Noble metal nanoparticles have excellent catalytic properties for organic dyes, and finding suitable carriers to deal with the extremely agglomerated noble metal nanoparticles has become a hot research topic. In this work, phenolic resin with strong sticky similar to mussel was obtained by polycondensation, Fe3O4 NPs were obtained by hydrothermal method, and a core-shell Fe3O4@catechol-formaldehyde trapped satellite-like silver nanoparticles (denoted as Fe3O4@CFR@Ag) were obtained by reduction of Fe3O4@CFR loaded silver without external reducing agent. The existence of CFR shell ensured the silver nanoparticles were distributed like a satellite. Fe3O4@CFR@Ag exhibited excellent catalytic selective activity and recoverability for organic dyes. In particular, the catalytic performance of Fe3O4@CFR@Ag for the cationic dye methylene blue MB was higher than that of the anionic dye methyl orange MO due to electrostatic interactions. The Fe3O4@CFR core-shell structure with simple synthesis and friendly to the environment will be a reliable platform to realize multi-functionalization of nanomaterials.