Annual Temperature Fluctuations Research Articles

Local habitat heterogeneity rivals regional differences in coral thermal tolerance

AbstractVariable temperature regimes that expose corals to sublethal heat stress have been recognized as a mechanism to increase coral thermal tolerance and lessen coral bleaching. However, there is a need to better understand which thermal regimes maximize coral stress hardening. Here, standardized thermal stress assays were used to determine the relative thermal tolerance of three divergent genera of corals (Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites) originating from six reef sites representing an increasing gradient of annual mean diel temperature fluctuations of 1–3 °C day−1. Bleaching severity and dark-acclimated photochemical yield (i.e., Fv/Fm) were quantified following exposure to five temperature treatments ranging from 23.0 to 36.3 °C. The greatest thermal tolerance (i.e., Fv/Fm effective dose 50) was found at the site with intermediate mean diel temperature variability (2.2 °C day−1), suggesting there is an optimal priming exposure that leads to maximal thermal tolerance. Interestingly, Acropora and Pocillopora originating from the least thermally variable regimes (< 1.3 °C day−1) had lower thermal tolerance than corals from the most variable sites (> 2.8 °C day−1), whereas the opposite was true for Porites, suggesting divergent responses across taxa. Remarkably, comparisons across global studies revealed that the range in coral thermal tolerance uncovered in this study across a single reef (< 5 km) were as large as differences observed across vast latitudinal gradients (300–900 km). This finding indicates that local gene flow could improve thermal tolerance between habitats. However, as climate change continues, exposure to intensifying marine heatwaves is already compromising thermal priming as a mechanism to enhance coral thermal tolerance and bleaching resistance.

Climate Change Shocks and Credit Risk of Financial Institutions: Evidence from China’s Commercial Banks

ABSTRACT As global climate risk is looming in recent years, the climate risks faced by financial institutions are also increasing. Effectively quantifying and assessing climate-related financial risks is of great significance for financial institutions to establish risk management mechanisms. Accordingly, choosing Chinese commercial bank data from 2007 to 2019, this paper quantitatively evaluates the influence of climate change shock on the banks’ credit risk by taking the annual temperature fluctuation in cities as the core index to characterize the climate change degree. It is found that annual average temperature rise can significantly increase the credit risk level of commercial banks. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that small-scale banks, rural commercial banks, and commercial banks with higher marketization levels are more sensitive to climate change. Further analysis shows summer and autumn temperature changes have the most prominent impact on banks’ credit risk. Moreover, there is no obvious nonlinear relationship or lagged effects between annual temperature change and banks’ credit risk in our dataset.

Pre-landing Assessment of the Surface and Shallow Subsurface Thermal Setting of Mare Crisium of the Moon for the Heat Flow Measurement Planned on the Blue Ghost 1 Mission

In 2024, under NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative, a robotic lander will touch down in Mare Crisium of the Moon and deploy a heat flow probe. Ideally, the probe should penetrate the regolith deep enough (1.5–2 m) to avoid the influence of insolation, but it is a major challenge to excavate such a hole on a robotic mission. The present study assesses the insolation-induced temperature fluctuation in the shallower subsurface of the landing site in case the heat flow probe does not reach past that depth. The assessment was based on a newly constructed, one-dimensional heat conduction model, which accounted for the history of solar heat intake at the landing site for the past 100 yr. The thermal properties of the subsurface regolith of the model were constrained by the previous surface temperature observations by flyovers of NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the subsurface thermal measurement data from Apollo 17. The model showed that the amplitude of the insolation-induced annual subsurface temperature fluctuation is modulated by the 18.6 yr period precession of the Moon. The model also showed that the amplitude of this annual wave would be at (or close to) its minimum in 2024, when the mission would take place. Even though the thermal wave may be felt at depths greater than 1.5 m, because of its small amplitude, the thermal gradient in the depth range from 1 to 1.5 m would be within several percent of the gradient representative of the endogenic heat flow.

Middle Eocene Paleoclimate recorded in halite deposits in Jianghan Basin, central China

The Eocene epoch in China is characterized by the abundance of salt-mudstone rhythms in the eastern basins, which are considered ideal for the reconstruction of eastern Asian paleoclimate. Salt deposits correspond to relatively extreme climate events. However, due to insufficient independent temperature proxies, there is a lack of paleotemperature records obtained from salt laminae depositions. Here, we measured fluid inclusion by microthermometry to study halite samples from the third member of the Qianjiang Formation in the Qianjiang Depression, Jianghan Basin, central China. Following approprite sample preparation measures, homogenization temperatures (Th) of primary fluid inclusions in chevron and cumulate halite crystals that can represent air temperatures at the time of deposition, were plotted in two separate ranges: 12.1–29.9 °C and 36.2–47.2 °C, representing winter and summer temperature fluctuations, respectively. In comparison with modern evaporative environments and temperatures calculated from oxygen isotopes in mudstones and dolomites that are spatially related to our halite samples it was found that the annual temperature fluctuations in the middle Eocene of the Jianghan Basin has been very similar to the Badwater Basin in Death Valley. Furthermore, the salt rhythms were mainly controlled by water influx and evaporation capacity rather than the elevated temperatures. Ultimately, statistical analysis of the homogenization temperature data and cross-plots of the carbon and oxygen isotopes revealed a monsoon climate that could have been more likely to prevail during the middle Eocene epoch of the Jianghan Basin.

Scalable and dynamically passive thermal regulation over solar wavelengths enabled by phase-transition metamaterials

About 20% of all energy utilized worldwide is allocated to regulate the temperature of buildings through heating and cooling in response to seasonal changes. Numerous cutting-edge, low-carbon-footprint innovations have recently been demonstrated to assist resolve this issue, including passive radiative cooling and sun heating. Their accessibility is nevertheless constrained to particular seasons or climate zones by the steady and one-sided control of temperature. Here, taking advantage of recent breakthroughs in photonic manipulation and radiative heat transfer technology, we propose phase-transition metamaterials with dynamically passive and radiative thermal regulation capability for temperature control that can be scaled up for application in buildings. At a critical temperature, the sun absorptance of this metafilm can self-modulate from 0.9 to 0.18 as a result of temperature changes. This metafilm is made of reflective silver (Ag) thin film on top of polyethylene (PE) film with vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanoparticles embedded in it. By varying the volume percentages of the VO2 nanoparticles and the PE matrix thickness, this metafilm’s optical performance can be tailored. We model the inactive dynamic thermal regulator’s equilibrium temperature response to diurnal temperature swings. The industrial film extrusion approach has the potential to produce the nanoparticles embedded into the polymer structure, and the physical vapor deposition method can deposit the Ag thin film scalably, both of which are encouraging for scale-up deployment. This passive radiative heat thermal management technology can be potentially applied to regions with extreme annual temperature fluctuations.

Monitoring the Permafrost Conditions along Pipeline Routes in Central Yakutia, Russia

Pipelines are critical infrastructure for Yakutia, transporting vital supplies to communities in this vast northern region. The pipeline routes in central Yakutia traverse areas of ice-rich permafrost that is sensitive to temperature changes. This study examined the thermal state of permafrost in undisturbed and disturbed settings along the Lena River to Mundulakh Reservoir water pipeline and the Mastakh to Yakutsk gas pipeline and considered the effects of climatic fluctuations and surface disturbances (forest removal and wildfire) over the monitoring periods of 28 and 18 years, respectively. The geocryological conditions in the study area, as well as the methods of permafrost thermal monitoring, are described. The observation results demonstrated significant increases in the mean annual ground temperature in the upper permafrost layers, as well as in the active-layer thickness following fire and post-fire clearing. At some sites, progressive deepening of the active layer caused the formation of taliks and reached the top of massive ground ice, initiating permafrost degradation. The development of extreme ground temperatures in the layer of annual temperature fluctuations was analyzed according to the combination of seasonal and annual meteorological conditions and the type of anthropogenic impact. The research results can be extrapolated to similar anthropogenic landscapes.

Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Physio-Climatic changes in Tawang- Chu River Basin, Eastern Himalaya in India

The Tawang-Chu River Basin of the eastern Himalayas is a heterogenous region that is highly vulnerable to climate change. The changing temperature patterns in this mountain river basin play a vital role in changing the ecological system and inter-ecological nexus. Landsat satellite images were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) patterns in the basin. The changing trends of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were analyzed (at intervals of five years) using Landsat data. Changes in rainfall trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test. The results show that fluctuations in annual temperature and increasing rainfall uncertainties are affecting LULC vegetation health.

Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with polyfunctional products on the chlorophyll and nitrogen content in winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Stavropol Territory

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations Icar Sids, Sprintalga and Microfol Combi, conducted at the experimental field and in the laboratory of the Department of Plant Physiology of the North Caucasian FNAC in 2018–2021. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary medium–sized low–humus heavy loamy black soil, with very low availability of mineral nitrogen, medium – mobile phosphorus, insufficient – exchange potassium. The weather of the research area characterized by large amplitude of annual fluctuations in air temperature and precipitation. Weather conditions in 2018–2021 differed, both in the amount of precipitation and in the temperature regime. Studies were carried out in order to identify the physiological features of grain harvest formation during pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations on ordinary black soil of the Central Caucasus. To achieve this goal, the chlorophyll content in the organs of winter wheat plants was studied by extracting pigments with 96 % ethyl alcohol, nitrogen content in plants, account­ing for yield and studying the structure of the crop. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations contributed to an increase in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in plant organs by 4.3–17.9 %, and also influenced the consumption of mineral elements, increasing the nitrogen content in plants by an average of 15.6–42 %, depending on the phase of wheat development, which ultimately led to an increase in yield by 0.22–0.37 t/ha. The cost of preparations used for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds increased production costs by 167–349 rubles /ha, but due to the resulting crop increase, profit increased by 3099–4905 rubles /t, and the profitability of grain production by 9.2–14.1%.

Climatic Trends of Variable Temperate Environment: A Complete Time Series Analysis during 1980–2020

The western Himalayan region is susceptible to minor climate changes because of its fragile ecology, which might threaten the valley’s prestigious ecosystems and socio-economic components. The Himalayas’s local climate and weather are vulnerable to and interlinked with world-scale climatic changes since the region’s hydrology is predominantly dominated by snow and glaciers. The Himalayas, notably the Jammu and Kashmir region in the western Himalayas, has clearly shown distinct and robust evidence of climate change. This study used observed data to examine the climatic variability and trends of change in precipitation and temperature for the Kashmir valley between 1980 and 2020. Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Kokernag, Qazigund, Kupwara, and Srinagar (Shalimar) meteorological stations in the Kashmir valley were studied in detail for long- and short-term as well as localized fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. The annual temperature and precipitation fluctuations were calculated using Sen’s slope approach, and the sloping trend was determined using linear regression. The research showed statistically insignificant growing trends in maximum and minimum temperatures throughout the Kashmir valley. The average annual temperature in the Kashmir valley increased by 1.55 °C during the last 41 years (from 1980 to 2020), with a higher rise in maximum and minimum temperature by 2.00 and 1.10 °C, respectively. However, precipitation showed a non-significant decreasing trend concerning time series analysis over 1980 to 2020 in Kashmir valley. Results of annual average maximum temperature at all the stations revealed that Pahalgam (2.2 °C), Kokernag (1.8 °C), and Kupwara (1.8 °C) displayed a steep upsurge and statistically significant trends; however, annual average minimum temperature followed an increasing trend from 1980 to 2020 at all the stations except Shalimar. However, non-significant declining trends in precipitation were recorded at all the locations in Kashmir valley. This changing pattern of temperature and precipitation could have significant environmental consequences, affecting the western Himalayan region’s food security and ecological sustainability.

Maximum critical temperature and oxygen consumption during thermoregulation in Macrobrachium americanum (Bate, 1868) adult prawns

Macrobrachium americanum is a large prawn living in rivers and coastal water bodies of tropical and subtropical ecosystems of the Pacific side of the Americas. Water temperature and salinity are the main physicochemical variables determining its distribution. Temperature also influences its metabolic rate, which determines growth rate and reproduction. Because of this, preferred temperature, critical thermal maximum (CTMax), and O2 consumption rates at four temperatures (20, 24, 28, and 32°C) were tested from wild prawns in laboratory assays. Those temperatures correspond to the annual temperature fluctuations at the sampling site. The final preferred temperature of this species is close to 26.4°C. The acclimatization temperature has an almost linear effect on the CTMax (R2 = 0.987, P < 0.05), and the oxygen consumption routine rates increased as the acclimation temperature increased from 20 to 32°C.

Calculation of the Fourier criterion in predicting the thermal regime of thawed and frozen dispersed rocks

The purpose of this work was to determine the range of changes in the Fourier criterion (number) when predicting the thermal regime of dispersed rocks in thawed and frozen state. And, also an assessment of the possibility of averaging the thermophysical characteristics of rocks to obtain universal values of Fourier numbers. To achieve this goal, an assessment of the influence of the thermophysical properties of dispersed rocks on the range of changes in the values of the Fourier number used in thermal calculations of technical objects of the cryolithozone is made. The calculation formulas took into account the functional dependence of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, density and specific heat capacity of rocks on humidity (iciness) in the thawed and frozen state. As an example, a mixture of quartz sandstone with water in a thawed and frozen state is considered when the ice content changes from zero (dry quartz sandstone) to full moisture saturation. It is established that the range and nature of the change in Fourier numbers for thawed and frozen dispersed rocks, depending on their humidity (iciness), differs significantly, not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively: for thawed dispersed rocks, the Fourier number decreases with increasing humidity, and for frozen rocks increases. The possibility of averaging the thermophysical characteristics of rocks to obtain universal values of Fourier numbers has been evaluated. It is shown that the use of universal Fourier numbers leads to a significant error for both thawed and frozen rocks and their use in thermal calculations with annual temperature fluctuations is impractical.

Investigating the climate-adaptive design strategies of residential earth-sheltered buildings in Iran

PurposeThe earth-sheltered building is an adaptive strategy reducing energy consumption as well as increasing thermal comfort of the residents. Although this idea historically implemented in the city of Yazd, Iran, its effects on thermal comfort have not been studied thoroughly. This paper aims to discuss and analyze energy performance, in terms of parameters such as orientation, underground depth, nocturnal ventilation and its subsequent effects on thermal comfort in earth-sheltered buildings in Yazd.Design/methodology/approachUsing EnergyPlus software, the obtained numeric data are precisely modeled, simulated and analyzed.FindingsResults show that there is a direct relationship between depth of construction and energy consumption savings. The more construction depth of earth-sheltered buildings, the more percentage of energy consumption savings, that is of a higher rate in comparison to the aboveground ones. However, in south orientation, energy saving significantly reduces from depth of 2 m downwards and the annual indoor temperature fluctuation decreases by 50%. This subsequently yields to experiencing indoor thermal comfort for a significant number of days throughout the year. Considering the effects of orientation factor, the south orientation regardless of the depth provides the most desired outcome regarding energy savings.Originality/valueSimulating the model generalized to the sunken courtyard can approve that the results of this research can be applied to the other models.

Distributions and sources of isoprenoidal GDGTs in Lake Lugano and other central European (peri-)alpine lakes: Lessons for their use as paleotemperature proxies

Isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (isoGDGT) lipids occur ubiquitously in freshwater and marine environments. Since their distribution varies with temperature, sedimentary isoGDGTs have been used as proxies for the reconstruction of past continental climate for almost two decades. Yet, their application in lacustrine sediments is still not well constrained because the niches of isoGDGT-producing microorganisms in lakes are often ill-defined. Here, we study the distribution of isoGDGTs and their hydroxy derivatives (OH-isoGDGTs) in the water column of the deep (288 m), meromictic northern basin of Lake Lugano (Switzerland) using quantitative analysis of various pools of isoGDGTs and the stable carbon isotopic composition of isoGDGT-derived biphytanes. We provide strong evidence for archaeal water column sources of the isoGDGTs, based on comparison of lipid data with microbial diversity determined by 16S rRNA next generation sequencing. We find highest concentrations (i.e., 40 ng L−1) of crenarchaeol, the isoGDGTs specific for thaumarchaea, in suspended particle matter (SPM) from deeper (30–100 m) waters below the thermocline. This correlates well with thaumarchaeal 16S rRNA gene abundances, comprised by a single thaumarchaeote of the order Nitrosopumilales. The concentrations of OH-isoGDGT with 0–2 cyclopentane rings follow this profile, suggesting an identical archaeal source. In the deeper anoxic waters, the archaeal community changes substantially and was comprised of various members of the Bathyarchaeota, Diapherotrites, Euryarchaeota, and Woesearchaeota. This change is accompanied by a changing distribution of isoGDGTs with a high contribution of GDGT-0 with a polar head group, and a more negative δ13C value of the acyclic biphytane derived thereof. Comparison of the isoGDGT composition (distribution and δ13C) in the surface sediment with that of the sinking particle flux studied over 1 year at three depths indicates substantial downward transport of isoGDGTs to the sediments from the waters between the thermocline and the anoxic hypolimnion, but not from the deeper (>100 m) waters. The relatively low value for the isoGDGT-based TEX86 value (ca. 0.40) in the surface sediment is similar to that of the in-situ produced isoGDGTs in the waters below the thermocline, and is consistent with the year-around low water temperatures (<6 °C). We also analyzed the isoGDGT composition in surface sediments of 36 additional (peri-)alpine lakes in Central Europe; their isoGDGT concentration and distribution show a clear-cut difference based on lake size. In relatively large and deep lakes, like the Lake Lugano North Basin, the crenarchaeol concentration was much higher than in small-sized and shallow lakes, because Nitrosopumilales spp. have seemingly no niche in shallower waters (0–∼30 m depth), and production, and hence preservation in the sedimentary record, of crenarchaeol (and other thaumarchaeal isoGDGTs) is much lower than in large lakes. We argue that in the mid-latitudinal large and deep (peri-)alpine lakes Nitrosopumilales spp. generally thrive in cold waters below the thermocline, where temperature is largely not affected by fluctuations in mean annual air temperature. Therefore, the TEX86 paleothermometer is relative insensitive to atmospheric temperature changes in these lakes. In the small-sized and shallow lakes and ponds crenarchaeol can still be present but is probably mainly derived from Nitrososphaerales spp. (either from in-situ production or soil erosion). These thaumarchaea are characterized by a higher relative content of the crenarchaeol isomer than the Nitrosopumilales spp. at the same temperature, which may compromise accurate paleotemperature estimations using the TEX86 for small/shallow lakes.

Summer Oxygen Dynamics on a Southern Arabian Gulf Coral Reef

During the summer the Arabian Gulf is the world's warmest sea, also characterized by hypersalinity and extreme annual temperature fluctuations (12–35oC), making it marginal for coral growth. Yet extensive reefs occur in all eight nations bordering the Gulf. Here we present data demonstrating recurrent summer hypoxia events [oxygen concentration (O2) &amp;lt;2 mg l−1] at a reef in the southern Gulf. Currently these episodes are short enough (median 3 h, max 10 h) to preclude mass mortality. Will this always be the case? Predicting future Gulf hypoxia risk for coral reef ecosystems requires diagnosing the underlying causes driving the timing and magnitude of O2 swings. To this end, we compare our data with the output of a simple coupled 1-D water column/biogeochemical model of the reef environment. This allows us to give quantitative estimates of the O2 fluxes produced by photosynthesis both in the water column and within the coral framework, by respiration processes in the benthos, and from the atmosphere. We demonstrate the role of turbulent mixing, and in particular of tides, in shaping the temporal variability of the amplitude of the diel O2 cycle. We find that, in spite of significant turbulent mixing, which maintains the temperature vertically well-mixed, the biological O2 production and consumption is dominant over the atmospheric O2 flux, and is sufficient to generate vertical differences of 1 to 5 mg l−1 between the bottom and 1.5 m above it. While estimating future trends of hypoxia frequency will require further study, the present findings single out the relevant physical and biological processes (and their interplay) which deserve further scrutiny. The Gulf today experiences temperatures expected to occur across much of the tropics by the end of the century, and the observation of recurrent hypoxia events in the Gulf suggests that similar hypoxic phenomena may represent an important, but to date underappreciated, threat to the future of global coral reefs.

Plant Hardiness Zone Map in Korea and an Analysis of the Distribution of Evergreen Trees in Zone 7b

Background and objective This study was conducted to establish a Plant Hardiness Zone (PHZ) map, investigate the effect of global warming on changes in PHZ, and elucidate the difference in the distribution of evergreen trees between the central and southern region within hardiness Zone 7b in Korea. Methods Mean annual extreme minimum temperature (EMT) and related temperature fluctuation data for 40 years (1981 to 2020) in each of the meteorological observation points were extracted from the Open MET Data Portal of the Korea Meteorological Administration. Using EMT data from 60 meteorological observation points, PHZs were classified according to temperature range in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Changes in PHZs for each decade related to the effects of global warming were analyzed. Temperature fluctuation before and after the day of EMT were analyzed for 4 areas of Seoul, Suwon, Suncheon, and Jinju falling under Zone 7b. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were performed using the IBM SPSS 22 Statistics software package. Results Plant hardiness zones in Korea ranged from 6a to 9b. Over four decades, changes to warmer PHZ occurred in 10 areas, especially in colder ones. Based on the analysis of daily temperature fluctuation, the duration of sub-zero temperatures was at least 2 days in Seoul and Suwon, while daily maximum temperatures were above zero in Suncheon and Jinju before and after EMT day. Conclusion It was found that the duration of sub-zero temperatures in a given area is an important factor affecting the distribution of evergreen trees in PHZ 7b.

Long-term interplay between harvest regimes and biophysical conditions may lead to persistent changes in age at sexual maturity of Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua)

This investigation commenced by constructing principal maturation schedule equations as a function of fishing mortality (F), key biophysical factors and a term attributed to fisheries-induced adaptive change (FIAC). Following the onset of industrial trawl fishery on the model stock, Northeast Arctic cod (NEAC; Gadus morhua) (1934–2020), F on immature age group 5–8 years (F5-8) increased and mean age at 50% maturity (A50) decreased from ≈10 years in the late 1940s to ≈7 years today. Large annual fluctuations in total stock biomass (TSB), sea temperature (KolaT) and F5-8 were used to better understand A50 responses. In the model, the annual accumulation of F5-8 drives FIAC. The model includes the option that NEAC may sustain F5-8 up to a certain level (F_bal) before FIAC becomes statistically evident, with F_bal falling between 0.00 and 0.40 for A50. This dynamic range in F_bal indicates a sophisticated, underlying adaptive response. Independent of F_bal, our analysis clarifies that FIAC is necessary to explain the observed changes in A50.

ASSESSMENT OF SOME METEOROLOGY DATA OF AVERAGE MONTHLY AIR TEMPERATURE OVER MONGOLIA USING DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM) AND GIS TECHNIQUES

Abstract. The climate of Mongolia is a harsh continental climate with four distinctive seasons, high annual and diurnal temperature fluctuations, and low rainfall. Because of the country’s high altitude, it is generally colder than that of other countries in the same latitude. This study focuses on evaluating the suitability of two interpolation methods in terms of their accuracy at the air temperature data in Mongolia. Four data sets of air temperature from 1982 to 2019 in 60 meteorological stations located in Mongolia and elaborated from a 90 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM), latitude and longitude using two interpolation methods. ArcGIS is used to produce the spatially distributed air temperature data by using IDW and ordinary kriging. Three statistical methods are multiple regression, RMSE and bias, which showed that the IDW the best for this data from other methods by the results that have been obtained. Statistics on the latitude, longitude and surface elevation of each of the 37 years in Mongolia at 60 meteorological stations have been statistically valid with dependent coefficients at 95–99.9%. As the average air temperature, recorded at the meteorological stations, had a statistical correlation of −0.606 with latitude, 0.295 with longitude, and −0.432 with altitude, a multiple regression equation was developed and a highly accurate map for long terms air temperature covering 1982–2019 using interpolation IDW and Kriging method. Also, the highest RMSE value for maps used IDW was 1.38 while the lowest and average values were 0.03 and 0.44, respectively, and the highest bias was 1.21, lowest 0.95, and average 1.01. As opposed to, highest RMSE value for maps that used Kriging, was 6.16, lowest 0.27 and average 1.08 while highest bias was 1.29 and lowest was 0.85, with 1.01 as average. This demonstrates that IDW offers much better accuracy as opposed to Kriging and shows less bias errors. When the air temperature map that used the IDW method is compared against the meteorological station data the significance was 0.98 and when compared against ERA5 model results, significance was 0.95 showing strong statistical significance. Also, a comparison of air temperature map, processed by Kriging method and the meteorological station data shows 0.97 statistical significance, and comparison with ERA5 model shows (validation) 0.94 significance, which is very high. The mean value of the calculated temperature regression model in Mongolia and the root mean square error 0.02–0.09 for each station indicates that the estimation method is good and can be used in the future.

Ихтиофауна прибрежной зоны Чёрного моря в районе бухты Ласпинская (Крым)

В настоящее время в Чёрном море протекают процессы осолонения и изменения среднегодовой температуры, которые уже обусловили естественное расселение различных представителей фауны Средиземноморского бассейна и Индийского океана и привели к изменению видового состава и структуры сообществ рыб, населяющих прибрежную зону Крымского полуострова. Вследствие этого возникла необходимость в изучении современного состава ихтиофауны и в оценке показателей её видового богатства и разнообразия. Бухта Ласпинская выбрана в качестве модельного полигона на основании следующих причин: относительно невысокий уровень антропогенной нагрузки; принадлежность части её акватории к особо охраняемым природным территориям и отсутствие рыбопромысловой деятельности прибрежными ставными орудиями лова; постоянный свободный заход пелагических видов рыб; наличие разнообразных биотопов; плавный переход глубин. Вышеперечисленные особенности бухты позволяют оценить наличие рыб разных экологических групп и обеспечивают условия для проведения мониторинга. Исследование выполняли в весенне-осенние периоды 1990–1994 и 2017–2018 гг. Материал собирали сетными орудиями лова, крючковыми снастями и ловушками. Постановку сетей проводили на разных глубинах перпендикулярно и параллельно берегу в дневное (10:00–18:00) и ночное (18:00–06:00) время. Также осуществляли визуальные наблюдения. Всего зарегистрировано 70 видов рыб. Из них 14 ранее не были отмечены в данном районе; пять из них [сальпа Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758), красноротый бычок Gobius cruentatus Gmelin, 1789, лысун Бата Pomatoschistus bathi Miller, 1982, зелёная морская собачка Parablennius incognitus (Bath, 1968) и четырёхполосый хромогобиус Chromogobius quadrivittatus (Steindachner, 1863)] являются недавними вселенцами, активно распространяющимися в Чёрном море только на протяжении последних 15–20 лет. Бόльшая часть проанализированных видов (64) — морские эвригалинные рыбы. Солоноватоводная группа представлена тремя аборигенными для Чёрного моря видами — бычком-рыжиком Ponticola eurycephalus (Kessler, 1874), бычком-кругляком Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) и бычком-мартовиком Mesogobius batrachocephalus (Pallas, 1814). Среди проходных рыб зарегистрированы севрюга Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 и два вида семейства сельдевых — черноморский пузанок Alosa tanaica (Grimm, 1901) и сельдь черноморско-азовская проходная Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835. Установлено, что сезонная динамика видового разнообразия рыб изучаемой акватории связана с изменением численности локальных скоплений ставриды Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868). В апреле — мае, во время подхода данного вида на мелководье для нагула и размножения, индексы имеют наименьшие значения; в августе, когда численность ставрид уменьшается, отмечены максимальные значения.

Adaptation of anammox granules in swine wastewater treatment to low temperatures at a full-scale simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification plant

In the anammox process, maintaining a high anammox activity at low water temperatures for stable nitrogen removal is a challenge. In this study, to verify the adaptability of anammox to low water temperatures, we investigated effects of annual temperature fluctuations on nitrogen removal in a full-scale swine wastewater treatment plant, where anammox bacteria accumulated. Annual quarters were defined as L-1 (November–January), L-2 (February–April), H-1 (April–July), and H-2 (July–October). The total nitrogen removal rate was stable at 0.08–0.11 kg-N/m3/d, even during temperature fluctuations. Removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen were consistently high at 95–99% and 69–81%, respectively. The anammox activity and abundance of anammox bacteria were highest in granule L-1 and lowest in granule H-2. The optimal temperature for anammox activity shifted from 35 °C in granules H-1 and H-2 to 30 °C in granules L-1 and L-2, while the latter maintained a moderate activity compared to the former at low temperature. Candidatus Jettenia asiatica was predominant, especially in granule L-2, accounting for up to 54% of the microbial community composition at the genus level. The high specific anammox activity in granule L-2 was considered to be due to the abundance of anammox bacteria and the adaptation of Ca. Jettenia asiatica to low temperature. The anammox granules adapted well to low temperatures and demonstrated high efficiency in the simultaneous partial nitrification anammox and denitrification process without heating. Thus, constructing an energy-saving and cost-effective nitrogen removal system can be considered.

Dependence of seasonal dynamics of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes on the climate of a region: A meta-analysis.

Cardiovascular events occur more often in winter than in summer; however, the dependence of strokes on various meteorological factors remains unclear. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the dependence of the circannual dynamics of hospitalizations for hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke on seasonal fluctuations in meteorological factors. For our meta-analysis, we selected 20 and 26 publications examining the seasonal dynamics of hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke, respectively . The meta-analysis showed that hemorrhagic stroke is less likely to occur in summer than in other seasons and does not depend on a region's climate. The seasonal dynamics of ischemic stroke are not clearly expressed and are determined by the characteristics of a region's climate. In a climate without pronounced seasonal dynamics of atmospheric pressure and in wet winters, the vector of ischemic stroke incidents will not be expressed or slightly shifted toward winter. Low atmospheric pressure in summer is associated with an increased likelihood of ischemic stroke during this season compared to winter. There was also a relation between ischemic stroke risk with high relative humidity and a significant decrease in ρO2 in summer, but there is not enough evidence regarding this association. We did not reveal dependence of the seasonal dynamics of strokes on the amplitude of annual fluctuations in air temperature.