Annual Price Research Articles

Impact of ESG Score on Stock Performance in Banking and IT Sector

The awareness regarding Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) has grown a lot in the recent past years. The paper mainly aims at investigating whether there is an existing relationship between the disclosure by the companies from the industry of Banking and Information Technology based upon Environmental, social and governance framework and the stock performance of the companies of the same industry. The study took variable as the ESG Score and annual share price of the top 5 companies each of Banking and Information Technology present in the NSE ESG INDEX between the FY2014 to FY 2023. The study has used correlation and ANNOVA to analyse the impact that ESG score has upon the share prices of the target companies. We have attained observation through our studies that the relationship that exists between the SDG score of 8 companies out of the 10 companies selected as a sample is significantly positive. This study mainly aims to determines the relationship amongst ESG disclosures and stock prices and if the relationship is positive, negative or neutral. Keyword - ESG disclosure, ESG index, ESG Score, Stock Price, Firm performances

Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric, Hybrid, and Conventional Vehicles in Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis

The automobile industry is shifting from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs) extremely fast. Our calculation regarding the most popular private car brand in Bangladesh, Toyota, shows that the life cycle cost (LCC) of a Toyota BZ3 (EV), USD 43,409, is more expensive than a Toyota Aqua (HEV) and Toyota Prius (HEV), but cheaper than a Toyota Axio (ICEV) and Toyota Allion (ICEV). It has been found that about a 25% reduction in the acquisition cost of a Toyota BZ3 would lower its LCC to below others. EVs can be a good choice for those who travel a lot. Changes in electricity prices have little effect upon the LCC of EVs. With the expected decline in the annual price for batteries, which is between 6 and 9%, and the improvement of their capacities, EVs will be more competitive with other vehicles by 2030 or even earlier. EVs will dominate the market since demand for alternative fuel-powered vehicles is growing due to their environmental and economic advantages.

Before political economy: debate over grain markets, dearth and pauperism in England, 1794–96

ABSTRACT During the 1790s Britain experienced a series of poor harvests which, given an expanding population and wartime disruption to the European grain trade, caused sudden and rapid increases in the domestic price of wheat. In modern discussion of Corn and Poor Laws the severity of these fluctuations has been obscured by the use of annual average grain prices, despite weekly county prices being available from 1771 as published in the London Gazette. We highlight the uncertainties of grain prices during the period 1794-96, drawing upon contemporary discussion published in the Annals of Agriculture of the problems arising from fluctuations in the price of wheat. Our purpose is to demonstrate that the tropes usually today associated with the Corn and Poor Laws – pauperism, a clash between merchant, manufacturing and landlord interests, population and impoverishment – are absent from discussion during this period. A doctrinaire “political economy” would develop in the early 1800s, but did not yet exist. Policy argument drew upon casuistic reasoning from circumstance and past experience. We also show in conclusion that Edmund Burke’s Thoughts and Details on Scarcity cannot be linked to “political economy”.

Semaglutide vs Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty for Weight Loss

Obesity is a disease with a large socioeconomic burden. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a minimally invasive endoscopic bariatric procedure with wide global adoption. More recently, new weight-loss medications, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (eg, semaglutide), have attracted increased attention due to their efficacy. However, their cost-effectiveness over an extended period compared with ESG is a critical gap that needs to be better explored for informed health care decision-making. To assess the cost-effectiveness of semaglutide compared with ESG over 5 years for individuals with class II obesity. This economic evaluation study, conducted from September 1, 2022, to May 31, 2023, used a Markov cohort model to compare ESG and semaglutide, with a no-treatment baseline strategy. The study comprised adult patients in the US health care system with class II obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 35-39.9). The base case was a 45-year-old patient with class II obesity (BMI of 37). Patients undergoing ESG were subjected to risks of perioperative mortality and adverse events with resultant costs and decrement in quality of life. Strategies included treatment with semaglutide and ESG. Costs (2022 US dollars), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) with a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100 000/QALY. A 5-year time horizon with a cycle length of 1 month with a 3% discount rate was used. Probabilities, costs, and quality-of-life estimates of the model were derived from published literature. One-way, 2-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were also performed. The model found that ESG was more cost-effective than semaglutide over a 5-year time horizon, with an ICER of -$595 532/QALY. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty added 0.06 QALYs and reduced total cost by $33 583 relative to semaglutide. The results remained robust on 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty sustained greater weight loss over 5 years vs semaglutide (BMI of 31.7 vs 33.0). To achieve nondominance, the annual price of semaglutide, currently $13 618, would need to be $3591. This study suggests that ESG is cost saving compared with semaglutide in the treatment of class II obesity. On price threshold analyses, a 3-fold decrease in the price of semaglutide is needed to achieve nondominance.

The effect of the road rationing policy on housing prices: evidence from the odd-even policy in Jakarta

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the Odd-Even Road Rationing Policy (RRP) on housing prices in Jakarta, Indonesia. It aims to evaluate the net effect of the RRP on housing prices. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the monocentric model and employs the difference-in-differences (DD) method. Annual neighborhood-level housing price data is analyzed to assess the impact of the RRP on housing prices. Additionally, propensity score matching is used to address potential biases resulting from non-random policy assignments. Findings The results demonstrate that houses located within the RRP-restricted area experience a decrease in price that is relative to those in the control group. The findings indicate a decrease in housing prices ranging from 7.59% to 14.7% within the RRP-restricted area. This suggests that the positive impacts resulting from the RRP have not fully compensated for the restricted accessibility experienced by individuals who have limited behavioral changes. The study also confirms the significance of commuting costs in individuals' location decisions, aligning with predictions from urban economics models. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the effects of a RRP on housing prices. It expands understanding beyond the immediate effects on traffic conditions and air pollution, which previous studies have primarily focused on. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research will be the first conducted to identify the impacts of RRP on housing prices in Indonesia.

The impact of changing the reference countries on the list prices for patented medicines in Canada: A policy analysis

Background: Canada's Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (PMPRB) uses external and internal reference pricing (IRP) to regulate patented drug list prices. PMPRB has changed external reference countries from 7 to 11 to include countries with prices closer to the OECD median. We examined the impact on the list prices for patented medicines had the amendment been implemented from 2013.Methods: Using IQVIA MIDAS® quarterly sales data, we selected branded products that were launched in Canada in 2013–2018. The list price for each product in each country was calculated as its average annual price during the 3rd year post Canadian launch. The median international price (MIP) was the median of the list prices of PMPRB7 (MIP7) and PMPRB11 (MIP11). We assumed the same IRP would be (scenario 1) or would not be used (scenario 2).Results: Among the selected 400 products, 80.3 % (321) had MIP7 and MIP11 (launched in at least one reference country); 18.3 % did not have MIP11. The total current expenditures were $7,134.4 M. In scenario 1, MIP11 would not be binding for most products and expenditures would decline only by 0.7 %. If IRP were abolished, expenditures might decline by 14.1 % if the launching sequence would not change.Conclusions: MIP11 might not be binding for most medicines. The impact depends on whether to retain the IRP and approaches taken for medicines without MIP11.

USE OF MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS AND PYTHON LIBRARIES FOR PREDICTION THROUGH REGRESSIONS

The purpose of this work is forecasting the average check amount depending on the time spent by customers in the retail area and forecasting the average check amount based on seasonal demand characteristics considering the constant annual price growth. Forecast methods were analysed. The use of Python libraries was considered. The code was developed for solving the above-mentioned forecasting tasks through linear, polynomial and random forest regressions, specifically, the search for the dependence of the average check amount on the time spent by customers in the retail area and the dependence of the average check amount on seasonal price fluctuations over several years. A comparison of the results of linear and polynomial regression was made under conditions of smaller or larger volumes of the input data, explanations were provided regarding the appropriateness of choosing one or the other when modelling non-cyclical processes and why the random forest model provides adequate results for cyclical processes. The source code and examples of input data were shared for public access. Scientific novelty lies in the ways of applying regressions for modelling and forecasting the average check amount depending on the time customers spend in the retail area as well as the average check amount depending on seasonal demand characteristics with consideration of constant price growth. The selected examples of cyclical and non-cyclical economic phenomena are the most common ones, and practitioners face similar tasks daily. Therefore, the results of this work provide them with ready-made solutions that require minimal adaptation to practical needs. Additionally, it demonstrates the feasibility of deploying them in the AWS cloud environment and the potential for integration with various data sources and other information systems.

Economics of HIV Prevention: Understanding the Empirical Intersection between Commodity Price Shocks, Health Spending and HIV Infections in Developing Countries

Background: This study seeks to understand the empirical nature of macro-financial factors associated with the worsening of HIV infections and the risks that need to be carefully monitored for a sustainable improvement in HIV outcomes as developing countries seek to achieve the United Nations 95-95-95 targets. Methods: The author used a panel VAR model to study the long-term endogenous relationships between percentage changes in the annual spot price of the most traded commodities, GDP per capita, health spending, and the HIV infection rate of developing countries. Results: The author discovered that shocks of global commodity prices negatively impact GDP per capita, real government health spending, and real private health spending. These shocks have adverse spillover effects characterized by worsening HIV infections. The reactions from price shocks suggest that GDP per capita contract immediately when a commodity price shock hits developing economies. Real government health spending and real private health spending also contract instantly. HIV infections begin worsening three years after the shock in the energy and precious metal blocks of countries. HIV infections also begin to worsen two years after shocks in the agricultural block of counties. These impacts are statistically significant and can potentially reverse the positive HIV infection gains achieved in the previous years. Emergency funds, insurance schemes, and international aid for HIV need to discharge more funds to counter these shocks. Conclusions: There is a significant risk of reversing HIV infection outcomes arising from commodity price shocks. Funding agencies must protect HIV prevention services from global macro-economic shocks as countries move closer to the United Nations 95-95-95 targets.

Performance of the Asset Management Companies in the US

This paper seeks to identify the factors that may affect the financial performance and stock return of Asset Management Companies (AMCs) in the United States. The study focuses on a sample of fifty listed AMCs and uses data for the four years 2019-2022. Financial performance is computed as Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and Return on Capital Employed. Stock return is calculated with monthly and annual stock price data. Liquidity, solvency, and efficiency factors are used as explanatory variables, along with the size of the companies. The results show that the financial performance is negatively related to the debts-to-assets ratio. The opposite relation is found for stock return. The impact of the debt-to-equity ratio on performance is positive. This is also the case for assets turnover, net cash flow-to-assets ratio, and size.

Cross-country comparisons in health price growth over time.

To examine how the United States compares in terms of health price growth relative to four other countries - Australia, Canada, France, and the Netherlands. Secondary data on health expenditure were extracted from international and national agencies spanning the years 2000-2020. International price indices specific to health were constructed using available international expenditure data and compared to existing health-specific national and general international price indices. Health expenditure data were extracted from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) database. We obtained a time series of health price indices from the national agencies in each of the study countries. We find meaningful variation across countries in the rate at which health prices grow relative to general prices. The United States had the highest cumulative health price growth compared to general price growth over the years 2000-2020 at 14%, followed by Canada and the Netherlands. Unlike the other study countries, health prices in France grew consistently in line with general prices. Price growth for health care paid for by public funds and households grew at different rates across countries, where price growth was higher for public payers. US households faced the greatest mean annual price growth. The choice of price index has major implications for comparative analysis. Despite their widespread use internationally, general price indices likely underestimate the contribution of price growth to overall health expenditure growth. We find that in addition to its reputation for having high health price levels compared to other high-income countries, the United States also faces health price growth for goods and services paid for by government and households in excess of general price growth. Furthermore, US households are exposed to greater health price growth than households in comparator countries.

Cost-utility of real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with insulin-treated Type II diabetes in France.

Aim: Clinical trials and real-world data for Type II diabetes both show that glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and hypoglycemia occurrence can be reduced by real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rt-CGM) versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). The present cost-utility study investigated the long-term health economic outcomes associated with using rt-CGM versus SMBG in people with insulin-treated Type II diabetes in France. Materials & methods: Effectiveness data were obtained from a real-world study, which showed rt-CGM reduced HbA1c by 0.56% (6.1mmol/mol) versus sustained SMBG. Analyses were conducted using the IQVIA Core Diabetes Model. A French payer perspective was adopted over a lifetime horizon for a cohort aged 64.5years with baseline HbA1c of 8.3% (67mmol/mol). A willingness-to-pay threshold of €147,093 was used, and future costs and outcomes were discounted at 4% annually. Results: The analysis projected quality-adjusted life expectancy was 8.50 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for rt-CGM versus 8.03QALYs for SMBG (difference: 0.47QALYs), while total mean lifetime costs were €93,978 for rt-CGM versus €82,834 for SMBG (difference: €11,144). This yielded an incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) of €23,772 per QALY gained for rt-CGM versus SMBG. Results were particularly sensitive to changes in the treatment effect (i.e., change in HbA1c), annual price and quality of life benefit associated with rt-CGM, SMBG frequency, baseline patient ageand complication costs. Conclusion: The use of rt-CGM is likely to be cost-effective versus SMBG for people with insulin-treated Type II diabetes in France.

LPG, Gasoline, and Diesel Engines for Small Marine Vessels: A Comparative Analysis of Eco-Friendliness and Economic Feasibility

As an escalating global concern for environmentally sustainable marine fuels, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is attracting attention as an eco-friendly and economical alternative. This study explored LPG utilization in small marine vessels, focusing on its eco-friendliness and economic feasibility. To assess its environmental implications, the AVL FIRE simulation program was used to compare CO2, CO, NO, and soot emissions from LPG engines with those from conventional gasoline and diesel engines. The LPG engine model relied on data from a pioneering type-approved experimental LPG engine designed for small South Korean marine vessels, while parameters for gasoline and diesel engines were adjusted to suit their distinctive features. Regarding long-term economic feasibility, assuming a 30-year ship lifespan, incorporating 2022 annual average prices, average annual price growth rates, and annual fuel consumption data of each fuel, results indicate that LPG engines exhibited lower CO2, CO, NO, and soot emissions than conventional engines, except that NO emissions were higher than gasoline engines. Evaluating LPG’s economic feasibility over a 30-year ship life cycle for an individual vessel revealed varying fuel cost savings, with the greatest savings observed in gasoline–other (KRW 2220.7 million) and the least in gasoline–coastal (KRW 1152.5 million). These findings offer vital insights for ship operators and policymakers seeking a balance between eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness, as well as LPG engine technology emerging as pivotal for a sustainable future, harmonizing environmental protection and economic viability.

Quantifying the impact of multi-scale climate variability on electricity prices in a renewable-dominated power grid

The variability and intermittency of renewable energy sources pose several challenges for power systems operations, including energy curtailment and price volatility. In power systems with considerable renewable sources, co-variability in renewable energy supply and electricity load can intensify these outcomes. In this study, we examine the impacts of interplay between renewable resource and load co-variability and power system constraints across multiple spatial and temporal scales. We use the New York State power system as our case study, which is undergoing a major transition toward increased renewable generation. We characterize the spatiotemporal co-variability of renewable energy-generating resources and electricity load and investigate the impact of climatic variability on electricity price volatility. We use an accurate, reduced-form representation of the New York power system, which integrates additional wind and solar power resources to meet the state’s energy targets through 2030. Our study shows while diversifying renewables mitigates power variability, short-term fluctuations can still lead to inefficient energy use and substantial curtailment. Annual electricity prices varied by 9%, with price spikes fluctuating by up to 56%, while reflecting a state-wide heterogeneity. Hydropower primarily influences yearly prices, whereas solar and wind mainly affect short-term volatility. Our results underscore the importance of considering both spatiotemporal dynamics and system constraints when planning investments in renewable energy infrastructure.

How much did pandemic uncertainty affect real-estate speculation? Evidence from on-market valuation of for-sale versus rental properties

ABSTRACT We exploit a panel of Zillow Inc. property valuations to estimate the excess real-estate price growth observed in three California cities that is attributable to speculation triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our research design leverages the counterfactual comparison of properties listed for sale to properties listed for rent, with the latter property class being available for habitation – just not for purchase – and thus neutral to price speculation. We implement a pre/post-2020 difference-in-difference estimation, which utilizes unit-level matching of otherwise similar sale and rental properties within a 1/2-mile radius of each other to compare differences in (a) 1-month valuation changes and (b) spot valuation uncertainties. Results indicate post-2020 property valuations in Merced and San Jose featured an excess annual price estimate growth of 22% and 14.8% points, respectively, whereas the Fresno market does not feature statistically significant excess growth.

Modeling and optimizing the thermodynamics of a flat plate solar collector in transient mode for economic purposes

This study aims to optimize the economic thermodynamics of a flat plate solar collector and investigate transient heat transfer. This study focuses on modeling and optimization under unfavorable radiation conditions. The method employed here is optimization using a multi-objective genetic algorithm with the assistance of MATLAB software. The key components include objective functions, constraints, and design variables, which are the collector efficiency and the annual total price. The results indicate that increasing the length of the collector has a negative impact on the thermodynamic efficiency and increases the total annual price. Conversely, increasing the width of the collector initially improves the thermodynamic efficiency but then decreases it while also increasing the total annual price. Furthermore, increasing the number of pipes leads to a decrease in the total annual price and an initial increase followed by a decrease in the thermodynamic efficiency. The research was conducted over four different days.

A systematic review of the economic burden of diabetes mellitus: contrasting perspectives from high and low middle-income countries.

Diabetes increases preventative sickness and costs healthcare and productivity. Type 2 diabetes and macrovascular disease consequences cause most diabetes-related costs. Type 2 diabetes greatly costs healthcare institutions, reducing economic productivity and efficiency. This cost of illness (COI) analysis examines the direct and indirect costs of treating and managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Medline Plus, and CENTRAL were searched for relevant articles on type 1 and type 2 diabetes illness costs. The inquiry returned 873 2011-2023 academic articles. The study included 42 papers after an abstract evaluation of 547 papers. Most articles originated in Asia and Europe, primarily on type 2 diabetes. The annual cost per patient ranged from USD87 to USD9,581. Prevalence-based cost estimates ranged from less than USD470 to more than USD3475, whereas annual pharmaceutical prices ranged from USD40 to more than USD450, with insulin exhibiting the greatest disparity. Care for complications was generally costly, although costs varied significantly by country and problem type. This study revealed substantial heterogeneity in diabetes treatment costs; some could be reduced by improving data collection, analysis, and reporting procedures. Diabetes is an expensive disease to treat in low- and middle-income countries, and attaining Universal Health Coverage should be a priority for the global health community.

Reliability and Robustness analysis of Machine Learning based Phishing URL Detectors

ML-based Phishing URL (MLPU) detectors serve as the first level of defence to protect users and organisations from being victims of phishing attacks. Lately, few studies have launched successful adversarial attacks against specific MLPU detectors raising questions on their practical reliability and usage. Nevertheless, the robustness of these systems has not been extensively investigated. Therefore, the security vulnerabilities of these systems, in general, remain primarily unknown that calls for testing the robustness of these systems. In this article, we have proposed a methodology to investigate the reliability and robustness of 50 representative state-of-the-art MLPU models. First, we have proposed a cost-effective Adversarial URL generator URLBUG that created an Adversarial URL dataset ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Adv_\text{data}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) . Subsequently, we reproduced 50 MLPU (traditional ML and Deep learning) systems and recorded their baseline performance. Lastly, we tested the considered MLPU systems on <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Adv_\text{data}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and analyzed their robustness and reliability using box plots and heat maps. Our results showed that the generated adversarial URLs have valid syntax and can be registered at a median annual price of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\$}$</tex-math></inline-formula> 11.99, and out of 13% of the already registered adversarial URLs, 63.94% were used for malicious purposes. Moreover, the considered MLPU models Matthew Correlation Coefficient (MCC) dropped from median 0.92 to 0.02 when tested against <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Adv_\text{data}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , indicating that the baseline MLPU models are unreliable in their current form. Further, our findings identified several security vulnerabilities of these systems and provided future directions for researchers to design dependable and secure MLPU systems.

실물옵션을 활용한 Olhson 모형 가치평가에 관한 연구

This study newly suggests investor’s psychological expectation values as ‘other information’ not yet clearly identified in the Ohlson model. These values are calculated through real option valuation. A total of 9,791 annual corporate stock prices and financial statements are investigated for KOSDAQ companies from 2011 to 2021. According to the classification criteria of the Korea Exchange, the entire sample was classified into a total of 8 panels: bluechip, midsize, venture, and technology companies, and each further classified into two sub-groups based on their respective residual income signs. We empirically find that the real option value, assessing investors’ expectations for future profits, significantly contribute to explaining stock values along with the book value per share and residual income per share comprising the established Ohlson model. In particular, for companies with negative residual incomes, the real option value demonstrates a higher explanatory power for stock prices compared to those with positive earnings. Furthermore, robustness test shows that the real option value’s explanatory power for stock prices remains significant even when accounting for previously recognized factors such as cash dividends per share, market price to book value ratio, total debt ratio, systematic risk, and market index.

Alternative pricing for irrigation water management in the context of climate change

Abstract Irrigation water pricing is an economic regulation instrument widely used in agriculture. Constant annual pricing is always criticized by local decision-makers as well as scientific researchers because it does not take into account the seasonal availability of water in the context of climate change. This study proposes a mathematical programming model to test alternative seasonal pricing scenarios in the context of climate change. This model is applied at farm level in the Kalâa Kebira region of East-Central Tunisia. The results show that summer seasonal pricing was economically beneficial for large farms, while winter pricing was beneficial for small and average farms. Water savings were only possible for small farms using 89% of available water in summer and for average farms using 93% of available water in winter. On the other hand, the sensitivity test proved that when water demand is elastic, increasing seasonal pricing of irrigation water by a rate between 20 and 30% generates water savings for different types of farms. This seasonal water saving is also accompanied by optimal use of agricultural labor and diversity of cultivated areas.

A Critical and Comprehensive Study on Paddy Market Trends, Predictive Models, and Stability for Agricultural Revenue Enhancement

The way agricultural commodities' prices behave indicates how prices occasionally fluctuate between markets [1]. Comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the dynamics of paddy prices in Gujarat, emphasizing the importance of considering both short-term fluctuations and long-term trends. The findings contribute to a better understanding of market behaviour, aiding stakeholders in informed decision-making within the agricultural sector. In order to provide farmers with the knowledge of how much prices fluctuate over time in commodity markets and so increase their revenue, a ten-year study on the price behaviour of paddy was conducted inside the borders of the state of Gujarat (2009-2019). In order to gather statistics, three paddy markets in the state of Gujarat were specifically chosen based on the paddy arrivals that were highest. The trend diagram of the wholesale prices' yearly index number showed constant price fluctuations across the study period. Cuddy Dell Valle Index (CDI) was calculated to measure the instability in yearly and monthly prices. Based on the investigation, it was determined that paddy displayed a poor stability index within their respective marketplaces. The trend in paddy prices was measured using the linear and quadratic models. For paddy markets, the coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was greater than 70%. Thus, it can be said that a significant portion of the changes in paddy prices over the chosen study period can be attributed to the linear model. In keeping with the quadratic trend, the markets for paddy, or Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar, also showed a positive coefficient of the quadratic term, or T2. Comparing the quadratic and linear model for the markets of paddy the quadratic model performed better in Gandhinagar than the linear model did in Ahmedabad and Surat. Compound rate of increase in annual prices were analysed by exponential model. The rates of growth in the prices of Paddy in Ahmedabad, Surat, and Gandhinagar were 5.80 percent, 5.84 percent, and 4.68 percent, respectively. To separate seasonal variation from the original composite data, a multiplicative model was applied. To arrive at the twelve-month total of 1200 points, these ratios were averaged for each of the twelve months for the whole period. The Ahmedabad market's paddy produced the highest coefficient of seasonal variation (25.84 percent).