Annealing Treatment Research Articles

Revisiting Rare Earth Permanent Magnetic Alloys of Nd-Fe-C

Nd-Fe-C alloys have been reported as hard magnetic materials with a potential higher coercivity than Nd-Fe-B alloys. However, it has been seldom studied since its intrinsic properties were investigated in the last century. Here, we revisited the structure, phase precipitation and magnetic properties of rapidly quenched ternary Nd-Fe-C alloys for further understanding their composition-microstructure-property relationships. The Nd10+xFe84−xC6 (x = −2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5) alloys with various compositions were prepared by melt spinning. The results show that the hard magnetic Nd2Fe14C phase can be hardly formed in the as-spun alloys. Instead, the alloys are composed of soft magnetic α-Fe phase and planar anisotropic Nd2Fe17Cx phase. After annealing above 650 °C, the Nd2Fe14C phase is precipitated by the peritectoid reaction. All optimally annealed alloys contain Nd2Fe14C and Nd2Fe17Cx phases, while the presence and content of α-Fe phase are determined by the alloy composition. The crystallization degree of the as-spun alloys has an effect on their magnetic properties after annealing. After the annealing treatment, partly crystallized as-spun alloys exhibit better magnetic properties than the amorphous alloys. The intrinsic coercivity Hcj = 847 kA/m, remanence Jr = 0.69 T, and maximum energy product (BH)max = 64.3 kJ/m3 were obtained in the Nd14Fe80C6 alloy annealed at 725 °C. The formation of the Nd2Fe14C and Nd2Fe17Cx phases with the Nd2O3 phase precipitated at the triangular grain boundaries is responsible for its relatively good properties. Although the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-C alloys obtained in this work are inferior to those of Nd-Fe-B, the present results help us to further understand the magnetic behavior of Nd-Fe-C alloys.

Improvement of X-ray response of CZT films by post-annealing

CdZnTe (CZT) epitaxial films are promising for X-ray flat panel detectors due to their ability for large area fabrication, high absorption efficiency, and excellent detective quantum efficiency (DQE). However, challenges like image lag, ghosting, and reduced DQE due to long response times and high dark currents persist. This study introduces a novel post-in-situ annealing technique to enhance CZT film sensitivity and transient response. Results show that a brief 20 s annealing treatment increased surface Zn content, raising detector resistivity from 3.5 × 109 Ω·cm to 3.3 × 1010 Ω·cm while reducing leakage current at high voltages. This treatment also significantly reduced surface defects, improving CZT film detectors’ X-ray response time. Moreover, the electrons mobility-lifetime product (μτ)e improved from 2.30 × 10−5 cm2/V to 2.17 × 10−4 cm2/V, indicating enhanced charge carrier dynamics crucial for high-speed X-ray detection. Notably, the X-ray response sensitivity achieved a commendable 126 μC G−1· cm−2 a bias of 30 V. In conclusion, in-situ annealing represents a remarkable step forward in the development of CZT technology for X-ray flat panel imaging, addressing critical issues and potentially broadening its applications in medical and industrial imaging systems.

Hexagonal ZnTiO3 single-crystalline films on α-Al2O3 substrates: Structural and photoelectric properties

Hexagonal ZnTiO3 (h-ZnTiO3) films with stoichiometric were deposited on α-Al2O3 substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method and post annealing process. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on Zn/Ti atomic ratio, as well as the influence of annealing treatment on the structural and optical properties of the films were investigated in detail. The optimum h-ZnTiO3 film was deposited under 5 Pa oxygen partial pressure and annealed at 800°C, and it exhibited excellent crystalline quality and an optical band gap of 3.72 eV. A photodetector based on the film was fabricated, and its photoresponsivity was approximately 0.18 mA/W under 308 nm ultraviolet light irradiation. This demonstrates that as a wide bandgap semiconductor material, h-ZnTiO3 has potential applications in the field of devices.

Oxygen-reduced surface-terminated MXenes as cathodes for enhanced reversible Li–CO2 batteries

Li–CO2 batteries have garnered global attention due to their dual attributes of high energy density and effective CO2 capture. However, they still face a formidable challenge in decomposing the discharge products Li2CO3, resulting in subpar battery performance. MXene has been proposed as a promising candidate owing to its high electrical conductivity and effective CO2 activation performance. Nevertheless, unavoidable surface terminations (such as –O and –OH) during synthesis strongly influence their catalytic properties, posing a significant hurdle for high-performance Li–CO2 batteries. Herein, a thermal annealing approach is proposed to control the surface termination groups of MXene to reduce the generation of lithium hydroxide byproducts, thereby accelerating Li2CO3 decomposition kinetics and enhancing the reversibility of the battery. The systematic annealing of MXene in the range of 500–800 °C confirmed optimal surface terminations at 500 °C (TC500). The TC500, when tested as a catalyst in a Li–CO2 battery, exhibited enhanced performance metrics, such as low voltage gap (1.98 V), high specific capacity (15,740.38 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1), and prolonged cycle stability (700 h at 200 mA g−1). The proposed work offers an effective strategy for regulating MXene surface termination groups via simple annealing treatments to achieve high-performance Li–CO2 batteries.

Fabrication of α-W and β-W Films By Using CsF–CsCl–WO3 Molten Salt: Effect of Oxygen Contents in W Films

Electrodeposition of W films in CsF–CsCl eutectic melts was investigated after adding 2.0 mol% of WO3 at 773–973 K. The oxygen content in W films electrodeposited at various temperatures was analyzed using inert gas fusion and non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR). Oxygen contents in the W films gradually decreased from 6.65 at% to 0.24 at% as the bath temperature increased from 773 K to 923 K along with the crystal phase change from β-W to α-W, confirmed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Then, vacuum annealing treatment was performed for the electrodeposited β-W films. The crystal phase was transformed to pure α-W after annealing at 973 K for 3 h and the oxygen content in W films decreased from 1.82 at% to 0.38 at%. Finally, based on the above findings, we provide a promising two-step method for preparing mirror-like and dense α-W films.

Lightweight TiVNb medium-entropy alloy with weak strength dependence on temperature

Herein, a TiVNb medium-entropy alloy was prepared via vacuum arc melting. The alloy maintained a body-centred cubic (BCC)-dominant phase following an annealing treatment at 1300 °C for 12 h. Although its structure was coarsened due to grain growth during annealing, the alloy developed a few Ti-rich nanobands and showed an increase in dislocations, resulting in its hardness increasing from 241.7 to 341.1 HV and strength increasing by tens of MPa relative to that of the as-melt TiVNb alloy. The tensile strength of the coarsened alloy reached 647 MPa at room temperature and 405 MPa at 800 °C. Further, the compressive yield strength reached 438 MPa at 800 °C, under which condition the alloy exhibited fewer cracks. Rapid softening was observed at 1200 °C, reducing the yield strength to ∼50 MPa. The coarsened TiVNb alloy showed weak dependence of its strength on temperature.

Influences of isothermal annealing post‐treatment on mechanical performances in fused deposition modeling manufactured short carbon fibrous PETG and PA composites

AbstractFused deposition modeling (FDM) based large‐area additive manufacturing has advanced significantly, particularly for producing large parts with high‐performance short fibrous composites. To improve the mechanical performance of these manufactured parts, isothermal annealing is often employed as a post‐treatment for FDM‐produced components. Hence, this study examines the impact of isothermal annealing on the mechanical properties of short carbon fiber‐filled Polyamide 12 (PA12‐CF) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG‐CF). Samples are prepared using a customized high‐extrusion‐rate FDM (HFDM) system with varying key printing parameters (layer height and extrusion width). Three‐point bending tests are employed to assess the bending strength, modulus, and fracture deflection of the samples. Results show that annealing treatment significantly enhances the bending performance of PA12‐CF, with strength and modulus increasing by 27.8% and 31.2%, respectively. In contrast, PETG‐CF exhibits relatively minor improvements in bending strength (8.1%) and modulus (2.7%). Optical microscopy reveals that different printing parameters notably influence the alignment of short carbon fibers, affecting the mechanical properties, while the annealing treatment does not alter these parameter‐dependent trends. Finite element simulations further demonstrate that the presence of carbon fibers contributes to a progressive enhancement of the polymer matrix, which impacts mechanical improvement during annealing.Highlights High‐extrusion‐rate FDM is used to prepare PA12 and PETG composite samples. Annealing improves properties more in semi‐crystalline PA12‐CF samples. Meso‐structural analysis reveals that printing parameters play a crucial role. Short‐carbon‐fiber boosts strengths of the polymer matrix during annealing.

Preparation of biomass fiber/polylactic acid foam using an oven-type free foaming method for energy savings and performance enhancement

Given the inherent challenges of low melt strength and slow crystallization rate associated with polylactic acid (PLA), this study introduces a sustainable and efficacious approach to enhance PLA crystallization utilizing biomass tomato peel pomace powder (TP) as a heterogeneous nucleating agent. ZnO-modified azodicarbonamide (ADC) was used as the chemical blowing agent. The blends were prepared with the aid of a torque rheometer, and TP/PLA composite foams were successfully prepared by the oven-type free foaming method. The empirical results demonstrate that the TP/PLA composite foam exhibits reduced processing requirements and superior comprehensive properties compared to pure PLA foam. Specifically, the composite containing 5 wt% TP achieved optimal foaming performance with 3 phr blowing agents and a foaming duration of 10 min. Furthermore, the annealing treatment markedly enhanced the compression modulus and strength of the foams. Under annealing conditions of 110 °C for 30 min, the compressive strength of the foam increased by 483.5 % relative to the untreated sample. The development of this composite foam signifies a novel direction for energy-efficient performance enhancement and holds significant potential for applications in building insulation and packaging industries.

Effect of intermetallic compounds on the mechanical properties of Cu/Al clad sheets with an SS304 interlayer

Annealing treatments were conducted on Cu/Al clad sheets incorporating a 304 stainless steel (SS304) interlayer to investigate the impact of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) on the mechanical properties of these clad sheets with an interfacial layer. Additionally, the mechanisms of interfacial strengthening and crack propagation behavior were examined. It was found that the best overall performance was achieved for samples annealed at 200 °C, showing tensile strength, fracture elongation, and peeling strength values of 219 MPa, 7.19 %, and 19.6 N/mm, respectively. For the rolled clad sheet, cracks typically initiated at the edges of the SS304 fragments, accompanied by minor residual holes and stress concentrations. Post-annealing, the Cu and Al layers underwent varying degrees of recovery and recrystallization, and element diffusion increased, leading to improvements in elongation and interfacial bonding strength of the clad sheets. As the thickness of the IMCs grew, the interfacial crack propagation path shifted to the Al2Cu/AlCu interface within the IMC layer, significantly reducing the bonding strength.

Influence of electrodes on the resistive switching characteristics of Al/Gd2Zr2O7/E (E=Al or ITO) RRAM devices

Sol-gel derived amorphous Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) thin films with Al/GZO/E (E = ITO or Al) structures were prepared to demonstrate the effect of electrode material on the switching behavior of resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices. All devices exhibit bipolar resistive switching (BRS) mode. After the post-metal annealing (PMA) treatment, the AlOx interfacial layer contributes to enhancing oxygen ion storage capacity and limiting the electromigration of aluminum metal. The forming-free Al/GZO/ITO device exhibits a switching cycle of 3027, a Vset/Vreset ratio of −1.83 V/0.56 V, a Ron/Roff ratio of approximately 10, and a retention time of 104 s. And the Al/GZO/Al device features a dual-layer AlOx structure, significantly improving the integrity of filament rupture to reduce leakage current and increase the switching window. Its switching cycle is 1946, with a Vset/Vreset ratio of −3.47 V/0.29 V, a Ron/Roff ratio of approximately 102, and a retention time of 104 s. The oxygen storage capacity of the dual-layer AlOx interfacial layer in the Al/GZO/Al device surpasses that of the Al/GZO/ITO device, allowing for a reduction in the reset voltage and ensuring more complete filament rupture, thereby enhancing the RHRS. Accordingly, GZO thin films can be applied to achieve the desired RS characteristics on different electrodes, making them promising candidates for RRAM applications.

Disorder Over Pore Size: Boosting Supercapacitor Efficiency

The urgent need for efficient energy storage systems has spotlighted supercapacitors and nanostructured porous carbon materials, which require structural optimization to enhance their performance and lifespan, necessitating advanced design and synthesis techniques. Recent research by Forse et al. published in Science reveals that structural disorder in nanoporous carbon materials significantly enhances their capacitance performance, suggesting that optimizing structural disorder is key to developing high‐energy‐density supercapacitors. This study innovatively shows that structural disorder in nanoporous carbon materials significantly enhances capacitance performance, surpassing traditional factors like pore size and surface area. The investigation of multiple nanoporous carbons from a range of different suppliers showcases the generalizability of the findings. Annealing treatment further confirms that the capacitance enhancement is due to structural disorder. This discovery guides the design and synthesis of new efficient electrode materials, providing a new direction for the future development of supercapacitors.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of NiAlCrFeMo high entropy superalloy after different annealing treatment

A novel NiAlCrFeMo high entropy superalloy was prepared using the vacuum arc melting method, followed by annealing at 800 °C, 1000 °C, and 1200 °C for 10 h. The microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the alloy after annealing were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Vickers hardness testing, and high-temperature tensile testing. The results indicate that the as-cast alloy consists of dendritic γ+γ′ phases and interdendritic B2-type β phase, with hemispherical α-Cr phases present within the β phase. Compared to the as-cast status, the volume fraction of the β phase in the annealed state increased from 18.52 % to 26.13 %. Notably, at 800 °C/10h, acicular γp’ phases precipitated within the β phase. The alloy exhibited varying degrees of improvement in both strength and ductility after annealing. The specimen annealed at 800 °C/10h showed the highest strength (σYS = 181.06 MPa) and good ductility (εEI = 12.45 %), with strength increasing by approximately 13.10 % compared to the as-cast status. This improvement is attributed to the coarsening of the α-Cr phase, the transformation in γ′ morphology, and the precipitation of acicular γp’ phase. At 1200 °C/10h, all precipitates dissolved into the matrix, resulting in the lowest strength (σYS = 134.08 MPa) and the highest ductility (εEI = 15.54 %).

Fabrication of abundant oxygen vacancies in MOF-derived (Fe,Co)3O4 for oxygen evolution reaction and as an air cathode for zinc-air batteries

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) find wide-ranging applications owing to their adjustable structures, diverse compositions, and large specific surface area. In this work, MOFs materials were grown in situ on carbon cloth, yielding self-supported electrodes VO-(Fe,Co)3O4@CC rich in oxygen vacancies through a simple high-temperature annealing treatment utilizing NaBH4 as an etchant. Thus the resulting self-supported electrode VO-(Fe,Co)3O4@CC exhibited excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, achieving an overpotential of merely 288 mV at 10 mA cm−2, along with a low Tafel slope of 31.39 mV dec-1, and demonstrating robust long-term activity and stability. In addition, a liquid zinc-air battery was assembled utilizing the prepared VO-(Fe,Co)3O4@CC as an air cathode, achieving a high open-circuit voltage of 1.46 V and a high peak power density of 89.06 mW cm−2, and it maintained excellent cycling stability during cyclic charging and discharging (with a current density of 2 mA cm−2) over a 32 h period. Meanwhile, the self-supported electrode VO-(Fe,Co)3O4@CC served as an air cathode for assembling an all-solid-state flexible zinc-air battery (ZAB), demonstrating a high peak power density (38.21 mW cm−2) and exhibiting favorable cycling stability. This experiment offers insights into the potential application of MOF-derived electrocatalysts in water decomposition and zinc-air batteries.

Enhanced rheological, crystallization, mechanical, and heat resistance performance of poly(L‐lactide)/basalt fibers composites via in situ formation of stereocomplex polylactide crystals

AbstractDue to its favorable mechanical strength, transparency, and biocompatibility, polylactic acid (PLA) has considerable potential as a biodegradable material. Nevertheless, developing high‐performance PLA composites through environmentally friendly and cost‐effective methods remains a significant challenge. In this study, the composites comprising poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA), basalt fibers (BFs), and poly(D‐lactide) (PDLA) are prepared through facile melt blending. The in situ formed stereocomplex polylactide (SC‐PLA) crystals improve the crystallization ability and rheological behavior of PLLA/BF/PDLA composites. Upon adding 5 wt% PDLA, BFs are nicely dispersed in PLLA matrix because of increased shear intensity. The synergistic effect of BFs and SC‐PLA crystals enhances the mechanical, thermomechanical, and heat resistance properties of PLLA. In particular, PLLA/BF/10%PDLA composites exhibit a Vicat Softening Temperature (VST) of 155.5°C, increasing by approximately 100°C over neat PLLA. Annealing treatment increases the Young's modulus, thermomechanical properties, and VST of samples while reducing their tensile strength. Interestingly, the tensile strength of the annealed PLLA/BF/10%PDLA composites is 50.2 MPa, twice that of the annealed neat PLLA due to the introduction of SC‐PLA crystals. Simultaneously improving the rheological, mechanical, and heat resistance performance of PLLA opens possibilities for expanding its potential applications in the industrial field.

Graphene oxide-mediated polymorphic engineering of In2O3 for boosted NO2 gas sensing performance

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a serious menace to human health and the environment, it is of great practical meaning to develop a fast and accurate gas sensor for monitoring low-concentration NO2 at near room temperature (RT). Here, the polymorphism of In2O3 was regulated with controllable mixed-phase ratios of hexagonal In2O3 (h-In2O3) and cubic In2O3 (c-In2O3) via a graphene oxide (GO)-mediated solvothermal approach and annealing treatment. The GO-mediation markedly promoted the formation of h-In2O3 and defect content. The morphology, specific surface area, surface chemical state and activation energy were roundly analyzed. The NO2-sensing performance results showed that the sensor based on an 8 wt% GO-mediated In2O3 sample (In2O3-8) exhibited an ultrahigh response of 1021 towards 1 ppm NO2 at 30℃, which was 2.3 times higher than that of In2O3 without GO-mediation. At the same time, the response/recovery time of In2O3-8 was significantly shorter than other sensors. Additionally, the In2O3-8 sensor possessed good repeatability and long stability. In2O3-8 with an appropriate GO-mediated content provided a suitable h-In2O3/c-In2O3 phase junction interface, abundant oxygen vacancies and elevated Fermi energy levels of In2O3, which activated the surface sites and ultimately enhanced the sensing performance.

Reducing equivalent magnetic noise by electrode design and magnetic annealing in Quartz/Metglas magnetoelectric sensors

Magnetoelectric (ME) composites are promising for the development of high-performance magnetometers due to their high sensitivity, low cost, low power consumption, and small size. Enhancing the ME coefficient while reducing the background noise is an effective method to improve the performance of ME sensors, which remains challenging. In this work, we propose a method to reduce the equivalent magnetic noise by optimizing the electrode design and the magnetic annealing process in magnetoelectric quartz/Metglas composites. Compared with the non-optimized ME composites, the ME coefficient increases by 1.38 times while the background noise decreases by about 0.78 times, resulting in a LoD of 10 fT at resonance. Due to the high ME coefficient and low background noise, the equivalent magnetic noise from 20 kHz to 50 kHz was less than 6.10 pT/Hz1/2. The results show that proper annealing treatment of Metglas is beneficial for improving the soft magnetic properties. Meanwhile, the hollow electrode of quartz can reduce the equivalent capacitance and enhance the quality factor of the piezoelectric layer. This work demonstrates a feasible way to enhance the performance of ME magnetic field sensors.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laminated ferrous medium-entropy alloys fabricated by direct energy deposition and post-rolling annealing treatment

Laminated ferrous medium entropy alloy (Fe-MEAs), Fe75(CoCrNi)25/Fe60(CoCrNi)40, was successfully fabricated by direct energy deposition (DED). Due to the component mixing during DED process, a transition layer with face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) dual-phase was obtained in the Fe60(CoCrNi)40 layer after rolling and annealing. This dual-phase exhibits higher strength compared to a single FCC phase, thereby enhancing the overall strength of the material. During the deformation process of the laminated material, interface constraint will lead to high yield strength, resulting in performance superior to that predicted by the rule of mixtures. Moreover, the transition layer plays an important role in strain transferring and shows greater strain-hardening ability than the other two layers, enhancing the overall ductility of the laminated alloy.

Synergistic effect of concentration and annealing on structural, mechanical, and room-temperature thermoelectric properties of n-type Ga-doped ZnO films

The development of Ga-doped Zinc Oxide (GZO) films from nontoxic, abundant elements using a cost-effective and scalable approach is crucial for the profitability and sustainability of thermoelectric applications. Challenges in formulating GZO film inks have led to extensive experimentation to enhance their thermal, structural, mechanical, and room-temperature thermoelectric properties by adjusting ink concentration and annealing treatment. Increasing the GZO nanoparticle concentration reduced the melting temperature and crystallinity, whereas annealing at 200 °C decomposed the polyethylene oxide (PEO) binder. TEM analysis revealed the polycrystalline structure of the GZO nanoparticles and their interaction with the binder, while XRD patterns confirmed the characteristic peaks of the GZO films; annealing effectively eliminated the PEO diffraction peaks. The GZO films from the concentrated 1.24M ink exhibited minimal grain growth, reduced lattice strains, uniform elemental distribution, and enhanced surface texture and conductivity, which were further improved by annealing. Increasing the GZO nanoparticle concentration facilitated the formation of a conductive network, while annealing enhanced the conductivity by promoting the formation of a cohesive, interconnected network through impurity removal, nanoparticle redistribution, and coalescence. Consequently, the annealed 1.24M film demonstrated the highest nanohardness of 791 MPa and a thermoelectric power factor of 1.78 nW/m∙K2 at room temperature, which were attributed to enhanced electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient through concentration and annealing synergies.

Bi-functional flexible Ag2Se/Polyvinylidene fluoride composite films for thermal energy conversion and electromagnetic interference shielding by solution 3D printing

Developing bi-functional thermoelectric (TE) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials is an effective way for the integrated electronic devices to face the accumulated thermal energy and complicated electromagnetic environment. Herein, flexible Ag2Se/polyvinylidene fluoride (Ag2Se/PVDF) composite films were successfully prepared through solution 3D printing and subsequent annealing treatment. As Ag2Se content increased, both the power factor and average total EMI shielding effectiveness (SET) were boosted. When the mass fraction of Ag2Se was 85 wt%, a power factor of 904.6 μW m−1K−2 at 360 K was achieved for the ASP-85 composite film. Meanwhile, this ASP-85 composite film shown the outstanding SET value of 56.1 dB at 52 μm thickness. Flexible Ag2Se/PVDF composite films displayed the excellent thermal energy conversion and EMI shielding capacity.

Characterization and modeling of laser transmission welded polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) joints: Influence of process parameters and annealing on weld properties

Welding high-performance thermoplastics has gained popularity across various industries such as automotive, aerospace, and medical. Laser transmission welding (LTW) has emerged as an effective method for joining thermoplastic parts due to its precise control and high joint quality. PAEK (polyaryletherketone) are wide spreading over various industrial applications as a substitute to metals and thermosets when high durability and performance are required. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is one of these PAEK and it has received less attention than PEEK until now. PEKK, being a semi-crystalline thermoplastic, requires additional care during processing due to its propensity to crystallize. This study presents both experimental and numerical investigations into LTW of PEKK molded parts, aiming to understand the influence of welding parameters and crystallinity on weld joint morphology and mechanical properties. PEKK plates, prepared in amorphous and semi-crystalline states, are subjected to LTW using a 975 nm diode laser. Material characterization confirms differences in crystallinity between the samples, which affect their thermal and optical properties, which are crucial for welding. Welding tests are conducted with varying laser power (between 75 and 95 W) and semi-transparent part thickness (2 and 4 mm). The morphology of joints is analysed. Assemblies undergo post-weld annealing treatment to examine its influence on weld crystallinity and consequent mechanical properties. Results reveal an anisotropic distribution of crystallinity within the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The depths of the molten layer (ML) and semi-crystalline layer (scL) vary with laser power and assembly type. A notable decrease in weld strength with laser power is highlighted, while annealing leads to enhanced crystallinity and improved weld strength. Despite variations, high weld strengths are achieved with annealing. Computational modelling elucidates the complex interplay between laser irradiation, temperature distribution, and crystallization kinetics observed experimentally. Overall, this comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into optimizing LTW parameters for PEKK parts.