Annual Population Growth Rate Research Articles

Effects of Urban Growth and Urbanization on the Social Environment: Case Study Old and Modern Cities of Yemen

Aim: This research was designed to study the effects of urban growth and urbanization on the social environment (Study of the state of growth and social changes in the old and modern cities of Yemen an example). Background: Yemenis have a rich history of urban centers, which have played a crucial role in trade, crafts, industries, and science. These cities have become distinct areas of cultural development, economic polarization, and cultural radiation. They are considered crucibles for social culturalintegration, nurseries for political growth, and areas for the development of national consciousness. The history of Yemen's cities and urban centers demonstrates the close link between trade, delivery routes, political governance centers, and city growth and development. Some Yemeni historical cities have played a vital role before Islam as political capitals, educators, and seaports. Cities have emerged as a result of the desire to coexist and achieve stability, reflecting spiritual, material, social, and political conditions. The growth of cities and architecture is a reflection of these changes. Methodology: The physical changes in the Republic of Yemen and the identification of the city of Aden were studied by reviewing the studies that monitored these changes and their social, economic and population effects. The study relied on secondary data in the first place. Conclusion: Yemen's population growth rate in 2004 was low at 3.01%, but it remains high due to economic and social developments and changes demographic factors such as fertility, mortality, and migration the growth rate was decreased at 2.20%. The 2004 General Population and Housing Census revealed that the resident population is spread across various governorates, with Ta'izz, Hodeidah, and Ibb having the highest proportions. The General Census of Population and Establishments revealed changes in the relative weight of the provincial population between the 1994 and 2004 censuses, with some governorates experiencing an increase in population relative to the population, while others experienced a decrease. The annual growth rate of the resident population was 3.0%, and the proportion of the young age group increased from 46.2% in 1994 to 51.5% in 2004. The gender ratio in Yemen is 104, with some governorates having a higher proportion of species due to urbanization (male than more than female), employment opportunities, or male labor migration. The Central Statistical Agency predicts that population growth will remain high over the next 20 years, with a natural increase rate of 3.01%. The proportion of married people in the population is higher for both sexes, possibly due to increased living costs and lack of adequate housing.

Roe Deer, Lithuania’s Smallest and Most Abundant Cervid

A review of 113 scientific and other publications on the smallest and most abundant deer in Lithuania, the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), is presented, along with an analysis based on compound annual population growth rates of population numbers, hunting bags, and roadkill. This review covers the species’ history in the country from the last glaciation onwards, the changes in numbers from 1934 to 2023, hunting bag changes from 1965 to 2022, roadkill numbers from 2002 to 2022, data on roe deer reproduction, habitat selection, genetic diversity, pathogens, and damage to forest stands. It also provides an overview of species management and selection for trophies. Despite the exponential increase in roe deer numbers since 1990 and the dominance of this species in roadkill, even on urban roads, the number and density of animals and the damage they cause to forest stands are relatively low compared to other European countries. Within the observed period, drops in numbers were related to harsh winters in 1969/1970 and 1995/1996. Poaching, especially coinciding with weakened enforcement during the period of political–economic transition in the early 1990s, has also had a negative impact on population numbers, as have recent increases in the number of large predators. Population growth over the recent period does not correlate with hunting mortality, which has remained stable at an average of 16.9% since 2002.

Stage-Specific Demographic Effects of Hydrologic Variation in a Stream Salamander.

AbstractWe lack a strong understanding of how organisms with complex life histories respond to climate variation. Many stream-associated species have multistage life histories that are likely to influence the demographic consequences of floods and droughts. However, tracking stage-specific demographic responses requires high-resolution, long-term data that are rare. We used 8 years of capture-recapture data for the headwater stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus to quantify the effects of flooding and drying magnitude on stage-specific vital rates and population growth. Drying reduced larval recruitment but increased the probability of metamorphosis (i.e., adult recruitment). Flooding reduced adult recruitment but had no effect on larval recruitment. Larval and adult survival declined with flooding but were unaffected by drying. Annual population growth rates (λ) declined with flooding and drying. Lambda also declined over the study period (2012-2021), although mean λ was 1.0 over this period. Our results indicate that G. porphyriticus populations are resilient to hydrologic variation because of compensatory effects on recruitment of larvae versus adults (i.e., reproduction vs. metamorphosis). Complex life cycles may enable this resilience to climate variation by creating opportunities for compensatory demographic responses across stages. However, more frequent and intense hydrologic variation in the latter half of this study contributed to a decline in λ over time, suggesting that increasing environmental variability poses a threat even when demographic compensation occurs.

Decadal Descriptive Analysis of Health Status, Hospitalization, Intensive Care Admissions, and Mortality Rates Among the Elderly Population in Turkey (2012-2022)

Objective: This study aimed to analyse decadal changes in health status, hospitalisation, intensive care admissions, and mortality rates among the Turkish elderly population from 2012 to 2022, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A retrospective study obtained data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK) and Health Statistics Yearbooks. Descriptive statistics were used to elucidate healthcare utilisation patterns and mortality profiles among individuals aged ≥ 65 years. Results: Analysis showed that self-reported "Very good/Good" health status peaked at 70.7% in 2012, decreased to 60.9% in 2019, and rebounded to 63.4% in 2022. The hospitalisation rates for the 65-74 age group increased from 17.5% in 2012 to 20.2% in 2021, with males (20.2%) having higher rates than females (16.0%) in 2021. ICU admission rates escalated during the pandemic, reaching 3.7% in 2021 for ages 65-74 and 4.7% for 75+ years, before declining in 2022 to 3.0% and 4.0%, respectively. The annual population growth rate has significantly decreased from 21.7 per thousand in 2012 to 5.5 per thousand in 2022, whereas the crude death rate has remained stable, dropping from 7.1 per thousand in 2012 to 5.1 per thousand in 2022. Conclusion: This study highlights fluctuating health perceptions among the elderly exacerbated by the pandemic. The enduring gender disparities in health status and healthcare utilisation underscore the need for gender-sensitive policies. The consistent yet stable mortality rates amidst demographic shifts emphasise the resilience of Turkey's healthcare system. These findings provide critical insights into geriatric care policies and post-pandemic health care strategies.

Heating electrification in cold climates: Invest in grid flexibility

One strategy to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in end-use sectors such as building heat is to switch from fossil fuels to electricity. To date, electricity consumption follows a regular and predictable pattern; however, electrifying building heat, which is driven by ambient temperature, causes this pattern to change. Previous work has not fully addressed the implications of building heat electrification on the timing and magnitude of peak demands and on flexibility requirements of the electricity grid. In this work, a high-resolution heating demand model, featuring building stock turnover forecasts, is developed, and applied to British Columbia. The study determines energy, capacity, and flexibility requirements by computing regional energy load profiles for space and water heat. Six scenarios were developed to examine the decarbonization potential in the residential and commercial building sector, considering increased heat pump adoption, building envelope energy efficiency improvements, and the implementation of building energy codes. With an emphasis on building stock improvements, 90% heat pump penetration results in only 6% increase in electrical energy even with an annual population growth rate of 1.1%; however, this scenario leads to a 37% increase in peak electricity demand. Over the time-period considered, building energy codes and retrofit rates contribute relatively little to achieving net-zero emissions in the buildings sector, while building heat electrification has significant impacts on future flexibility requirements of the electricity grid.

Fuzzy multiple regressions for Cross-Section and Panel data

A classical multiple regression is a framework defined a priori verifying several limiting assumptions and easily misused. We propose a fuzzy alternative approach to classical multiple regressions for cross-sectional and panel data. As illustration, we estimate and analyze the effect of the annual GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate and annual population growth rate on poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.

No long‐term effect of black bear removal on elk calf recruitment in the southern Appalachians

AbstractIn 2001 and 2002, 52 elk (Cervus canadensis; 21 males, 31 females), originally obtained from Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada, were transported and released into Cataloochee Valley in the northeastern portion of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM, Park), North Carolina, USA. The annual population growth rate (λ) was negative (0.996, 95% CI = 0.945–1.047) and predation by black bears (Ursus americanus) on elk calves was identified as an important determinant of population growth. From 2006 to 2008, 49 bears from the primary elk calving area (i.e., Cataloochee Valley) were trapped and translocated about 70 km to the southwestern portion of the Park just prior to elk calving. Per capita recruitment (i.e., the number of calves produced per adult female that survive to 1 year of age) increased from 0.306 prior to bear translocation (2001–2005) to 0.544 during years when bears were translocated (2006–2008) and λ increased to 1.118 (95% CI = 1.096–1.140). Our objective was to determine whether per capita calf recruitment rates after bear removal (2009–2019) at Cataloochee were similar to the higher rates estimated during bear removal (i.e., long‐term response) or if they returned to rates before bear removal (i.e., short‐term response), and how those rates compared with recruitment from portions of our study area where bears were not relocated. We documented 419 potential elk calving events and monitored 129 yearling and adult elk from 2001 to 2019. Known‐fate models based on radio‐telemetry and observational data supported calf recruitment returning to pre‐2006 levels at Cataloochee (short‐term response); recruitment of Cataloochee elk before and after bear relocation was lower (0.184) than during bear relocation (0.492). Recruitment rates of elk outside the removal area during the bear relocation period (0.478) were similar to before and after rates (0.420). In the Cataloochee Valley, cause‐specific annual calf mortality rates due to predation by bears were 0.319 before, 0.120 during, and 0.306 after bear relocation. In contrast, the cause‐specific annual mortality rate of calves in areas where bears were not relocated was 0.033 after the bear relocation period, with no bear predation on calves before or during bear relocation. The mean annual population growth rate for all monitored elk was 1.062 (95% CI = 0.979–1.140) after bear relocation based on the recruitment and survival data. Even though the effects of bear removal were temporary, the relocations were effective in achieving a short‐term increase in elk recruitment, which was important for the reintroduction program given that the elk population was small and vulnerable to extirpation.

An Investigation of the Densification Process of the Residential Areas of Dhaka

Dhaka is one of the most densely populated megacities of the world with demography of over 20 million people. With an annual population growth rate of 4.2% Dhaka is set to face the challenges of habitat crisis, lack of communal facilities, and constant pressure on transportation and infrastructure. In response to the demand of the rapidly growing population and scarcity of developable land, urban consolidation through vertical expansion was carried out without any proper diagnosis of the sites or any contextually appropriate densification policy. The unguided nature of densification not only brought a transformation in the urban landscape but also in the built form itself by infusing the concept of compactness into them. The compactness of multi-storied dwellings is often found to compromise with the livability condition posing questions on residential sustainability. Drawing on three residential areas of varied density, age and, settlement type this paper, therefore attempts to investigate the trend of densification of the densifying residential areas of Dhaka in terms of the spatial quality of the built form its effect on the built environment. Key methods of data collection employed extensive field surveys, observations, measurements, map analysis, satellite imagery analysis, interviews with officials, and block surveys for detailed analysis of FAR, land coverage in plot and block level, height, land use pattern, and other design aspects of the built form. The survey findings were analyzed through descriptive statistical methods including frequency distribution and presented through tables, charts, and cross-analysis charts contributing to a better understanding of the ongoing trend of densification. The findings indicate that the spatial quality of the built environment was largely compromised in terms of inadequate ventilation and solar access, loss of acoustic and visual privacy, obstruction of view, and leftover unusable open spaces. However, the interior dwelling spaces conforming to the acceptable standard is suggestive of a moderate degree of urban consolidation. By investigating how urban densification has transformed the urban fabric and residential environment, the study reveals the unintended consequences of unguided densification in Dhaka.

Geospatial analytics of driving mechanism of land subsidence in Gulf Coast of Texas, United States

Land subsidence has been an ongoing issue for over a century along the Gulf Coast of Texas in the United States. This study assesses and models the factors contributing to land subsidence covering fifty-six (56) counties along the Gulf of Mexico coastline from Louisiana to the border of Mexico, approximately 300,000 km2. Geospatial statistical techniques and regression models were employed to investigate and predict the fundamental causes of land subsidence by integrating multiple datasets such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (147 stations), groundwater extraction (78,420 wells), hydrocarbon production (84,424 wells), precipitation, and population growth. In the last two decades, the overall population rose by 33 % and the compound annual population growth rate increased from 2.08 to 4.10 % in Montgomery, Waller, Fort Bend, and Chambers counties. Emerging hotspot analysis reveals that the groundwater level is persistently declining and the regression model (R2 = 0.92) tested over Harris County predicts that the population growth significantly contributes to land subsidence in this region. The groundwater withdrawal rate is increased from 23 to 96.6 billion gallons in Harris, Montgomery, and Fort Bend counties in the last two decades. A prolonged drought from 2010 to 2015 due to low precipitation affected all fifty-six counties. Oil production increased eightfold and a high extraction rate of 19.5 to 40.1 million bbl/yr of oil in Karnes County was recorded within the last 20 years. The regression model (R2 = 0.73) over this county suggests that oil extraction is a primary contributing factor to the observed subsidence. Although the gas extraction rates for all counties are decreasing over time, some counties in the southern part of the Gulf Coast Aquifer show relatively higher extraction rates. For the first time, this research determines that all fifty-six counties along the Gulf Coast of Texas are undergoing land subsidence and experiencing high population growth, groundwater withdrawal, and hydrocarbon extraction.

Demographic and socioeconomic characterization of the Immediate Region of Teófilo Otoni, MG between 1991 and 2010

The Immediate Geographical Region of Teófilo Otoni (RGIm Teófilo Otoni) is composed of 27 municipalities and reveals itself in different demographic and infrastructural conditions from the other regions of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In this sense, the objective of this article is to describe and evaluate the main demographic indicators for the municipalities that make up RGIm Teófilo Otoni between 1991 and 2010 for the purposes of general characterization based on this new spatial arrangement. The database used was obtained from repositories of planning and research institutions, such as the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Ministry of Health (DATASUS), and the João Pinheiro Foundation (FJP), and allowed the measurement of the following variables: total urban and rural population; distribution of the total population by age group according to sex; degree of urbanization; total fertility rate; annual geometric population growth rate; life expectancy at birth; mortality rate, and Municipal Human Development Index between the years 1991 and 2010, in addition to the migratory dynamics for the year 2010. The characterization allowed us to identify that, although there have been improvements in the demographic and socioeconomic conditions of this portion of the territory of Minas Gerais, the values found remained lagged in comparison to other regions of Minas Gerais. The perspective is that the data presented may help to understand some socio-spatial dynamics for a portion of the state that still lacks research and/or technical-scientific information.

Evaluating the importance of individual heterogeneity in reproduction to Weddell seal population dynamics using integral projection models.

Identifying and accounting for unobserved individual heterogeneity in vital rates in demographic models is important for estimating population-level vital rates and identifying diverse life-history strategies, but much less is known about how this individual heterogeneity influences population dynamics. We aimed to understand how the distribution of individual heterogeneity in reproductive and survival rates influenced population dynamics using vital rates from a Weddell seal population by altering the distribution of individual heterogeneity in reproduction, which also altered the distribution of individual survival rates through the incorporation of our estimate of the correlation between the two rates and assessing resulting changes in population growth. We constructed an integral projection model (IPM) structured by age and reproductive state using estimates of vital rates for a long-lived mammal that has recently been shown to exhibit large individual heterogeneity in reproduction. Using output from the IPM, we evaluated how population dynamics changed with different underlying distributions of unobserved individual heterogeneity in reproduction. Results indicate that the changes to the underlying distribution of individual heterogeneity in reproduction cause very small changes in the population growth rate and other population metrics. The largest difference in the estimated population growth rate resulting from changes to the underlying distribution of individual heterogeneity was less than 1%. Our work highlights the differing importance of individual heterogeneity at the population level compared to the individual level. Although individual heterogeneity in reproduction may result in large differences in the lifetime fitness of individuals, changing the proportion of above- or below-average breeders in the population results in much smaller differences in annual population growth rate. For a long-lived mammal with stable and high adult-survival that gives birth to a single offspring, individual heterogeneity in reproduction has a limited effect on population dynamics. We posit that the limited effect of individual heterogeneity on population dynamics may be due to canalization of life-history traits.

Demographic Development and Social-Demographic Policy in Zambia

The purpose of the study was to identify trends in demographic development and features of the socio-demographic policy of the Republic of Zambia in the context of the demographic transition. The main research method is the statistical analysis of the demographic data of the current registration and population censuses of the Republic. The sources of information are demographic statistics and demographic surveys presented in the materials of national agencies and international organizations of the UN system. Zambia is on the path of the demographic transition, but so far remains one of the youngest countries in the world in terms of the average age of the population. The annual population growth rate remains significant at the level of 2.5-3%. The country maintains a high birth rate. As a large cohort of young people enter their reproductive years, the population of the Republic is expected to double in the next 25 years. The demographic situation may exacerbate some socio-economic problems, including an increase in demand for jobs, a shortage of medical care and social services. In this situation, the state socio-demographic policy of Zambia, although focused on the UN Sustainable Development Goals until 2030, has not yet fully responded to demographic changes. By 2030, the authorities of the Republic of Zambia have set the achievement of a prosperous nation with an average income as the goal of the country’s development by 2030. In this context, the health of the workforce remains an important component. It is considered that a healthy workforce will allow the country to increase productivity and gain a significant demographic dividend.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban and rural water scarcity and its influencing factors across the world

Water scarcity is essentially caused by the spatiotemporal mismatch of water availability and water withdrawal. However, existing studies are still insufficient in revealing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and rural–urban differences of global water scarcity and its influencing factors. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap. From 1960 to 2014, both of the water-scarce population and its proportion in the total population showed a growth trend. The annual growth rate of water-scarce urban population was higher than that of water-scarce rural population, but the standard deviation of monthly water-scarce rural population was higher than that of water-scarce urban population. The proportion of water-scarce population was high and also variable across months in the middle- and low-latitude countries of the Northern Hemisphere, such as Pakistan, Mexico and Iran. Expansion of water-scarce areas had contributed to 60% of the global water-scarce population growth, while the relative contribution of population increases in the initial water-scarce catchments was about 40%. As for the expansion of water-scarce areas, the relative contributions of irrigation, domestic, and industrial water withdrawal were 35.28%, 24.28%, and 17.02%, respectively. In most high-latitude countries of the Northern Hemisphere, industrial water withdrawal was the main influencing factor. In several Southern Hemisphere countries, domestic water withdrawal was the most influential factor. In most Asian countries, the impact of irrigation water withdrawal was considerable. In addition, the impacts of water availability and irrigation water withdrawal were greatest in July, while the impacts of domestic and industrial water withdrawal were greatest in December. The relative contributions of water availability and irrigation water withdrawal were highly variable in Iran, Pakistan and India. The monthly variability in industrial water withdrawal was high in European countries. There was high variability in all influencing factors in China and some Central Asian countries. According to the variability of water scarcity and influencing factors, water-scarce countries should implement effective water resources management, based on the potential solutions such as the construction of water conservancy facilities, virtual water trade, and improving the efficiency of water use and recycling.

Obtaining Sustainable Population Structures for the Management of Red Deer

Cervus elaphus populations are spreading and growing in many parts of Europe. This growth can have detrimental effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Successful strategies to manage large herbivores require reliable information on density and population trends. This paper presents a methodology to achieve a sustainable distribution of red deer by age and sex classes over time. Instead of traditional algebraic methods, the method consists of a simple iterative process that uses convergence to obtain the dominant eigenvalue and eigenvector of the biological matrix from an initial population. This eigenvalue represents the annual growth rate of the population, and the eigenvector represents the ideal age and sex class distribution of the population. The method has been applied to a fenced preserve in the province of Toledo, Spain. An annual population growth rate of 1.63 (dominant eigenvalue of the biological matrix) was obtained from an initial population and the biological matrix of the deer on the preserve. The convergence of this rate occurred in year 14, but the carrying capacity allows for a population close to the population in year 17 according to the prediction, which is therefore considered to be the year when the ideal population distribution is achieved. This methodology allows managers to numerically justify how to control population growth to preserve biodiversity and sustainability.

Population dynamics and harvest management of eastern mallards

AbstractManaging sustainable harvest of wildlife populations requires regular collection of demographic data and robust estimates of demographic parameters. Estimates can then be used to develop a harvest strategy to guide decision‐making. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) are an important species in the Atlantic Flyway for many users and they exhibited exponential growth in the eastern United States between the 1970s and 1990s. Since then, estimates of mallard abundance have declined 16%, prompting the Atlantic Flyway Council and United States Fish and Wildlife Service to implement more restrictive hunting regulations and develop a new harvest strategy predicated on an updated population model. Our primary objective was to develop an integrated population model (IPM) for use in an eastern mallard harvest management strategy. We developed an IPM using annual estimates of breeding abundance, 2‐season banding and recovery data, and hunter‐harvest data from 1998 to 2018. When developing the model, we used novel model selection methods to test various forms of a sub‐model for survival including estimating the degree of harvest additivity and any age‐specific trends. The top survival sub‐model included a negative annual trend on juvenile survival. The IPM posterior estimates for population abundance tracked closely with the observed estimates and estimates of mean annual population growth rate ranged from 0.88 to 1.08. Our population model provided increased precision in abundance estimates compared to survey methods for use in an updated harvest strategy. The IPM posterior estimates of survival rates were relatively stable for adult cohorts, and annual growth rate was positively correlated with the female age ratio, a measure of reproduction. Either or both of those demographic parameters, juvenile survival or reproduction, could be a target for management efforts to address the population decline. The resulting demographic parameters provided information on the equilibrium population size and can be used in an adaptive harvest strategy for mallards in eastern North America.

Ambient ozone – New threat to birds in mountain ecosystems?

Mountain ecosystems are inhabited by species with specific characteristics enabling survival at high altitudes, which make them at risk from various pressures. In order to study these pressures, birds represent excellent model organisms due to their high diversity and position at the top of food chains. The pressures upon mountain bird populations include climate change, human disturbance, land abandonment, and air pollution, whose impacts are little understood. Ambient ozone (O3) is one of the most important air pollutants occurring in elevated concentrations in mountain conditions. Although laboratory experiments and indirect course-scale evidence suggest its negative effects on birds, population-level impacts remain unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we analysed a unique 25-years long time series of annual monitoring of bird populations conducted at fixed sites under constant effort in a Central European mountain range, the Giant Mountains, Czechia. We related annual population growth rates of 51 bird species to O3 concentrations measured during the breeding season and hypothesized (i) an overall negative relationship across all species, and (ii) more negative O3 effects at higher altitudes due to increasing O3 concentration along altitudinal gradient. After controlling for the influence of weather conditions on bird population growth rates, we found an indication of the overall negative effect of O3 concentration, but it was insignificant. However, the effect became stronger and significant when we performed a separate analysis of upland species occupying the alpine zone above treeline. In these species, populations growth rates were lower after the years experiencing higher O3 concentration indicating an adverse impact of O3 on bird breeding. This impact corresponds well to O3 behaviour and mountain bird ecology. Our study thus represents the first step towards mechanistic understanding of O3 impacts on animal populations in nature linking the experimental results with indirect indications at the country-level.

New fuzzy multiple regressions for the instantaneous and panel data “The determinants of Poverty in the Countries MENA”

Habitually, to determine the effect of certain economic and social variables on poverty in MENA, a classical multiple regression with a framework defined a priori verifying several limiting assumptions and easily misused is used. We propose, in this paper, a fuzzy alternative approach to classical multiple regressions with cross-sectional and panel data and explain how the proposed fuzzy methods works in a simple setting. As illustration, we estimates and analyze the effect of the annual GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate and the annual population growth rate on poverty in MENA.

Cast away on Mindoro island: lack of space limits population growth of the endangered tamaraw

AbstractEndangered species, despite often living at low population densities, may undergo unexpected density‐dependent feedbacks in the case of successful recovery or marked reduction in range. Because density‐dependence dynamics can increase risk of extinction, these effects can hamper conservation efforts. In this study, we analyze the dynamics of the largest population of the tamaraw Bubalus mindorensis, a critically endangered ungulate species endemic to Mindoro island, Philippines. The population is located within a <3000 ha area in Mounts Iglit‐Baco Natural Park, with limited expansion possibilities. We took advantage of a 22 year time series of tamaraw counts to estimate annual population growth rate and possible density‐dependence, accounting for sampling errors in the counts. The tamaraw population has been increasing at an average rate of +5% per year, as would be expected given its protected status by law. Population growth showed strong spatial structuring, with a population growth close to +10% in the core area of protection, and a reduction of abundance of −5% at the periphery of its range, inside the protected area. This range constriction is concerning because our best population dynamics model suggests significant negative density‐dependence (Bayes factor = 0.9). The contraction of tamaraw range is likely caused by anthropogenic pressures forcing the species to live at relatively high densities in the core zone where protection is most effective, creating source‐sink dynamics. Our study highlights the fact that, despite the continuous population growth over the last two decades, the long‐term viability of the Mounts Iglit‐Baco Natural Park tamaraw population remains uncertain.

The Notion of Nigerian Healthcare System Management

Nigeria covers an area of 923,678 square kilometers and is one of the largest countries in Africa. It borders Benin to the west, Cameroon to the east, Niger and Chad to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south [1]. It is found in the tropics along the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, between 4°1' and 13°9' N and 2°2' and 14°30' E [2]. Nigeria is the most populous country on the African continent, with 225 million inhabitants and an annual population growth rate of 2.47%. The population is predominantly younger, with approximately 45% under the age of 15 and 20% under the age of 5, and women of childbearing age (15-49) make up about 22% of the total population [3, 4]. Harmonious with my research, Nigeria has a gross domestic product (GDP) of 2085 US dollars per capita [6]. Nigeria is listed as one of the poor counties in the world. Nigeria is undergoing social development. Therefore, 48% of the nation's population resides in rural areas, and most Nigerian citizens living in rural areas are considered poor [7]. Based on the year 2020 statistic reports, the maternity ratio is 5.4 per 1000 live births. The infant mortality rate is 54.7 per 1000 live birth, mortality under five years is 90.2 per 1000 live birth, and life expectancy in Nigeria is 55.8 years for both sex combined [8]. This research paper reviews the notion of healthcare system management in Nigeria. This study highlights Nigerian healthcare problems, private and public healthcare, health finance, human resources for health, leadership and governance.

Density and climate effects on age‐specific survival and population growth: consequences for hibernating mammals

AbstractThe impact of factors such as density dependence, food availability and weather are known to be important for predicting population change in a wide range of species. However, a challenge in ecology is understanding the contributory and interactive role of these drivers on populations. This is necessary to design effective conservation and management strategies. Using data from long‐term studies of five hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius populations in Europe, we tested the relationship between population density and weather and their impact on demographic rates. We used an integrated population modelling approach, estimating age‐specific overwinter survival, annual population growth and fecundity rates. We found strong negative effects of population density, precipitation and winter temperature on population growth rates. This suggests that warmer and wetter weather negatively affects dormouse survival for both adults and juveniles, but we found subtle differences in these effects between age classes. We also identified an interaction between weather measures and population density on age‐specific survival, possibly as a result of weather impacts during hibernation. Although we found low winter temperature was positively associated with population growth, we found evidence consistent with density dependence. We discuss our results in the context of woodland habitat conservation management.