV (in nominally Mg(2+)-free medium, with added glycine) NMDA caused a whole-cell current response which consisted of a dramatic increase in the frequency of synaptic currents. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and the gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor antagonist bicuculline, spontaneous synaptic currents and responses to NMDA were inhibited. In a proportion of cells a small polysynaptic response to NMDA persisted, which was further reduced by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-2,3-dihydro-7-nitroquinoxalinedione (CNQX). The non-NMDA glutamate receptor agonists kainate (KA), quisqualate (QA) and s-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazolepropionic acid (s-AMPA), evoked large inward currents due to the direct activation of receptors in Purkinje cells. NMDA applied to excised membrane patches failed to evoke any single-channel currents, whereas s-AMPA and QA caused small inward currents accompanied by marked increases in current noise. Spectral analysis of the s-AMPA noise in patches gave an estimated mean channel conductance of approximately 4 pS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The growth of knowledge and literature in neuroscience

Knowledge and literature of neuroscience started growing steadily during the last few centuries. This paper aims to study the growth of knowledge in neuroscience as well as its literature. The first part of the paper, enumerates a historical survey of the growth of knowledge based on published data. This is done in view of the fact that a consolidated information at one place will be of great value to the students of scientometrics and also to the research scholars who are desirous to undertake research in this discipline. The second part of the paper is entirely based on experimental data which were collected to analyse the growth of literature of the subject. Neuroscience is notable for its wide range of approaches and techniques. In no other branch of research such a manysided approach is so essential. As a consequence last few decades have witnessed an accelerated research tempo and unprecedented growth of the literature on the subject covering its different sub-fields with gradual and systematic transgression of the conventional boundaries between them. To cope with the growth of literature, a new bibliometric technique has been applied to rank periodicals in the field based on 5785 citation data collected from the bibliographic data base published in the source journal namely,Annual Review of Neuroscience. It is expected that this list will reflect the impact of literature on the advancement of knowledge in the field of neuroscience. A striking feature of this study is the comparatively small contribution (8.8%) coming from the application of biochemical techniques and concepts to neuroscience research which differs from what we had noted earlier in the case of other biomedical disciplines. High position occupied by multidisciplinary science journals brings out the significance of new neuroscience research to science as a whole and confirms the importance of this category of journals in the dissemination of knowledge for the overall growth of science. Relatively low proportion, of citations of journals of medicine, both general as well as specialities, in spite of direct relevance of much work in this field to neurological and mental illness reflects the preponderance of interest in the funcamental aspects of neuroscience research. Like other biomedical disciplines neuroscience literature also exhibits English as the most-preferred lingua franca of the subject; dominance of journals published from USA, UK, Germany and the Netherland; a wide scatter of cited literature showing the multidisciplinary approach characteristic of present-day neuroscience research. The results of this study support Bradford's Law of Scattering and also Sengupta's Law of Bibliometrics. It is expected that the present ranking list will be of great help to the working neuroscientists to select a handful of core periodicals in the field for regular browsing from the viewpoint of their importance and significance as these core journals identify maximum segment of contemporary literature on the topics of direct relevance to their day to day research in the field.

Novel astrocytic protein in multiple sclerosis plaques.

Monoclonal antibody J1-31 (MAb J1-31, isotype IgG 2b) was raised against crude homogenate of brain tissue from a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient (autopsy sample; Malhotra et al.: Microbios Letters 26:151-157, 1984). In human brain, MAb J1-31 recognizes an intracellular protein antigen (J1-31 antigen), which bands at approximately 30,000 daltons under reducing conditions for sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (Singh et al.: Bioscience Reports 6:73-79, 1986). By immunofluorescence microscopy, MAb J1-31 stains those cells that are also stained by antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), namely astrocytes, retinal Müller cells, and tanycytes in the ependyma (Predy et al.: Bioscience Reports 7:491-502, 1987). In addition, MAb J1-31 stains ciliated ependymal cells that do not express GFAP. Using a model system for gliosis (laceration-type injury of rat spinal cord), we were able to show that astrocytes responding to central nervous system injury exhibit greatly enhanced staining for J1-31 antigen (Predy et al.: Journal of Neuroscience Research 19:397-404, 1988; Predy and Malhotra: Brain Research Bulletin in press, 1989). In this article, we demonstrate that immunofluorescence staining owing to MAb J1-31 is greatly enhanced in MS plaques, as compared to adjacent "apparently normal" white matter. (This is consistent with previous results as MS plaques characteristically show an astroglial response [reactive gliosis] leading to the formation of a glial scar [McKhann: Annual Review of Neuroscience 5:219-239, 1982].) In addition, we present further evidence that J1-31 antigen is distinct from GFAP, although these two proteins may be associated spatially with one another.

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 7. Edited by W. M. Cowan, E. M. Shooter, C. F. Stevens and R. F. Thomson. (Pp. 490; illustrated; $30.00.) Annual Reviews Inc.: Palo Alto, California. 1984.

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 7. Edited by W. M. Cowan, E. M. Shooter, C. F. Stevens and R. F. Thomson. (Pp. 490; illustrated; $30.00.) Annual Reviews Inc.: Palo Alto, California. 1984.

Annual review of neuroscience, vol6 Edited by W. Maxwell Cowan, Eric M. Shooter, Charles F. Stevens, and Richard F. Thompson Palo Alto, CA, Annual Reviews Inc, 1983 563 PP

Annual review of neuroscience, vol6 Edited by W. Maxwell Cowan, Eric M. Shooter, Charles F. Stevens, and Richard F. Thompson Palo Alto, CA, Annual Reviews Inc, 1983 563 PP

Annual Review of Neuroscience. Edited by W. M. Cowan, E. M. Shooter, C. F. Stevens and R. F. Thompson. (Pp. 560; illustrated; $30.00.) Annual Reviews Inc.: Palo Alto, California. 1983.

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Annual Review of Psychology. Edited by M. R. Rosenzweig and L. W. Porter. (Pp. 744; illustrated; $25.00.) - Annual Review of Neuroscience. Edited by W.M. Cowan, Z. W. Hall and E. R. Kandel. (Pp. 392; illustrated; $25.00.) Both from Annual Reviews Inc.: Palo Alto, California. 1982.

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Cowan, W. M., Hall, Z. W., and Kandel, E., Annual review of neuroscience, Vol 3. Palo Alto, CA, Annual Reviews, Inc, 1980

Cowan, W. M., Hall, Z. W., and Kandel, E., Annual review of neuroscience, Vol 3. Palo Alto, CA, Annual Reviews, Inc, 1980

Annual Review of Neuroscience. Edited by W. M. Cowan, Z. W. Hall and E. R. Kandel. (Pp. 560; illustrated; $21.00.) Annual Reviews Inc.: Palo Alto, Ca.. 1981.

Annual Review of Neuroscience. Edited by W. M. Cowan, Z. W. Hall and E. R. Kandel. (Pp. 560; illustrated; $21.00.) Annual Reviews Inc.: Palo Alto, Ca.. 1981.