Annual Net Income Research Articles

LNG-FSRU cold energy recovery regasification using a zeotropic mixture of ethane and propane

This study developed a cold energy recovery regasification system for recovering and utilizing waste cold energy from liquefied natural gas floating storage regasification units, and analyzed its thermal, exergy, and economic efficiencies using a zeotropic mixture of ethane and propane. The single-stage version exhibited the highest net output, thermal efficiency, and exergy efficiency for a 6:4 ethane/propane mixture. The existing method (using only propane as working fluid) exhibited a thermal efficiency of 3.5%, exergy efficiency of 5.9% at 25 °C, and thermal efficiency of 3.8%. The exergy efficiency was 6.2% because the exergy loss was reduced by 300 MJ/h compared to that for the conventional method. The highest thermal and exergy efficiencies (6.1% and 10.9%) in the two-stage version were obtained for an 8:2 ethane/propane mixture. The thermal efficiency was 6.6% and exergy loss was 16,300 MJ/h compared to the existing method, showing a 10.9% improvement. Thermal and exergy efficiencies of the two-stage version were higher than those for the one-stage system by 2.7% and 4.7%, respectively, providing an annual net income of USD 3.60 million and reduced electricity production costs by 0.0021 USD/kWh. The system could reduce exergy loss and electricity production costs while increasing the annual net income.

Consistencies and Discrepancies Between the Expectations of Urology Trainees and the Experience of Practicing Urologists

ObjectiveTo compare the expectations of urology trainees with the experience of practicing urologists. MethodsResidents, fellows, and practicing urologists were surveyed in 2018 regarding weekly work hours, number of hospitals covered, call nights per week, administrative workload relative to residency, annual net income, and time to pursue personal interests and hobbies. Urology trainees, defined as residents and fellows, were also surveyed regarding their expectations for clinical practice. The expectations of trainees were compared with the reported experience of practicing urologists using 1-tailed t test and chi-square analysis. Trainee expectations were also stratified by age, gender, training level, relationship status, and whether trainees had dependent children. ResultsThe expectations of 99 trainees were compared with the reported experience of 377 practicing urologists. Trainees expect to work more hours but less call nights per week than reported by practicing urologists while annual net income was either consistent or underestimated. Compared to practicing urologists, however, trainees appear to underestimate the administrative workload relative to residency and overestimate time to pursue personal interests and hobbies. Junior residents were more likely to underestimate administrative workload than senior residents and fellows. ConclusionWhile the expectations of urology trainees for work hours and annual net income were fairly consistent with those reported by practicing urologists, trainees may underestimate administrative workload and overestimate time to pursue personal interests and hobbies.

Investigation of the flexibility of a residential net-zero energy building (NZEB) integrated with an electric vehicle in Hong Kong

The flexibility of a net zero energy/emission building (NZEB) in the cooling dominated area is quantitatively investigated in this research. Flexibility sources include the renewable energy, i.e. building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) and wind turbine, and thermal energy storages, i.e. air handling unit cooling storage tank (ACST) and domestic hot water tank (DHWT). Parametric analysis has been conducted based on all proposed flexibility indicators with respect to the renewable energy capacity, the volume of both the ACST and the DHWT, and the set point temperature for recharging the DHWT. From our results, to meet the annual energy balance, this NZEB should be equipped with BIPVs and an 8 kW wind turbine, while these BIPVs should be installed on four walls and the roof (totally 306 m2 BIPVs). Considering the grid feed-in tariff in Hong Kong, the NZEB will get the net annual operational income at 646.3 HK$/m2.a. Flexibility factors indicate the flexibility of the energy storage systems for storing the surplus renewable energy (REe) and fulfilling the building demand. During the charging process, the increase of the REe capacity shows positive impact on flexibility factors of both the ACST and the DHWT. In the case when BIPVs are on four walls, with respect to the increase of the rated wind turbine capacity from 0 to 8 kW, the flexibility factor of the ACST increases from 0.49 to 0.58 during the charging process, whereas it decreases from -0.51 to -0.59 during the discharging process. Meanwhile, the flexibility factor of the DHWT increases from 0.32 to 0.57. Moreover, with respect to the increase of the ACST volume from 0.5 m3 to 2.5 m3, the flexibility factor increases from -0.23 to 0.17 considering both the charging and the discharging processes. With respect to the increase of the DHWT volume from 1 m3 to 3 m3, the flexibility factor increases from 0.32 to 0.74. With respect to the increase of the set point temperature for recharging the DHWT from 65 ºC to 100 ºC, the flexibility factor increases from 0.32 to 0.82. Moreover, in comparison with the nighttime interaction between the building and the vehicle, the daytime interaction will reduce the reliance on the grid for charging the EV. Moreover, the energy interaction between the building and the vehicle will be enhanced.

Dialysis-Facility Joint-Venture Ownership: Hidden Conflicts of Interest

Opinion article. The two largest U.S. dialysis companies, DaVita and Fresenius Medical Care, control 70% of the U.S. dialysis market and each reported an annual net income of $1 billion. Joint ventures between nephrologists and dialysis companies may lead to financial incentives for participating nephrologists, which may inappropriately influence decisions about patient care. A “striking lack of transparency” regarding joint venture arrangements currently exists. Patients cannot find out whether nephrologists referring them to a dialysis facility have financial incentives to do so. There must be greater transparency and public availability of information about these practices.

Optimal Allocation of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Smoothing Photovoltaic Power Fluctuations Considering the Active Power Curtailment of Photovoltaic

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) have become an effective solution for smoothing the active power variations of photovoltaic (PV). In order to reduce the required capacities and costs of the HESS, a coordinated control scheme is developed to mitigate the power variations of a PV plant by using the HESS and the active power curtailment (APC) of PV. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization model is established to dispatch the output power of batteries and supercapacitors, considering the overall losses and the state-of-charge (SOC) deviation of the supercapacitor. Based on the proposed smoothing strategy, an allocation model is developed to optimize the energy and power capacities of the HESS with the aim of maximizing the annual net income of the PV and HESS plant. The numerous simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed smoothing and allocation methods by using the real data of a PV plant. In addition, we also discuss the impacts of the different dispatching strategies of the HESS, grid requirements of power variations, and solution methods on the HESS allocation results.

Apicultura em São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí

Pertencente ao Território Integrado da Serra da Capivara, semiárido brasileiro, a economia de São Raimundo Nonato é baseada no setor agropecuário com destaque para produção de mel e criação de pequenos animais. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma análise dos aspectos ambiental, social, econômico e técnico do setor apícola no município de São Raimundo Nonato. Foi realizado uma pesquisa direta em campo (in loco) com a aplicação de questionário semiestruturado, aplicado individualmente nas comunidades São Vítor, Nova Jerusalém e Macacos. A produtividade média de mel no ano de 2016 variou entre 15 e 25 kg por colmeia/ano e a produção total foi aproximadamente de 39.000 kg. A atividade apícola nas comunidades colabora de forma expressiva na renda financeira das famílias envolvidas fortalecendo a economia e a permanência do apicultor/agricultor e família no campo, a renda anual líquida de 80% dos apicultores é de 5000 reais com a venda do mel. Sobre o aspecto ambiental, há uma conscientização dos apicultores em que a preservação da flora é substancial para o crescimento da cadeia produtiva. O aumento da produtividade e a exploração de novos produtos apícolas como: própolis, geleia real, pólen, cera e favo de mel no pote são os maiores anseios dos apicultores.

Multifamily Rental Housing Performance and Externalities From Local Housing Unaffordability

The rental market has become heavily institutionalized leading to changes in the market micro structure. We assess the role of regulations associated with landlord and tenant laws for the pricing and risk of multifamily housing, as measured by the initial capitalization (cap) rate. We use granular data on commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) including loan defaults, loan terms, property valuation and annual net operating income (NOI). We find that, contrary to conventional wisdom, investors agree on signifi cantly lower initial cap rates in states with higher renter protection. This is not associated with lower rental income; instead a credit channel can be at play. Multifamily housing buildings in tenant-friendly states are associated with lower credit risk as they are less likely to default leading to signifi cantly lower loan-to-value (LTV) ratios and interest rates. Our fi ndings imply that renter protection is associated with lower credit risk and hence higher prices for multifamily housing in tenant friendly states.

Tending of wild Heterosmilax yunnanensis

To minimize the predatory harvest of Heterosmilax yunnanensis and maintain the sustainable utilization of its resources, a study on the tending technology of wild H. yunnanensis was carried out. The results showed that the tuber tending model had a higher seed emergence rate, shorter growth period and easier control of male and female ratios than other tending models; by removing shrubs, topping, bending pruning, controlling insects and pests and other effective technical measures, the growth period of H. yunnanensis was shortened; the average annual net income of the tending area was 1 086 yuan/mu (1 mu≈666.67 m²), which was 86.9% higher than before. This study was conducive to increasing the yield and quality of H. yunnanensis in Karst landform area, and instructive for the tending of other wild traditional Chinese medicinal herbs in this area.

Cost–Benefit Analysis of Providing Fluoride Varnish in a Pediatric Primary Care Office

IntroductionThe American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, among others, call for the provision of fluoride varnish in the pediatric primary care setting, but many barriers exist to the implementation of such a service in this setting. Knowledge of costs and benefits is one such barrier. MethodsA cost–benefit analysis of the implementation of a fluoride varnish program in a pediatric primary care office located in Volusia County, Florida was conducted with the assistance of the office manager and a nurse practitioner using data retrieved from the electronic health record program. ResultsMicrosoft Excel was used to calculate estimated mean reimbursement data from the top insurers in this office for this service, and the data show a positive annual net income of $4,498 to $26,775, with an average potential annual net income of $15,637. ConclusionsThe data from this cost–benefit analysis show a positive financial benefit as an incentive to implement a fluoride varnish program in this primary care pediatric office and serve as a solid foundation for a future quality improvement project to implement such a program.

Marine microalgae commercial production improves sustainability of global fisheries and aquaculture

A method is described for saving 30% of the world fish catch by producing fishmeal and fish oil replacement products from marine microalgae, the natural source of proteins and oils in the marine food web. To examine the commercial aspects of such a method, we adapt a model based on results of microalgae production in Hawaii and apply it to Thailand, the world’s fourth largest producer of fishmeal. A model facility of 111 ha would produce 2,750 tonnes yr−1 of protein and 2,330 tonnes yr−1 of algal oil, at a capital cost of $29.3 M. Such a facility would generate $5.5 M in average annual net income over its 30-year lifetime. Deployment of 100 such facilities in Thailand would replace all domestic production of fishmeal, 10% of world production, on ~1.5% of the land now used to cultivate oil palm. Such a global industry would generate ~$6.5 billion in annual net income.

Factors influencing savings among land reform beneficiaries in South Africa

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of socio-economic factors of land redistribution for agricultural development project beneficiaries on savings in the North West Province, South Africa.Design/methodology/approachA binary logistic regression model was employed to determine the effects of socio-economic factors of project beneficiaries on their savings.FindingsThe results show that the average number of trainings attended by the beneficiaries, the proportion of youth per project and the average net farm income of the project positively and significantly influence the level of savings by the beneficiaries. About 62 percent of the beneficiaries did not have savings; thus, only 38 percent of beneficiaries had savings. Of the 38 percent who had savings, the majority (77 percent) had an annual net farm income of less than R1,000. Only 2 percent of the projects had an annual net farm income of more than R10,000.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study are valuable to policymakers dealing with the issue of land reform and could shed some light on how land redistribution can achieve its intended purposes. These findings should be granted serious consideration when formulating policies aimed at improving savings within collective groups.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study have revealed the importance of training and participation of youth in influencing savings. As well, the findings imply that an organization or household with a health income have a higher propensity of saving.Social implicationsThe research findings point out to the importance of saving. With savings, a household is in a better position to deal with situations that arises in case of emergency.Originality/valueThis paper is among the few studies to analyze the determinants of savings at a group or project level. Most studies are done at household or individual level.

Poverty and outcomes of people with severe mental disorders in rural China: a 21-year survey

BackgroundLittle is known about the relationship between poverty and outcomes of severe mental illness (SMI) during a period of sustained rapid socioeconomic development. This study explored the relationship between poverty and outcomes of people with SMI in a 21-year longitudinal study in a rural area of China. MethodsEpidemiological surveys of mental disorders were conducted in May, 1994, and October, 2015, in the same six townships (total population 170 174 in 2015) in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. Psychoses Screening Schedule together with key informant method for household survey and general psychiatric interview were administered to identify people with SMI (including schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and major depressive disorder) according to International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders-10 criteria. FindingsWe identified 711 people with SMI aged 15 years and older in 1994 and 1042 in 2015. The annual net income per person in people with SMI was significantly lower in 1994 (1110·0 RMB) and 2015 (8420·1 RMB) (p<0·0001) than in the population of Xinjin (1330·0 RMB and 16856·0 RMB, respectively). The rate of having poor family economic status (<mean level) in people with SMI was significantly higher in 2015 (65·2%) than in 1994 (48·2%, p<0·0001). Poor family economic status was significantly associated with being male and unmarried, a lower number of family members, and lower rates of partial and full remission of SMI in 1994 and 2015 (p<0·05). Poor family economic status was also significantly associated with lower education level, lower rate of having a family caregiver, higher total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, lower total score of Global Assessment of Functioning, and lower rates of medication in 2015 (p<0·05). InterpretationRelative poverty has become more severe in people with SMI during the period of rapid socioeconomic development from 1994 to 2015 in China, and it is associated with poor outcomes of SMI. Prevention of the cycle of poverty and mental illness should be vital for Healthy China 2030. Targeted poverty alleviation programmes and community-based mental health care should be crucial for enhancing economic status and improving outcomes of people with SMI. FundingThe survey in 1994 was supported in part by China Medical Board of New York (92-557, principal investigator: MZX). The survey in 2015 was supported in part by Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research (Hong Kong University, 2014–2016, principal investigator: MSR), Seed Funding Programme for Applied Research (HKU, 2014–2016, principal investigator: MSR), Strategic Research Theme: Contemporary China Seed Funding (HKU, 2014–2016, principal investigator: MSR), Small Project Funding (HKU, 2014-2016, principal investigator: CLWC), and Mental Health Research in Chengdu, China (Department Matching Fund, 2015–2017, principal investigator: MSR).

Low Income Predicts Mortality Independently from the Presence of Type 2 Diabetes and Preexisting Coronary Artery Disease

A low socioeconomic status has been associated with increased mortality. Whether low income predicts mortality risk independently from the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and preexisting coronary artery disease (CAD) is not known and is addressed in the present study. We assessed the annual net income through a standardized questionnaire in a consecutive series of 438 patients referred to coronary angiography for the evaluation of established or suspected stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Prospectively, we recorded mortality over a mean follow-up period of 10.0±2.3 years. Annual net income was &amp;lt;€20.000 in 58.0%, €20.000-35.000 in 33.1% and &amp;gt;€35.000 in 8.9% of our patients. It was significantly lower in women (&amp;lt;€20.000 in 70.4%, €20.000-35.000 in 25.6%, &amp;gt;€35.000 in 4.0%) than in men (&amp;lt;€20.000 in 53.0%, €20.000-35.000 in 36.1%, &amp;gt;€35.000 in 10.9%; p&amp;lt;0.001) but did not differ significantly between patients with T2DM (n=116) and nondiabetic subjects (p=0.147) nor between patients with CAD (n=353) and those who did not have CAD at angiography (p=0.391). During follow-up, mortality significantly increased with decreasing income: it was 7.7%, 17.9%, and 25.6% in patients with net incomes of &amp;gt;€35.000, €20.000-35.000 and &amp;lt;€20.000, respectively; p=0.009). Annual net income significantly predicted the incidence of cardiovascular events both univariately (HR 0.59 [0.41-0.85]; p=0.004) and after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, hypertension, BMI, waist circumference, T2DM and angiographically determined baseline CAD (HR 0.61 [0.40-0.96]; p=0.033). We conclude that a low net income predicts cardiovascular event risk independently from the presence of T2DM and preexisting CAD. Disclosure C.H. Saely: None. A. Vonbank: None. C. Heinzle: None. D. Zanolin: None. B. Larcher: None. A. Mader: None. A. Leiherer: None. A. Muendlein: None. H. Drexel: None.

To replant or to irrigate: A silvicultural decision model for afforestation projects

This article develops an economic model that compares the option of replacement planting to maintain target density with the option of enhancing seedling survival from the beginning by applying irrigation. The model we develop uses variables common in forestry practice and yields the threshold value of seedling failure at which both alternatives offer the same economic result based on a comparative analysis of costs and benefits. By comparing this threshold with the level of seedling failure expected for an afforestation in the absence of irrigation, the planner can make an informed decision between both alternatives. The model has been applied to thirteen practical cases covering a wide range of plantations with different density, purpose and average annual net income. Based on the results obtained, a k-means clustering is carried out to identify five groups according to their suitability for irrigation. The sensitivity of the model's input variables in respect to the threshold of seedling failure is also analized. Irrigation is profitable when the expected level of seedling failure is high and/or the value of the threshold decision is low. The latter is usually the case at afforestations that require a low acceptable level of seedling failure and/or in productive plantation forestry.

Risk behavior in patients with severe mental disorders: a prospective study of 121,830 patients managed in rural households of western China

BackgroundThe management of severe mental disorder (SMD) patients in communities is an important initiative of healthcare reform in China. Yet the effects in terms of risk behavior of patients are unclear, particularly in rural areas. This study aims to examine high risk behaviors, changing trends, and possible associated factors among SMD patients in the rural areas of western China.MethodsThis analysis examined incidence rate (IR) of high risk behavior of 121,830 managed SMD patients in rural area of Sichuan province, based on data from the national system from 2006 to 2013. Register rate, high risk behavior IR, and time distribution and area distribution of high risk behavior were described. Two-level Poisson regression model was used to analyze associates of high risk behavior of patients, which include demographic characteristics at individual level, socio-economic condition and health system indicators at region level.ResultsIt was revealed that 6804 (5.58%) of managed patients were involved in 17,220 high risk behavior events, which gave an overall IR of 0.0998 (per person year) on the basis of 172,564 person years of follow-up. The IR varied widely across municipalities, in the range of 0.0305–0.3397. The IR of high risk behavior in the cohort had increased since 2006, and peaked by 2011, at 0.2392. At the individual level, males aged 25 to 44, who were unmarried and in poverty, illiterate or semiliterate, had a family history of mental disorders and antipsychotic treatments, longer duration illnesses, were associated with an increased IR risk. At the regional level, higher psychiatric practitioner visits and the lower annual net income of rural residents per capita, were associated with an increased IR risk.ConclusionsThis is the first large prospective study that revealed the current situation of the register rate, high risk behavior incidence rate in SMD patients in rural area of western China, and examined associates and the differences of high risk behavior of patients among municipalities. The findings may provide evidences that lead to guide prevention and control for risk behavior in SMD patients in rural areas of China, as well as to improve mental health services for this population. It could provide some reference for other developing countries too.

TECHNICAL AND SCALE EFFICIENCIES OF U.S. GRASS-FED BEEF PRODUCTION: WHOLE-FARM AND ENTERPRISE ANALYSES

AbstractA stochastic production frontier approach was used to estimate input distance functions for U.S. grass-fed beef (GFB) production. Average technical efficiencies of 0.84 and 0.79 were found for U.S. GFB whole farms and enterprises, respectively. Producer education level, experience, farm size, annual net farm income from the GFB operation, annual net household income from off-farm sources, and regional differences are the efficiency drivers of U.S. GFB farms. Increasing returns to scale were found for U.S. GFB farms. Our results suggest that U.S. GFB farms can be scale efficient if the optimal size of the operation is greater than approximately 100 GFB animals.

Improving ecological conservation and restoration through payment for ecosystem services in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China

To protect biodiversity, restore ecosystems and improve the livelihoods of indigenous herders, a payment for ecosystem services program has been implemented in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We monitored and assessed its effectiveness and analysed the factors that may contribute to the success or failure of the program. By comparing ecosystem changes between project and non-project regions, we found that the increased area of grassland and wetland, the proportion of restored grassland, and the enhanced net primary production and forage yields were higher in project regions, which indicated that the majority of restoration measures are effective at the local scale. However, the soil erosion modulus and ecosystem soil conservation service were ineffective owing to unrecovered root systems and increased precipitation. The results of interviews with herdsmen demonstrated a slight increase in annual net income for herder households, especially for eco-immigrants compensated by the program. However, it was difficult to reduce overgrazing dramatically because eco-immigrants mainly included elderly herders and herders with less livestock. Therefore, the eco-immigrants and their livelihoods need to be reconsidered in targeting for subsequent programs. Furthermore, this study reinforced the need to apply multiple sources of funds and measurements to benefit ecological conservation in alpine regions.

Podział latyfundium Eustachego i Marianny z Kątskich Potockich w 1771 roku

Artykuł poświęcony jest procesowi formowania się latyfundium, które znalazło się w posiadaniu Eustachego Potockiego i jego żony Marianny z Kątskich. Jego twórcą był podkanclerzy litewski Stanisław Antoni Szczuka (zm. 1710). W skład omawianego kompleksu majątkowego weszły też dobra, które były własnością Marcina (zm. 1710) i Jana Stanisława (zm. 1727) Kątskich oraz Jerzego Potockiego (zm. 1747). Eustachy i Marianna Potoccy byli właścicielami łącznie 11 miast, ponad 100 wsi i 25 folwarków. Dobra te przynosiły 460 tys. złp. rocznego dochodu. Po śmierci obojga małżonków w lutym 1768 r. ich latyfundium zostało podzielone między ich pięciu synów. Akt podziałowy został spisany w Warszawie w listopadzie 1771 r. Na każdego ze spadkobierców przypadły dobra przynoszące ok. 80 tys. złp. dochodu rocznego netto. Podział dawnego latyfundium Eustachego i Marianny Potockich sprawił, że ich synowie spadli do rzędu uboższych członków rodziny Potockich.

Economic and Risk Effects of Rotation Based on a 14-Year Irrigated Potato Production Study in Manitoba

Crop rotations can be used to optimize economic return by preserving or enhancing soil quality and reducing pest pressure. A field experiment consisting of six rotations of potato with canola (P-C), wheat (P-W), canola-wheat (P-C-W), oat-wheat (P-O-W), wheat-canola-wheat (P-W-C-W), and canola underseeded to alfalfa-alfalfa-alfalfa (P-C(A)-A-A) organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design was established on a clay loam soil in Manitoba, Canada and monitored for fourteen years to assess the relative economic performance of potato in each rotation. A stochastic budget based on returns and risk of returns trade-offs was used to determine each rotation’s profitability. While differences in average annual net income of all crops between rotations were not significant, the P-C-W rotation was the most stable. Despite the economic advantage of P-C in the first two cycles, longer P-C-W or P-C(A)-A-A rotations are recommended, as two-year rotations increase plant disease and decrease economic viability in the long run.

Production economics of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) farming under polyculture system in Bangladesh

The present study assesses the production costs, profitability and the importance of inputs (seed, feed, fertilizer and labor) in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) production under polyculture system in Bangladesh. A survey was conducted by structured questionnaire during November 2011–June 2012 that included 201 pangasius farmers of four locations, namely Bogra, Jessore, Mymensingh and Narshingdi districts. Based on the aquaculture operation area and management characteristics, these farms were categorized into small, medium and large scale farms. The average annual production costs, gross income, net income and benefit cost ratios were higher (P≥0.05) in medium farms, followed by small and large farms and these parameters varied significantly (P≤0.05) between farm locations. The Cobb-Douglas production function model was applied to evaluate several independent variables (inputs) related with fish production. The results showed that feeding and stocking density were the most significant factors influencing fish production. The analysis also showed an increasing return to scale, implying an increase in inputs will more than proportionately increase production. The estimated marginal physical productivity of the inputs suggests that stocking density, feeding and labor should be increased in order to increase farm profitability. However, some inputs were inefficiently used by different farm categories. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that farmers should consider more attention on the use of these inputs more efficiently in order to facilitate a sustainable increase in fish production.