Annual General Meetings Research Articles

OC 8717 TRANSFER OF LEADERSHIP, WHAT DO WE NEED?

BackgroundThe Pan African Consortium for the Evaluation of Anti-Tuberculosis Antibiotics (PanACEA) was designed to build clinical tuberculosis (TB) trial capacity whilst conducting clinical trials investigating novel and existing agents to shorten and simplify TB treatment. One of the objectives of the programme is to foster leadership development in sub-Saharan TB-endemic countries to move leadership to African partners in the PanACEA research programmes.Methods and resultsIn PanACEA 1 the participation of the sites on the consortium board was important to foster leadership development. African investigators now make up a large part of the consortium leadership and are actively developing new concepts. Delegates of the sites visited the annual PanACEA General Assembly meetings, where they could gain knowledge, actively participate in the meetings and discussions and network with others from the TB research community. Various sites participated at TB research community conferences (e.g. CROI, Lung Health Meeting) where PanACEA members gave presentations and could collaborate with other TB trial networks.In PanACEA 2 all clinical trials are co-led by a European established researcher and an African Principal Investigator (PI), to ensure that African scientists are trained and mentored to lead in every aspect essential to clinical trial delivery, from trial and data management to statistical analysis and trial design, and from financial management to laboratory science. The capacity development cores, which serve as operational support for all PanACEA studies and provide high level oversight, also use the European and African countersystem, including senior and junior co-chairs among the African trial sites.An example of leadership transfer is a large EDCTP application for the development of a new compound in MDR TB (FACE-MDR-TB) in which Stellah Mpagama is the lead applicant.ConclusionThe PanACEA consortium has actively facilitated a transfer of leadership programme which may be successful in future consortia.

CIPHI National Annual General Meetings and Conference Locations

CIPHI National Annual General Meetings and Conference Locations

Assessing the Quality of Evidence Presented at Annual General Meetings: A 5-Year Retrospective Study.

Health care professionals rely on annual general meetings (AGMs) to obtain up-to-date information and practice guidelines relevant to their specialty. The majority of such information at meetings is presented through abstract sessions. However, the quality of the evidence presented during such abstract sessions is unclear. Standardized measures were applied to assess the quality of evidence of abstracts presented at the Canadian Society of Nephrology AGM over a 5-year period. Two authors independently reviewed all CSN AGM abstracts presented from 2012 to 2016. Using a schema published in 2011 by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM), each abstract was subsequently ranked based on the quality of evidence. Schema categories ranged from level I, representing the highest evidence quality, to level V, representing the lowest. The number of authors and the authors' institution affiliations were also collected from the abstracts, where available, or if affiliations were unclear, an internet search of the author was performed. Six hundred forty-two articles were screened. In total, 70% (n = 450) met the inclusion criteria. When assessed, 15% of articles were level I (highest quality), 17% level II, 53% level III, 12% level IV, and 3% level V (lowest quality). A Jonckheere-Terpstra test demonstrated a significant trend of increasing quality of evidence (P < .05) and collaboration (P < .005) over the 5-year study period. There was a significant correlation between level of evidence and collaboration across years reviewed in the study, rs(98) = -0.226, P < .001. The results indicate a consistent increase in quality of evidence and collaborative submissions over time. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first assessment and analysis of AGM presentation quality within internal medicine and its subspecialties. Documenting and monitoring changes in the quality of evidence with a standardized framework may offer valuable insight pertaining to the medical field and the research community.

Factors associated with the prescription of vaginal pessaries for pelvic organ prolapse

OBJECTIVE:To identify the factors associated with the prescription of vaginal pessaries (VPs) as a conservative treatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP).METHODS:A cross-sectional study was performed during two annual urogynecology and general obstetrics and gynecology meetings in 2017 (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). A 19-item deidentified questionnaire regarding experiences and practices in prescribing VPs for POP patients was distributed among gynecologists. Our primary outcome was the frequency of prescribing VPs as a conservative treatment for POP. The reasons for prescribing or not prescribing VPs were also investigated. Univariate and multivariate analyses with crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were performed for variables associated with the prescription of pessaries.RESULTS:Three hundred forty completed surveys were analyzed. Half of the respondents (53.53%) were between 30-49 years old; most of them were female (73.53%), were from the Southeast Region (64.12%), were trained in obstetrics and gynecology (80.24%) or urogynecology (61.18%) and worked in private offices (63.42%). More than one-third (36.48%) attended four or more POP cases/week, and 97.65% (n=332) had heard or knew about VPs for POP; however, only 47.06% (n=160) prescribed or offered this treatment to patients. According to the multivariate analysis, physicians aged 18-35 years (OR=1.97[1.00-3.91]; p=0.04), those who participated in a previous urogynecology fellowship (OR=2.34[1.34-4.09]; p<0.01), those with relatively high volumes of POP cases (4 or +) (OR=2.23[1.21-4.47]; p=0.01) and those with PhD degrees (OR=2.75[1.01-7.54]; p=0.05) prescribed more pessaries.CONCLUSIONS:Most gynecologists did not prescribe VPs. Younger physician age, participation in a previous urogynecology fellowship, a PhD degree, and a relatively high volume of POP cases were associated with increased VP prescription rates.

Publication rates of podium presentations at the annual South African Orthopaedic Association Congress from 2010 to 2015

Background: International literature shows a discrepancy between presentations at annual general orthopaedic meetings and subsequent publication. The aim of this study was to determine the publication rate of manuscripts presented as podium presentations at the South African Orthopaedic Congress (SAOC) from 2010 to 2015. Materials and methods: All abstracts accepted as podium presentations at the SAOC from years 2010 to 2015 were identified from the archives of the South African Orthopaedic Society (SAOA). Abstract titles and authors were searched using search engines looking for all published manuscripts. The presentations were cross referenced with publications and the conversion ratio from presentation to publication was compared to international results. Sub-analyses included orthopaedic subspecialty performance and publication rates and the types of research conducted. Record was also made of each publication’s journal impact factor and date of publication. Results: A total of 445 abstracts were accepted for podium presentation by the SAOC from 2010 to 2015. Of these, 70 (15.7%) were published in peer-reviewed journals. The mean time from presentation to publication was 16 months with an average journal impact factor of 1.29. Orthopaedic Trauma (21.67%) and Foot and Ankle Surgery subspecialties (21%) were responsible for the most publications in general. The South African Orthopaedic Journal (44.29%), Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction (6.7%) and the Injury Journal (6.7%) were the three most common publishing journals. Conclusion: A lower conversion rate from podium presentation at SAOC to publication exists compared to similar published international findings. A poor publication rate was highlighted across all orthopaedic subdisciplines. Half of the publications appeared only in local journals, with just over 8% of presentations reaching international publication. The results suggest there is a need to identify barriers to publication among South African orthopaedic surgeons. Level of evidence: Level 4

Current Practices Regarding Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice by Neonatal Care Practitioners in Nigeria

Background: Neonatal jaundice is a common medical condition encountered in the neonatal period in Nigerian hospitals. Its management is not homogenous among healthcare providers. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating current practices related to the treatment of neonatal jaundice among doctors and nurses caring for neonates in Nigeria. Methods: Healthcare providers managing neonates in Nigeria were surveyed during annual general and scientific meetings of the Nigerian Society of Neonatal Medicine in 2017. In addition, the Paediatric Association of Nigeria’s mailing list was utilized to disseminate a self-administered, pretested and structured questionnaire to doctors and nurses involved in taking care of newborns in Nigeria. Results: The results of the study showed that local guidelines / protocols were highly applied by the respondents. The majority of the health care providers would screen newborns for neonatal jaundice before discharge. The practice of early discharge within 24 hours was rampant with a high frequency of late follow up at 6 weeks. Conclusion: The practices regarding management of neonatal jaundice among healthcare professionals in Nigeria vary with better practices observed in specialist cadres. Newborn discharge and follow-up practices also vary and are sub-optimal. Therefore, there is a need for more awareness creation on neonatal jaundice treatment among cadres of health care practitioners. This should be complimented with the development of a national guideline on the management of neonatal jaundice in Nigeria.

An analysis of agricultural co-operative society and economic development in Ovia South West communities of Edo State, Nigeria

A study was conducted on an analysis of Agricultural cooperative society and economic development in Ovia South West communities of Edo State, Nigeria. The objectives were to examine the contributions of cooperative society to economic development as well as identify the problems facing the cooperative society in the study area. Data was collected from sixty-three (63) respondents through questionnaire and oral interview. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables, percentages, mean dispersion and standard deviation. The result showed that the mean (y=3.71) of respondents agreed that cooperative society had contributed meaningfully to agricultural development, while a mean(y=3.43) of respondents agreed that cooperative society created opportunities to job seekers in agricultural enterprises. In addition, the study also revealed that 22% of the respondents had primary education, 41.3% of the respondents had secondary education, while 11.1% had Higher National Diploma(HND) certificate. It was however recommended that Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP) should assist cooperative societies to be linked with credit Institutions such as Bank, Micro finance banks like Lift Above Poverty Organization (LAPO) in Benin City for easy access to more credits facilities by the respondents. Secondly, cooperatives should undergo regular trainings and workshops on management and administration of cooperatives to be able to contribute positively to economic and agricultural development. Regular changes of the executive officers of the cooperatives can help to solve the problem of incompetent leadership after annual general meetings on three years tenure.

Mentoring for urologists

Trainee and established urologists are familiar with ‘generic mentoring’ as a potpourri of helping aids that include supervision, coaching, buddying, career advice, counselling and patronage to enable mentees to develop professionally. However, most are unfamiliar with ‘developmental mentoring’ as a highly specific learnt technique through which mentors help mentees, by interactive dialogue, to choose their own agendas and arrive at their own solutions to career/professional/personal opportunities or difficulties as distinct from the paternalistic mentor approach typified by the downward flow of information generated by ‘generic mentoring’. This paper is a systematic review of developmental mentoring as pertains to urologists in the UK, and reports outcomes of 1-hour taster sessions between Egan-trained mentors and urologists offered at British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) annual general meetings since 2013. Both the General Medical Council and the Royal College of Surgeons of England imply that ‘mentoring’ is mandatory for both trainees and trained urologists, but fail to clarify what they mean by a ‘mentor’, which potentially creates a void in providing ‘developmental mentoring’ since the later requires specific training and is costly to provide. Currently, most ‘developmental mentoring’ is performed by trained staff in Local Education and Training Boards or National Health Service Trusts. BAUS has an opportunity to offer ‘developmental mentoring’ through a portal on its website to manage opportunities and difficulties experienced by its members. Level of evidence: This paper is a systematic review as pertains to the place of mentoring in current urological practice. By its nature, it has reviewed previous narrative reviews and its highest level of evidence is a contemporary paper from 2016, which was a comparative cross-sectional study; other case series were reviewed. Overall, this amounts to level 4 with a recommendation of C as per the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence.

Market reactions to auditor switches under regulatory consent and market driven regimes

We examine market reactions to announcements of auditor switches by Australian-listed companies during the ‘regulatory consent’ period (2000–2011) under which auditor resignations require consent by the corporate regulator before taking effect at annual general meetings. Overall, we find no clear evidence of significant market responses to firms announcing auditor switches, consistent with a lack of information content or potential information leakage argument. However, examination of a more recent sample in the ‘partial deregulation’ period (2015–2017), whereby timing and consent provisions have been relaxed under a more market-driven regime, uncovers univariate evidence of market reactions directionally consistent with the audit quality interpretation. Overall, these results provide support for the regulator’s recent initiative to deregulate the auditor resignation process in Australia to become more disclosure driven as in other jurisdictions.

A Revisit of the Ministerial Concept of Lay and Full-Time Ministers in Classical Pentecostal Churches in Ghana and its Missional Implications

In their article “Pentecostal Mission Approaches” White and Niemandt (2015, 241–269) make a case for how some Pentecostal Churches in Ghana have made good use of lay/tent ministry in their missionary agenda. However, among the Classical Pentecostal Churches in Ghana, lay ministers are not recognised as full-time ministers of the church. The understanding of these churches is that the lay/tent ministers by their definition do not operate in the five-fold ministry. In some of the churches, they are not accredited by the church to be part of their General Ministerial Council Meetings and the Annual General Meetings. Unlike the mainline churches, the lay or tent ministers in the Classical Pentecostal Churches in Ghana are also not allowed to vote or to be recommended for Executive Council positions. These issues therefore make it essential to investigate the historical and theological understanding of the concept of the lay and full-time ministers in church history, Ghanaian Pentecostals’ view of the concept, as well as the missional importance of lay ministries in the church and the missio Dei.

Newsletter Spring 2018: Clinician Investigator Trainee Association of Canada (CITAC).

A decade of CITAC Annual General Meetings: 2007-2017 In 2007, the Clinician Investigator Trainee Association of Canada (CITAC) launched its inaugural Annual General Meeting (AGM). The AGM has since become a major annual event, jointly organized by CITAC and leaders from the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation (CSCI), and continues to provide a forum for clinician investigator (CI) trainees to exchange ideas, advance career prospects and engage with the broader community. Indeed, since its inception, all Canadian institutions with medical doctor and clinician investigator (MD+CI) training programs have participated in the AGM, while more than 1,000 trainees have registered as CITAC members. The 10th CITAC-CSCI AGM was recently held in Toronto (November 20-22, 2017). There were nearly 200 attendees, including CI trainees, faculty member and physician leaders from across Canada (Figure 1A, 1B). Trainees spanning diverse career stages had opportunities to participate in interactive poster sessions, workshops and lectures by leading physician-scientists. These exercises were designed to encourage and enhance networking, career development and mentorship for prospective physician-scientists.

Blockchain Technology for Corporate Governance and Shareholder Activism

Blockchain is a technology that can offer smart solutions for classical corporate governance inefficiencies, especially in the relationship between shareholders and the company. Annual General Meetings (AGMs) are generally considered dull mandatory yearly rituals and its important theoretical functions, the information, forum and decision-making functions, are de facto eroded. In addition, the AGM suffers from procedural flaws, especially when shareholders vote remotely. Therefore we make a strong plea for the modernization of the AGM with the use of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology can lower shareholder voting costs and the organization costs for companies substantially. Moreover, blockchain technology can increase the speed of decision-making, facilitate fast and efficient involvement of shareholders. In addition, the main problems with the current chains of intermediaries and remote voting system have to do with transparency, verification and identification – issues that are directly linked to the advantages of blockchain technology. The recent prototypes of blockchain-based AGMs that are discussed in this contribution show that blockchain technology as tool for shareholder participation is definitely feasible.

Can management-sponsored non-binding remuneration votes shape the executive compensation structure? Evidence from Say-on-Pay votes in Germany

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a hand-selected sample of 1676 annual general meetings with 268 management-sponsored Say-on-Pay votes in 164 different companies between 2010 and 2015 in the German two-tier system was analysed. The analysis focused on the structure, rather than the level, of executive compensation by applying a sample-selection model and panel data regression. Consistent with our hypotheses, shareholders favour long-term stock and stock option plans but oppose short-term cash-bonus payments. However, the positive effect of equity compensation decreases as the share of the total remuneration increases, suggesting that the alignment effect is limited. The negative effect of bonus payments on the voting results is stronger in cases in which the voting approval of the supervisory board is low. Thus, investors who are discontent with the bonus payments eventually punish the supervisory board in charge of negotiating the contract. The supervisory board reacts to such cases by reducing the bonuses and increasing the equity payments in the following year, but the total compensation or fixed annual salary is unaffected. Hence, Say-on-Pay in Germany affects the structure but not the level of compensation. The results show that shareholders assess the entire compensation structure and prefer a particular compensation mix. However, non-binding Say-on-Pay votes help to establish compensation schemes that are favoured by shareholders.

A Pécsi Közjegyzői Kamara 1938 és 1945 között

The writings of the Notary Chamber of Pecs are important documents of the epoch between 1938 and 1945. In particular, the word-for-word reports of the annual ordinary general meetings reveal the reactions of the highly educated chamber members to the historical and political changes. It is also important for legal historians to study the outlawry in the 2nd half of the Horthy era and to consider the following questions: Which rhetorical methods were used in the chamber accounts? What was the opinion of the royal notaries (”the wards of the constitutional state”) about the violation of equality under the law? Did the outlawry have an impact on the membership in the chamber? If so, how did the royal notaries evaluated these changes? The report of the annual ordinary general meetings began every year with the opening speech of the chamber president, Bela Angyal. Surprisingly Angyal analyzed the political changes instead of professional questions. In 1938 he spoke about the 900th jubilee of the death of King St. Istvan and about the glory of his empire. In 1939 he rejoiced over the annexation of North Hungary (Felvidek) and Subcarpathia, which he called the ”resurrection of Hungary” after the tragical peace treaty in Trianon 1920. In 1940 Angyal considered it necessary to celebrate the 20th jubilee of the governor's reign, who was honored as ”Savior of Hungary sent by God” and achieved the annexation of East Hungary and a part of Transylvania. The general meeting began this year with a common ”prayer”. This so-called Magyar Hiszekegy (”I believe in one God, I believe in one mother country, I believe in the eternal godlike verity, I believe in the resurrection of Hungary”) was not really a prayer, but more like a kitschy and chauvinist quatrain. In 1941 the main topic of the opening speech was the annexation of South Hungary and the chamber president blessed the ”wise governor”. In 1942 Angyal mourned for the son of the governor, the ”young hero of the nation”, who died in plane accident in the eastern front lines. In 1943 Angyal designated Word War II (and unexpressed also the convention of Hungary with the Nazi Germany) ”a fight against communism for Christianity”. In 1944 the Notary Chamber of Pecs did not hold the general meeting, and finally in September 1945 the rhapsody of Angyal broke off. Neither in the opening speeches of the chamber president nor in the chamber reports can we find protest against the harm of the principle of equality before the law. The outlawry, especially the anti-Jewish statutes and orders were no problematic for the members at the general meetings or they simply remained quiet. When the number of the Jewish notaries was limited in the chambers, Angyal suggested the introduction of the notary identity card and in 1945, when he informed the membership that the notary of Mohacs, Győző Krausz, did not return from the extermination camp, he did not use the word ”unfortunately”.

Perception and practice of thromboprophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies among hemato-oncology practitioners in Nigeria

Background: Cancer-associated thrombosis is a cause of increased morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies. Thromboprophylaxis may reduce this risk and improve the patients' prognosis and quality of life. Objectives: The study evaluates the awareness and practice of thromboprophylaxis by physicians managing patients with hematological malignancies and identifies challenges with such practice. Subjects and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during the 42nd Annual General Meetings of the Nigerian Society of Haematology and Blood Transfusion held in Lagos 2016. A 12-item pretested questionnaire was used to obtain data on the perception and practice of thromboprophylaxis of hemato-oncologic patients from the 55 consenting hematologists in attendance. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21. Results: The awareness and practice rate of cancer thromboprophylaxis are 96.4% and 92.7%, respectively. Multiple myeloma is the most common neoplasm of which hematologists practice thromboprophylaxis. Warfarin is the most prescribed anticoagulant. Doppler ultrasonography and basic coagulation screening tests are most readily available investigations. Funding and laboratory insufficiency are the leading challenges mitigating against effective management of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Conclusion: There is a high level of awareness and practice of thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients by Nigerian hematologists; however, scarcity of fund for investigation and drug procurement and limited laboratory capacity to diagnose and monitor patients still constitute a challenge to effective management of VTE.

Scandals from an island: Testing Anglo-American corporate governance frameworks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an account of banking scandals in relation to corporate governance (CG) failures in an emerging economy, arguing that Anglo-American ideas of CG are misplaced in traditional settings.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders. Observations of annual general meetings (AGMs) and the personal working experience of one of the researchers, along with documentation, provided triangulating data on CG practices.FindingsThe authors have found that both of the banks studied had adopted CG practices contrary to the expectations of the Sri Lankan CG codes. Key features of CG practices that emerged from their investigations of these two scandals are ineffectual central bank regulations, familial boards of directors, ceremonial board meetings, biased auditing practices and manipulative AGMs, relying on traditional structures of accountability centred around families, kin and social networks.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors argue, drawing on Weber (1958, 1961, 1968, 1978), that the traditionalist culture mediates the process of rationality in bank governance codes and regulatory frameworks Therefore, practices fall far short of expectations.Originality/valueThe paper builds on the extended critique of shareholder-centric CG models and their transferability to alien contexts. It contributes to the CG studies calling for more appreciation of the need to move beyond the conventional view of CG problems as simply down to conflicts of interests. The authors complement and advance the decoupling debate in CG studies drawing on the Weberian notion of traditionalism.

Responding to policy change: New business models for renewable energy cooperatives – Barriers perceived by cooperatives’ members

Renewable Energy Cooperatives (RECs) in Germany have received considerable attention in recent years, their number having risen to nearly a thousand since 2004. This growth has resulted largely from Germany's feed-in tariff system. Recent changes in this policy, however, have made the previous REC business models mostly unprofitable, so RECs are looking for new business models. Our study aims at identifying those new models and characterizing the implementation barriers RECs face. To this end, we interviewed REC members and management and observed REC annual general meetings. We found three significant barriers: first, risk aversion on the part of both members and management; second, concerns about the environmental impacts or the ethics of certain models that, while legal, are not felt to align with the intentions of lawmakers; finally, the lack of competencies and time of the mostly unsalaried REC management. These barriers could put the future of RECs at risk, and so threaten the contributions RECs make to the German Energy Transition. Professionalization, partnerships and other strategies can help mitigate this risk. If RECs are to continue to play an important role in the energy transition, policy makers would be wise to consider measures to support their continued growth.

Empirical Evidence on the Role of Proxy Advisors in European Capital Markets

Responding to regulators’ requests and filling a void in the academic literature, this paper provides comprehensive empirical evidence on the role of proxy advisors in 14 European countries. Exploiting coverage data and using content analysis of proxy voting reports by Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass Lewis, we provide descriptive analyses of proxy advisors’ firm coverage, the variation and determinants of voting recommendations, the relation between voting recommendations and shareholder voting at annual general meetings, and market reactions to the release of voting recommendations. Overall, our findings suggest an economically important role of proxy advisors in European markets. Throughout our analyses, we document that this role varies with governance- and ownership-related firm characteristics and with country-level measures of institutional strength.

Annual General Meetings (2017) of National Pediatric Anesthesia Groups

Annual General Meetings (2017) of National Pediatric Anesthesia Groups

A Comparative Study of Gender Roles in Tea Sector in Embu and Murang’a Counties, Kenya: A Case Study of Smallholder Tea Farmers

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Men and women perform different roles within the household and in agricultural sector. However, women’s roles are more strenuous and more pronounced and they work extra hours in providing the much needed labour on the tea farms than the men counterpart. But in spite of women’s much involvement in agricultural sector, they undergo discrimination in all aspects not only related to land ownership but also kept out when it comes to control and access to the benefits accrued from tea farming. This study therefore sought to determine gender roles in tea production in Embu and Murang’a counties and also to assess the accessibility and control over the benefits accrued from tea farming by gender. Stratified random sampling; simple random sampling and Purposive sampling techniques were used to sample 276 respondents from estimated target population of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;18,000 tea growers from the two counties under study. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The study established that women perform more roles in tea plantation than their male counterparts. The findings clearly demonstrated that the most tedious and difficult roles that took long hours to accomplish were assigned to the women for instance, the plucking of tea, taking green leaves to the buying centre and collecting/receiving pay slips from the factory or buying centre was majorly done by the women but it’s men who goes to the bank to earn bonus and monthly payments for the work didn’t participate and also attending annual general meetings (AGMs) or any meetings at the factory or buying centre and even organized educational forums and surveys since they knew that at the end of it they would either receive certificate of participation and more importantly sitting allowance. The finding further revealed that, men were assigned themselves roles that lighter duties that might require bit of skills such as pruning of tea bushes and nursery establishment. On the other hand women are unable to attend the forums or meetings because of numerous roles waiting for them ranging from household chores to agricultural production. Although conflicts have been in arise over the control of proceeds of tea sales because men receive the benefits and women who worked for them do not seem to benefit much, this gender discrimination had negatively affected tea production and by extension resulted in decline of tea yields and neglected tea bush. This study recommends that Kenya tea development agency to increase its sensitization forums and conducts regular workshops to educate the tea growers on gender balance in regards to distribution of proceeds from tea sales, access to and control over tea benefits. This could not only help to empower and motivate women but also demystify the gender stereotypes that men have about women and therefore eliminate gender discrimination in tea growing communities.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;