Annual Export Research Articles

Direct Exports of Phosphorus from Fertilizers Applied to Grazed Pastures.

Since its discovery in 1669, phosphorus (P) in the form of fertilizer has become an essential input for many agroecosystems. By introducing a concentrated P source, fertilizers increase short-term P export potential soon after their application and longer-term export potential by increasing soil fertility (legacy P). The 4R concept was developed to help mitigate P exports from the fertilizers that sustain agricultural productivity. This review investigates the factors affecting P exports soon after the application of mineral fertilizers to pasture-based grazing systems and studies quantifying its potential impact in different systems, with an emphasis on Australasia. Initially, P fertilizers and reactions that might affect their short-term P export potential are reviewed, along with P transport pathways, the forms of P exported from grazing systems, factors affecting P mobilization into water, and studies demonstrating the possible short-term effects of fertilizer application on P exports. Using that foundation, we review studies quantifying the short-term impact of fertilizer application in different regions; they show that under poor management, recently applied fertilizer can contribute a considerable proportion (30-80%) of total farm P exports in drainage, but when fertilizer is well-managed, that figure is expected to be <10%. We then use three model systems of varying hydrology that are common to Australasia to demonstrate the principles for selecting fertilizers that are likely to minimize P exports soon after their application.

A Study on the Correlation Analysis of China's IC Industry Profit and R&D Expenditure, New Products Development Costs and Annual Export Volume

IC industry is one of the foundation and core industries of modern information industry. Therefore, the study of this industry has important theoretical and practical significance. The main purpose of this study is to measure the degree of close correlation between the two indexes through correlation analysis of the selected indicators, so as to study the development trend and direction of IC. Based on the theory of induced innovation and the theory of comparative advantage, this paper analyzes the correlation between the profit of the IC industry and the following three indicators by using chart analysis method, covariance analysis method and correlation coefficient analysis method. These three indicators are R&D expenditure, new product development costs and annual export amount of IC. The selected data are mainly from CHINA STATISTICS YEARBOOK ON HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY. Through the research, it is found that the profit of China’s IC industry is positively correlated with the first two indicators and negatively correlated with the annual export amount.

The Effects of Urbanization and Retention‐Based Stormwater Management on Coastal Plain Stream Nutrient Export

AbstractStormwater nutrient pollution can be more effectively managed if there is a predictable link between urbanization and pollutant export. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of increased watershed impervious surface cover (ISC) and retention‐based stormwater management on stream discharge and nutrient export from coastal plain streams in the southeastern United States. To quantify coastal plain stream nutrient export, measurements of stream discharge and concentrations of dissolved nutrients, particulate nitrogen, and algal biomass (as chlorophyll a) were collected during baseflow and stormflow for four years from five streams on Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune near Jacksonville, North Carolina. The study streams had watersheds that spanned a range of ISC (1–38%) and included an urban watershed drained extensively by stormwater ponds. Urban streams had higher rates of annual discharge than less impacted streams due to elevated discharge at all rates of flow, more cumulative discharge at high flows, and dampened seasonal patterns. Streams with higher watershed ISC had higher rates of annual export of all measured nutrients due to increased stream discharge and concentrations of inorganic and particulate nitrogen. The relative importance of dissolved organic nitrogen decreased with watershed ISC, but it was still the dominant form of nitrogen export in every study stream except the stream that was dominated by particulate nitrogen export from stormwater pond algal production. Based on these findings, this study suggests that stormwater management emphasizing stormwater harvesting and evapotranspiration, increased wetland area, and decreased anthropogenic nutrient sources could reduce nutrient export from urban coastal plain streams.

Development of design criteria for reducing wear in iron ore transfer chutes

In high throughput Australian iron ore handling operations, premature failure of conveyor belts and transfer chutes due to wear is of great significance to the success of operations. Here, a down time in the order of a few hours may result in millions of tonnes of annual export losses. Optimisation of existing or brownfield high capacity and utilisation mine, plant and port facilities with minimial capital spend has not always reduced maintenance costs. Gauging the success of such endevours allows for the establishment of design standards that are becoming accepted by the iron ore industry. The aim of these standards is to improve functionality and maximise the service life of installed equipment without compromising flow performance.This paper outlines key criteria for design standards, with a focus on minimising conveyor transfer and belt wear, that can be integrated into an existing frawework of engineering management in iron ore operations. Research and industry experience are blended with a theoretical (continuum mechancis based) and numerical (Discrete Element Method based) modelling assessment. A qualitative modelling case study is presented investigating the sensitivities associated with transfer chute design geometry and the resulting chute and belt wear life. An outline of the elements for consideration towards design criteria specification in iron ore transfers is presented. Such specifications must result in adequacy of the designed transfer to meet both technical and functional requirements across the range of operational conditions and variation of the characteristics of the ores handled.

Seasonal changes in the chemical composition and reactivity of dissolved organic matter at the land-ocean interface of a subtropical river.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a critical component in aquatic ecosystems, yet its seasonal variability and reactivity remain not well constrained. These were investigated at the land-ocean interface of a subtropical river (Minjiang River, SE China), using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The annual export flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Minjiang River (5.48 × 1010 g year-1) was highest among the rivers adjacent to the Taiwan Strait, with 72% occurring in spring and summer. The freshwater absorption coefficient a280, DOC-specific UV absorbance SUVA254 and humification index HIX were higher, while the spectral slope S275-295 and biological index BIX were lower in summer than in winter. This suggests intensified export of terrestrial aromatic and high molecular weight constituents in the rainy summer season. Six fluorescent components were identified from 428 samples, including humic-like C1-C3, tryptophan-like C4 and C6, and tyrosine-like C5. The freshwater levels of four components (C1, C2, C4, and C6) were lower while that of C5 was higher in the wet season than in the dry season, suggesting contrasting seasonal variations of different constituents. Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the effects of photochemical and microbial degradation on DOM. Photo-degradation removed chromophoric and fluorescent DOM (CDOM and FDOM) effectively, which was stronger (i) for high molecular weight/humic constituents and (ii) during summer under higher solar radiation. Microbial degradation under laboratory controlled conditions generally showed little effect on DOC, and had smaller impact on CDOM and FDOM in winter than in summer. Overall, this study showed notable seasonal changes in the chemical composition and reactivity of DOM at the land-ocean interface, and demonstrated the significant effects of photo-degradation.

Measuring the impact of crises in the horticultural sector: the case of Spain

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the literature on image crises in the food industry as well as provide a diachronic analysis to distinguish between the varying types of crises that played a critical role in the horticultural sector in recent decades, focussing on the particular case of Spain as the largest horticultural exporter in Europe. This research also analyses the economic impact of these crises upon demand.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical analysis has been conducted using inverse demand models to determine the prospective impact on demand of the image crises in the main European destination markets.FindingsThe empirical analysis reveals an immediate impact upon demand (imports) in the short term. Sector crises invariably have one or many “explosion” points when they reach the public sphere. These events reduce demand among European consumers, ultimately leading to a decrease in imported goods. The tested models revealed considerably significant losses that subsequently reduce annual exports by more than 3 per cent. The analysis also reveals strong effects of complementarity and substitution among the various products that comprise the horticultural supply.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has not taken into account several movements that have also affected the horticultural sector, such as “anti-consumption” and boycotts. Empirical results reveal a strong impact of image crises on demand (imports) in the short term. Consequently, there is an evident need to undertake actions, managed from the supply origin, that reach the consumer and effectively re-establish the prestige of the Spanish production system.Practical implicationsThis paper highlights the importance of the mass media in consumer attitudes and perceptions, and the need to create channels of direct communication to break the information asymmetry between production and consumption areas.Originality/valueThis paper sheds new light on the literature of image crises. The findings of this research have contributed to greater knowledge of how image crises influence demand. From the point of view of management, these results can have practical implications for the highly competitive sector of horticultural production.

Emergence of Midges (Chironomidae, Diptera) from a Saline Lake as a Source of Organic Matter and Essential Biochemical Compounds for Arid Ecosystems in South Siberia

Midges (Chironomidae, Diptera) are dominant amphibiotic insects in zoobenthos of the large saline Lake Shira located in the arid landscape of South Siberia. During two vegetation seasons we measured the dynamics of chironomid emergence from littoral parts of four stations in the lake. During one of the vegetation seasons we also measured chironomid emergence from profundal parts (depth of 6 m) of the same stations using original floating traps. Both seasonal dynamics and daily means of emergence values significantly varied among the studied stations and depths and were related to the bottom sediment type. The annual export of wet biomass (calculated as the sum of daily values for a vegetation season) was equal to 0.61 g per square meter of water surface and included proportional contributions of the areas with various bottom sediment types. Based on the values of benthic secondary production, we estimated additional annual export of chironomid biomass from the profundal part of the lake of approximately 1 g of wet weight · m−2. Besides, the total export of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) calculated using the previous data on PUFA content in the studied chironomid taxa (~ 2 mg · m−2 year−1) appeared to be one of the lowest when compared to estimations for chironomids and some other amphibiotic taxa from similar steppe landscapes

Born captive: A survey of the lion breeding, keeping and hunting industries in South Africa.

Commercial captive breeding and trade in body parts of threatened wild carnivores is an issue of significant concern to conservation scientists and policy-makers. Following a 2016 decision by Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, South Africa must establish an annual export quota for lion skeletons from captive sources, such that threats to wild lions are mitigated. As input to the quota-setting process, South Africa’s Scientific Authority initiated interdisciplinary collaborative research on the captive lion industry and its potential links to wild lion conservation. A National Captive Lion Survey was conducted as one of the inputs to this research; the survey was launched in August 2017 and completed in May 2018. The structured semi-quantitative questionnaire elicited 117 usable responses, representing a substantial proportion of the industry. The survey results clearly illustrate the impact of a USA suspension on trophy imports from captive-bred South African lions, which affected 82% of respondents and economically destabilised the industry. Respondents are adapting in various ways, with many euthanizing lions and becoming increasingly reliant on income from skeleton export sales. With rising consumer demand for lion body parts, notably skulls, the export quota presents a further challenge to the industry, regulators and conservationists alike, with 52% of respondents indicating they would adapt by seeking ‘alternative markets’ for lion bones if the export quota allocation restricted their business. Recognizing that trade policy toward large carnivores represents a ‘wicked problem’, we anticipate that these results will inform future deliberations, which must nonetheless also be informed by challenging inclusive engagements with all relevant stakeholders.

Contributions of advection and melting processes to the decline in sea ice in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean

Abstract. The Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean (PA, hereafter) is a region sensitive to climate change. Given the alarming changes in sea ice cover during recent years, knowledge of sea ice loss with respect to ice advection and melting processes has become critical. With satellite-derived products from the National Snow and Ice Center (NSIDC), a 38-year record (1979–2016) of the loss in sea ice area in summer within the Pacific-Arctic (PA) sector due to the two processes is obtained. The average sea ice outflow from the PA to the Atlantic-Arctic (AA) Ocean during the summer season (June–September) reaches 0.173×106 km2, which corresponds to approximately 34 % of the mean annual export (October to September). Over the investigated period, a positive trend of 0.004×106 km2 yr−1 is also observed for the outflow field in summer. The mean estimate of sea ice retreat within the PA associated with summer melting is 1.66×106 km2, with a positive trend of 0.053×106 km2 yr−1. As a result, the increasing trends of ice retreat caused by outflow and melting together contribute to a stronger decrease in sea ice coverage within the PA (0.057×106 km2 yr−1) in summer. In percentage terms, the melting process accounts for 90.4 % of the sea ice retreat in the PA in summer, whereas the remaining 9.6 % is explained by the outflow process, on average. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the connections are relatively strong (R=0.63), moderate (R=-0.46), and weak (R=-0.24) between retreat of sea ice and the winds associated with the dipole anomaly (DA), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO), respectively. The DA participates by impacting both the advection (R=0.74) and melting (R=0.55) processes, whereas the NAO affects the melting process (R=-0.46).

Catchment-scale Phosphorus Export through Surface and Drainage Pathways.

The site-specific nature of P fate and transport in drained areas exemplifies the need for additional data to guide implementation of conservation practices at the catchment scale. Total P (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and total suspended solids (TSS) were monitored at five sites-two streams, two tile outlets, and a grassed waterway-in three agricultural subwatersheds (221.2-822.5 ha) draining to Black Hawk Lake in western Iowa. Median TP concentrations ranged from 0.034 to 1.490 and 0.008 to 0.055 mg P L for event and baseflow samples, respectively. The majority of P and TSS export occurred during precipitation events and high-flow conditions with greater than 75% of DRP, 66% of TP, and 59% of TSS export occurring during the top 25% of flows from all sites. In one subwatershed, a single event (annual recurrence interval < 1 yr) was responsible for 46.6, 84.0, and 81.0% of the annual export of TP, DRP, and TSS, respectively, indicating that frequent, small storms have the potential to result in extreme losses. Isolated monitoring of surface and drainage transport pathways indicated significant P and TSS losses occurring through drainage; over the 2-yr study period, the drainage pathway was responsible for 69.8, 59.2, and 82.6% of the cumulative TP, DRP, and TSS export, respectively. Finally, the results provided evidence that particulate P losses in drainage were greater than dissolved P losses. Understanding relationships between flow, precipitation, transport pathway, and P fraction at the catchment scale is needed for effective conservation practice implementation.

The causal relationship between innovation, competitiveness and foreign trade in developed and developing countries

In this paper, we examine the causal relations between competitiveness, innovation and foreign trade for 31 developed and 26 developing countries using panel causality analysis between 2007 and 2017. Global competitiveness, global innovation, information and communication technologies, development indices and annual export rates of countries are selected as variables for analysis. We first test for cross sectional dependence, the result of which proves that there is cross sectional dependence. Following this, we apply the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality analysis, which takes into account the correlation between cross sections. According to the results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test, unidirectional causality is detected from export to innovation and information-communication technology, from information-communication technology to competitiveness in both developed and developing countries. Unlike the developed country group results, the developing country group findings show unidirectional causality from competitiveness to export and from innovation to competitiveness. These findings suggest that foreign trade dynamics are different in developed and developing countries.

Forecasting exports and imports through artificial neural network and autoregressive integrated moving average

Nowadays, Saudi government has established several strategic tactics such as Saudi Vision 2030 to predict the future of the country. In order to accomplish a superior growth in the economy of the country, mathematical model and forecasting techniques are important tools. In this study, total annual exports and imports of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are forecasted using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. This paper tries to predict a time series data using ANN and ARIMA models on total annual exports and imports of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from the year 1968 to the year 2017 with the help of statistical software XLSTAT. The applied models are used to predict some future values of total annual exports and imports of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is found that the ANN and ARIMA (1, 1, 2) and ARIMA (0, 1, 1) models are suitable for predicting the total annual exports and imports of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

High-Frequency Variability of Small-Particle Carbon Export Flux in the Northeast Atlantic.

The biological carbon pump exports carbon fixed by photosynthesis out of the surface ocean and transfers it to the deep, mostly in the form of sinking particles. Despite the importance of the pump in regulating the air‐sea CO2 balance, the magnitude of global carbon export remains unclear, as do its controlling mechanisms. A possible sinking flux of carbon to the mesopelagic zone may be via the mixed‐layer pump: a seasonal net detrainment of particulate organic carbon (POC)‐rich surface waters, caused by sequential deepening and shoaling of the mixed layer. In this study, we present a full year of daily small‐particle POC concentrations derived from glider optical backscatter data, to study export variability at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) sustained observatory in the Northeast Atlantic. We observe a strong seasonality in small‐particle transfer efficiency, with a maximum in winter and early spring. By calculating daily POC export driven by mixed‐layer variations, we find that the mixed‐layer pump supplies an annual flux of at least 3.0 ± 0.9 g POC·m−2·year−1 to the mesopelagic zone, contributing between 5% and 25% of the total annual export flux and likely contributing to closing a gap in the mesopelagic carbon budget found by other studies. These are, to our best knowledge, the first high‐frequency observations of export variability over the course of a full year. Our results support the deployment of bio‐optical sensors on gliders to improve our understanding of the ocean carbon cycle on temporal scales from daily to annual.

Estimating the impact of export costs on Vietnam‟s export

In the context of increasing international competition, production and export costs are the two crucial factors affecting the competitiveness and sustainability of developing ountries’ export growth The p per hen e fo use on estim ting the imp t of export ost on Vien m’s export value. This paper employed panel data set which covers the annual export from 2001 to 2013 of 70 Vietnamese major exporters with 910 observations. Hausman – Taylor (1981) test is used to compare the Random-effects (RE) and Fixed-effects (FE) estimations to determine the most appropriate. The findings confirmed that export cost plays an import nt role in the Vietn m’s export perform n e in the period 2001-2013. The determinants of Vietn m’s export v lue re tr e ost (-2.965), Vietn m’s GDP (0 658) importer’s GDP (0 413) importer’s popul tion (0 289) importer’s openness (0.252). This suggests that the Vietnamese Government should attempt to reduce domestic trade costs to enhance competitiveness and boost export growth sustainably.

Export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate from temperate forested catchments: a possible new index for nitrogen saturation

Abstract. To clarify the biological processing of nitrate within temperate forested catchments using unprocessed atmospheric nitrate exported from each catchment as a tracer, we continuously monitored stream nitrate concentrations and stable isotopic compositions, including 17O excess (Δ17O), in three forested catchments in Japan (KJ, IJ1, and IJ2) for more than 2 years. The catchments showed varying flux-weighted average nitrate concentrations of 58.4, 24.4, and 17.1 µmol L−1 in KJ, IJ1, and IJ2, respectively, which correspond to varying export fluxes of nitrate: 76.4, 50.1, and 35.1 mmol m−2 in KJ, IJ1, and IJ2, respectively. In addition to stream nitrate, nitrate concentrations and stable isotopic compositions in soil water were determined for comparison in the most nitrate-enriched catchment (site KJ). While the 17O excess of nitrate in soil water showed significant seasonal variation, ranging from +0.1 ‰ to +5.7 ‰ in KJ, stream nitrate showed small variation, from +0.8 ‰ to +2.0 ‰ in KJ, +0.7 ‰ to +2.8 ‰ in IJ1, and +0.4 ‰ to +2.2 ‰ in IJ2. We conclude that the major source of stream nitrate in each forested catchment is groundwater nitrate. Additionally, the significant seasonal variation found in soil nitrate is buffered by the groundwater nitrate. The estimated annual export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate accounted for 9.4 %±2.6 %, 6.5 %±1.8 %, and 2.6 %±0.6 % of the annual deposition flux of atmospheric nitrate in KJ, IJ1, and IJ2, respectively. The export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate relative to the deposition flux showed a clear normal correlation with the flux-weighted average concentration of stream nitrate, indicating that reductions in the biological assimilation rates of nitrate in forested soils, rather than increased nitrification rates, are likely responsible for the elevated stream nitrate concentration, probably as a result of nitrogen saturation. The export flux of unprocessed atmospheric nitrate relative to the deposition flux in each forest ecosystem is applicable as an index for nitrogen saturation.

Export Patterns of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

The purpose of this article is to provide better understanding of the export behaviour of Czech small and medium sized enterprises in certain aspects and to follow the development in this area.The intention of this paper is to provide the topical overview of the patterns and barriers faced by SMEs in their path to internationalization, and to discuss changes in SMEs' perception of international business doing over time.This article is based on an original research among 500 SMEs active in international business. For comparison, the article uses also the previous studies. Some of the interesting findings were appreciated export support tools and the inessential ones, as well as the changes in obstacles perceived in export.The main contribution of this article is in providing exploitable overview of export patterns of SMEs and in their systematic monitoring based on annual export surveys.

Analysis of Bilateral Trade Flow and Machine Learning Algorithms for GDP Forecasting

The terms imports and exports describe goods and services traded between countries. Countries import goods they cannot produce domestically or can obtain at a lower cost from another country. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO) reports, the U.S. is the world’s largest importer based on capital investment, followed by the E.U., China, Germany, and Japan. For exports, China leads the world with an official trade amount of $1.904 trillion in 2013. E.U. ranks second, followed by U.S., Germany, and Japan. Trade in goods and services is defined as a change in ownership of material resources and services between economies. Trade indicators include the sale of goods and services as well as barter transactions or goods exchanged and are measured in million USD, the percentage of GDP for net trade, and the annual export and import growth. This study analyzes imports and exports of all countries for the 1960-2017 period and evaluates the correlations in trade statistics to predict future imports and exports. Since the GDP for any country depends mainly on trade, this study examines trade data and compares various machine learning algorithms to forecast a country’s GDP.

Especialización y Diversificación de las exportaciones por países (1981 -2015)

Las exportaciones de un país representan un sinnúmero de beneficios, tales como el ingreso de divisas, creación de fuentes de empleo, la reducción de costos, participación internacional, entre otros. No obstante, estas también lo exponen a ciertas vulnerabilidades. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido cuantificar el nivel de vulnerabilidad que enfrentan los países en el comercio exterior mediante el índice Herfindahl. Un valor elevado del índice se traduce en una gran concentración de las exportaciones en un sector determinado, y mayor vulnerabilidad ante cambios en la demanda sectorial. Es decir, que, a mayor diversificación exportadora, mayor es la capacidad de un país para hacer frente a las fluctuaciones económicas a nivel internacional. Por el contrario, a menor diversificación el país se encuentra en una situación de enorme fragilidad económica. La metodología utilizada fue de alcance descriptiva y cuantitativa. Específicamente, se analizaron los datos de la Organización Mundial de Comercio sobre las exportaciones anuales por sectores comerciales de 181 países, en el periodo 1981-2015. Con datos de panel se analizaron los factores determinantes del índice de concentración o vulnerabilidad, calculado para medir el grado de especialización o concentración de las exportaciones nacionales para cada país de la muestra. Las variables analizadas fueron: población, PIB, PIB per cápita, nivel de exportaciones en base al PIB y área geográfica. Los resultados muestran a Holanda, EE. UU. y Corea del Sur con el índice de especialización bajos. Mientras que, Irak, Groenlandia y Angola con altos. Se concluye que la diversificación maximiza la oferta exportable y reduce el impacto ante fluctuaciones internacionales.

Floods and Exports: An Empirical Study on Natural Disaster Shocks in Southeast Asia

This study analyzes the effects of climate-related disasters on international trade in Southeast Asia. We use monthly trade data to examine the relationship between disaster shocks and bilateral export flows. The empirical analysis shows that natural disasters have a significant negative effect on exports. The estimation results suggest that floods cause an immediate decrease in exports by 3–5% of monthly mean export values. In addition, the effect persists in the post-disaster period, with floods causing annual export losses of 2% of average export values. We further investigate the impact of disasters by product group, and show that disasters are negatively associated with the exports of agricultural and manufacturing products. The findings suggest that extreme weather events have severe repercussions on Southeast Asia, where exports play an important role in economic development.

Fındık Tarımında Durum Analizi, Makineli Hasat Gerekliliği ve Hasat Makinelerinin Sınıflandırılması

Fındık yılda yaklaşık 2 milyar dolarlık ihracat geliri ile ülkemiz için önem arz etmektedir. Dünyada üretilen toplam fındığın yaklaşık %65 i ülkemizde hasat edilmektedir. Uygun iklim koşulları ve çok nitelikli olmayan dağlık arazide yetişmesi dolayısıyla Ordu, Giresun ve Trabzon illerinde fındık dikili alanların korunması ve geliştirilmesi öncelikli konular arasında yerini almaktadır. Bu bölgede makineli tarıma geçilmemesi veya yaygınlaşmaması nedenleriyle üretim maliyetleri diğer illerle ve yurtdışı ile kıyaslandığında yüksek seviyelerde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada fındık durum analizi, hasat makinelerinin sınıflandırılması, makineli hasata geçilmesinin gerekliliği ve tarım bakımından daha az nitelikli olan eğimli ve dağlık arazilerde fındık tarımının sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde durulmuştur.