Animal Products Research Articles

Ultra-processed foods and plant-based alternatives impair nutritional quality of omnivorous and plant-forward dietary patterns in college students.

The health benefits of a plant-based diet may be outweighed by an increased consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and plant-based alternatives. This study compares diet quality (intakes of protein, saturated fatty acids, sugar, fiber, and micronutrients) and nutritional status (prevalence of low holotranscobalamin and ferritin levels) among different dietary patterns: 22.5% vegans, 46.5% vegetarians, 31% omnivores in 142 first-year college students (20 ± 1.6 years, BMI 21.9 ± 3.1kg/m², 83% female). Intakes of vitamin B12, folate, iron, zinc, and calcium were on average below reference values, especially in vegans and vegetarians. However, the prevalence of low holotranscobalamin and ferritin levels did not differ between the dietary groups, presumably due to supplementation. Irrespective of the diet, UPF contributed to 49% of daily energy intake. UPF exhibited a lower content of protein, fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, folate, zinc and calcium compared to processed foods (all p < 0.001). Plant-based alternatives contained more fiber and less saturated fatty acids whereas the content of protein and micronutrients was lower compared with animal products (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, UPF consumption contributes to the inadequate intake of many micronutrients by young adults. This is further aggravated by plant-forward eating patterns including the consumption of plant-based alternatives.

Plant-Based vs. Animal-Based Diets: Appetitive Traits and Dietary Patterns in Adults Based on Cross-Sectional Surveys

Background: Dietary patterns play a crucial role in shaping eating behaviours and influencing health outcomes, such as body weight. Understanding how appetitive traits differ between plant-based and animal-based diets can provide insights into dietary strategies for weight management and improved health. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between appetitive traits, as measured by the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ), and dietary patterns in adults consuming plant-based or animal-based diets. It examined how these dietary patterns influence body mass index (BMI) and explored the differences in appetite-related traits between groups with different levels of plant and animal product consumption. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 553 Polish adults was conducted using validated questionnaires, including the AEBQ and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The participants were categorised into four dietary groups: high intake of both plant and animal products, low intake of both, plant-based diet, and animal-based diet. The data were analysed using SPSS version 14.0 software. Results: The participants on a plant-based diet had significantly lower BMIs and slower eating rates than those on an animal-based diet. Positive correlations were observed between ’food approach’ traits (e.g., food responsiveness, emotional overeating) and BMI, particularly in individuals with higher animal product consumption. Conversely, ’food avoidance’ traits (e.g., food fussiness, slowness in eating) were more prevalent among those on a plant-based diet. Conclusions: The results suggest that plant-based diets are associated with favourable appetitive traits and a lower BMI. These findings highlight the potential of plant-based diets to support weight control and improve eating behaviours. Further research is warranted to investigate the causal mechanisms underlying these associations.

Keberadaan Bakteri Salmonella sp Pada Telur Ayam Di Pasar Tradisional Kota Palembang Sumatera Selatan

Eggs are a product of animal origin that is famous as a high source of protein compared to other protein source ingredients. Damage that can cause a decrease in egg quality is caused by microorganisms, one of which, bacteria that can contaminate eggs is Salmonella sp. This study aims to analyze the presence of Salmonella sp bacteria in chicken eggs sold in several traditional markets in Palembang City. This study used 6 samples of chicken eggs from 3 traditional markets with a simple random sampling method. The test results of all positive egg samples contained Salmonella sp. This shows that the quality of eggs sold at the Palembang Traditional Market does not meet the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard, which is negative/25 grams. Keywords: Salmonella sp, chicken egg, traditional market.

Interorganizational Relations and Destination Marketing in Anime-Induced Tourism: The Effect of Joint Dependence

Traveling to locations featured in anime has become a significant tourism behavior as the number and popularity of Japanese anime works have increased. The widespread phenomenon of anime-induced tourism has called for destination marketing that welcomes anime fans. This study focuses on the dyadic relationship between destination marketers and anime production teams, who hold definitive discretion over copyrights in anime-induced tourism. Using the concept of joint dependence derived from the theoretical assumptions of resource dependency theory, this research investigates how organizations with imbalanced power relations choose to collaborate. By comparing three qualitative cases that distinctly demonstrate temporal structural changes in anime tourism, this study reveals that joint dependence facilitates interorganizational cooperation through domain consensus between destination marketers and anime production teams. The current study makes a significant theoretical contribution to the fields of interorganizational relations, destination marketing studies, and anime-induced tourism research. Additionally, it provides highly practical insights into tourism development strategies for destination marketers and anime production companies.

How beliefs and policy characteristics shape the public acceptability of nutritional policies- a survey study in Germany

BackgroundDespite the high prevalence of obesity in Germany, few effective political measures have been implemented to protect population health and improve the sustainability of food systems. One argument frequently raised against policy implementation is the lack of acceptability for policy measures in the German population. AimWe aimed to evaluate the acceptability of policy measures currently discussed in Germany's national nutrition strategy and how perceived policy characteristics and participant characteristics influence policy acceptability. MethodWe conducted an online survey with 2001 participants between 06.12.2023 and 05.01.2024, in which we collected data on perceived policy characteristics (acceptability, equity, societal and personal effectiveness), as well as participant values and beliefs. ResultsMost policies were highly acceptable, with policies such as the introduction of free school lunches (84% acceptability), the introduction of a ban on fast food advertising aimed at children (71%) or a sugar tax (53%) being acceptable to a majority of the sample. The least acceptable policy was the introduction of a tax on animal products (36%). Logistic regression analyses showed that perceived equity and societal and personal effectiveness predicted policy acceptability. Likewise, environmental values and beliefs about state intervention of participants influenced policy acceptability. ConclusionThe high acceptability observed in this study suggests an opportunity for German policymakers to implement evidence-based and acceptable nutritional strategies to improve population health.

Characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella reveals the highly prevalent mcr-1-positive S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- within eggs are derived from chickens.

Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella isolates, especially those resistant to colistin, pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. However, data about the prevalence of mcr-positive Salmonella in animals was few and the dissemination of mcr-positive Salmonella from animals to food, especially eggs, has not been fully addressed. The role of houseflies in the Salmonella transmission has also not been clarified. Here, we analyzed the prevalence and resistance characteristics of mcr-positive Salmonella in 1707 samples of animals (commercial laying hens, broilers, waterfowls and swine), eggs and flies from 23 farms in four cities of China between July 2021 and October 2022. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analyses of Salmonella from different sources were further performed. Among animals, waterfowls had the highest isolation rate of Salmonella (18.1%, 35/193), followed by swine (6.1%, 23/377), laying hens (4.2%, 21/505) and broilers (1.4%, 7/489). Two of the 53 flies (3.8%) carried Salmonella. The detection rate of Salmonella in eggs from farms was 26.7%. All mcr-1-positive Salmonella isolates were S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- and were only found in hens (0.2%) and eggs (11.1%). PFGE and WGS analyses showed that the mcr-1-positive S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- from commercial laying hens and eggs in the same farm had no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation, indicating that the mcr-1-positive S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- in eggs were derived from hens. The phylogenomic analysis also showed that the mcr-1-positive S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates from hens and eggs were closely related to previously reported mcr-1-positive Salmonella from human in China, further confirming that such mcr-1-positive Salmonella in animals could transmit to humans via the food chain. Furthermore, the blaCTX-M-1G-positive S. Kentucky isolates from broiler and flies in the same farm had a limited number of variations (5-7 SNPs), proving the clonal transmission of Salmonella between broilers and flies. The S. Kentucky isolates carrying blaCTX-M-1G from broilers were also closely related to the S. Kentucky isolates from chicken meats and humans. Our findings suggest that Salmonella including those carrying mcr-1 in animals could transmit to eggs/meats and potentially trigger human infections. The houseflies can play an important role in the Salmonella transmission within farms. Salmonella carrying mcr in animals and animal products should be monitored regularly and control measures are urgently needed to reduce the dissemination of such pathogens.

Potential of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum 20174 for Vitamin B12 Production in Pineapple: An Enhanced Nutritional Quality and Storage Stability of Processed Jelly

Background: Vitamin B12 is the micronutrient, present naturally in animal products. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing a naturally fortified vitamin B12 rich fruit product, which can easily be consumed by vegan population. Methods: Pineapple (Ananas comosus) fruit pulp was fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 20174 to produce vitamin B12 rich jelly. The selected microbial strain grew well in pineapple (Ananas comosus) fruit pulp matrix. The physiochemical properties and nutritional content were analysed and compared for the jellies prepared from fermented (fermented pineapple jelly or FPJ) and spontaneous fermented (control pineapple jelly or CPJ) pineapple pulp. Both CPJ and FPJ were packed and stored for 30 days at low (4 ºC) and ambient (30 °C) temperature conditions, and were subjected to analysis at 10 days intervals. Results: The Total soluble solids (TSS), pH, and reducing sugars were higher in CPJ than FPJ. The FPJ contained 8.17 µg vitamin B12/100 g, while it was not detected in CPJ. There was no microbial growth detected in FPJ throughout the storage period when stored at 4 ºC, rendering it safe for consumption up to 30 days at both the storage temperatures. The decrease in scores of various sensory attributes during storage was little and the developed FPJ was still in the “liked very much” category throughout the storage period. The vitamin B12 content of FPJ was stable during storage and sufficient enough to fulfil an individual’s daily requirement. Conclusion: The developed fermented pineapple jelly can be recommended as an excellent vegan source of vitamin B12.

Predicting composition of a functional food product using computer simulation

One of the frontiers of science is the development of a digital twin for a food product to predict composition and properties of a future product. Today, however, computer simulation (modeling) is used for predicting the composition of a food product. The aim of our research is to compare the levels of the nutritional value parameters from a digital model and a real food product and to assess adequacy of the obtained data. The objects of the research were the emulsified meat-and-plant product based on the traditional meal “Mukhamar” and a digital model (computer simulator) of the recipe of the emulsified meat-andplant product. By the example of the development of the emulsified meat-and-plant product based on the traditional meal “Mukhamar”, stages of the development of a digital twin of a food product are shown. It was demonstrated that it is incorrect to use a digital model without supporting it with data (numerical values) obtained from apparatus, sensors. The calculated parameters were compared with the data obtained empirically (as a result of the laboratory experiment) in three blocks: physicochemical indicators, vitamins and minerals. Simulation and calculation of the absolute and relative errors were performed in the program environment R Studio. Differences between the calculated and empirical data can be explained, firstly, by the average values of parameters in food product databases. As for now, databases contain averaged data, which do not take into account individual characteristics of animal and plant raw materials. Secondly, it is necessary to take into consideration the coefficient of losses (or coefficient of preservation) of food nutrients during thermal treatment of food. It has been established that only the development of the precise digital twin with regard to all parameters will help to trace quality parameters at each stage of the production, which will allow reacting timely to deviations and improving quality of the final product.

The Belt and Road Initiative and China's diversifying food imports: A perspective on the "Five-pronged approach"

The diversification of imported food varieties is essential for ensuring China's food security. Since the inception of the Belt and Road initiative (BRI), there has been a significant increase in agricultural trade cooperation between China and participating countries, facilitated by the "Five-pronged approach" (FPA). However, existing research regarding the BRI's impact on imports has not yet fully addressed the complexities inherent in agricultural trade, such as stringent logistics, customs regulations, inspection and quarantine procedures, and the varying trade costs associated with different agricultural commodities. This underscores a research gap in understanding the BRI's effectiveness in promoting diversified food imports, particularly across distinct food categories. Utilizing the Difference-in-Differences model, this research evaluates the BRI's contribution to China's diversified food imports and the heterogeneity of food types. The empirical findings suggest the initiative significantly promotes diversification in China's food imports, notably in the case of vegetable products, while the expansion of animal product imports continues to require sustained support from the FPA. The mechanism analysis indicates the FPA effectively reduces both direct and implicit trade costs, thereby fostering the growth of diversified food imports in China. Additionally, this study examines the initiative's effect on food and nutrition security among participating countries, highlighting a marked promotion of diversified food imports and dietary diversity. This research reinforces the BRI's pivotal role in advancing food security, both within China and across the participating nations.

Characterization of fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food animals during 2010-2021 in South Korea.

Livestock-associated fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (FRSA) is frequently linked to global public health hazards. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and molecular characteristics of FRSA isolated from food animal products in South Korea from 2010 to 2021. We obtained a total of 3980 S. aureus isolates from cattle carcasses (n=482), pig carcasses (n=1531), and chicken carcasses (n=1967). The isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth microdilution method. Antimicrobial resistance genes, spa types, sequence types (STs), and Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis. In total, 187 isolates (4.7%) demonstrated resistance to fusidic acid, with the maximum recovered from cattle (16.2%), followed by pigs (6.5%) and chickens (0.5%). In addition, the majority of the isolates showed resistance to penicillin (86.6%), while comparatively low resistance rates (7-13.9%) were observed for erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tetracycline. Moreover, multidrug resistance (MDR) comprised 8.6% (16/187) of the isolates. Among the fusidic acid resistance determinants, the fusA mutation was the highest, containing 54% (101/187), followed by fusC (29.4%, 55/187) and fusB (15.5%, 29/187). A high level of resistance regarding the substitution of L461K in the fusA gene was identified in 97% of isolates. In addition, the most commonly detected resistance patterns include penicillin (87.1%, 88/101) among the FRSA. The nucleotide sequencing analysis showed that all 29 fusB-carrying isolates possess the structural gene blaZ of the bla operon and the insertion sequences orf152, orf170, IS257, and orf152. In total, 21 spa types were found, where t126 was detected the most (81.2%, 82/101) in fusA, followed by t127 (81.8%, 45/55) in fusC, and t189 (27.6%, 8/29) in fusB. Furthermore, all t002 harboring fusC were detected as ST5-MRSA-SCCmecII clones. This is the first report of fusA and fusB carrying S. aureus and linkage fusB and blaZ genes in FRSA isolated from food animal products. Taken together, the FRSA in food animals with different resistance determinants and spa types could pose a threat to public health.

Genomic characterization of antimicrobial-resistance and virulence factors in Salmonella isolates obtained from pig farms in Antioquia, Colombia.

Occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella strains has been reported worldwide, because of inappropriate use of antimicrobial products in either humans or animals. The presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella in pig production systems had been reported in Antioquia, Colombia. To identify antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) in different Salmonella spp. strains isolated from pig productions in Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: Samples were received at the Diagnostic Unit of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences at the University of Antioquia, from January 1, 2019, to January 2021. A total of 28 isolates of Salmonella spp. were included, which presented phenotypic resistance to more than one antibiotic used in pig farms. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in the Unit of Genomic of Agrosavia using an automated pipeline from the GHRU- Sanger Institute, employing the Illumina MiSeq platform. WGS revealed 34 ARGs among these isolates. In 25 isolates (89%) more than two ARGs were found. Genes encoding resistance were found for 10 different groups of antibiotics (beta-lactam, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, rifampicins, lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim). The most frequently observed MDR profile in Typhimurium isolates was AMP-CEX-CEP-CEF-EFT-CEQ-FLU-ENR-TE-FFC-SXT. The presence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella strains in pigs destined for human consumption in Antioquia, Colombia was determined. This research emphasizes the utmost importance of epidemiological tools to understand the presence and spreading of antimicrobial resistance genes in pig farms. Additionally, it highlights the critical need for developing educational programs and public policies to help reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance in production systems.

Aspergillus spp., aspergillosis and azole usage in animal species in Europe: results from a multisectoral survey and review of recent literature.

Aspergillosis in humans and animals is caused by certain Aspergillus spp. and can be treated with fungicide azoles. Treatment in animals is often long and complicated by the lack of registered products, species specific pharmacodynamics, side effects and withdrawal periods for animal products. The emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus spp. isolates from human, environmental and avian samples is alarming, requiring multisectoral attention and a One Health approach. Recent information on the prevalence and impact of aspergillosis in animals, and the use of fungicide azoles in their treatment is however lacking. In this study we collected and analysed data on the occurrence of aspergillosis and/or presence of Aspergillus spp., and the use of fungicide azoles in animal categories in Europe over the last decade, by means of an international survey and literature review. Thirty-three survey responses were included, from respondents with various professional backgrounds. Fifty-eight articles were included for literature review, of which 90% contained information on the presence of Aspergillus spp. in diseased or healthy animals and 38% on the veterinary use of azoles. Results were consistent: the presence of Aspergillus spp. and related disease, and the use of fungicide azoles were most frequently reported in 'companion animals' and 'zoo animals and wildlife'. Considering the limitations in interpreting the obtained results and the lack of available data, more consistent data collection is necessary to accurately estimate the importance of Aspergillus spp. and related diseases, the use of azoles in veterinary medicine and its relevance in public health.

Plant-based and sustainable diet: A systematic review of its impact on obesity.

The food system significantly affects the environment through land use, emissions from livestock, deforestation, and food waste. Diet sustainability considers the environmental effects of food production, distribution, and consumption. Animal products emit more greenhouse gases than plant-based foods, prompting a shift towards plant-focused diets for reduced emissions. Sustainable diets, like the EAT-Lancet model, prioritize plant-based foods, adjusting for regional eating habits. These diets aim to be both environmentally friendly and conducive to human health, addressing concerns like obesity and chronic diseases. Obesity is a major global health challenge, and its complex relationship with food production and consumption patterns calls for sustainable solutions to reduce pressure on ecosystems and promote healthier lifestyles. Tackling obesity requires holistic strategies that address not only individual health but also the broader environmental impacts of food systems. A systematic review examined the link between plant-based diets and obesity focusing on studies assessing Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat assessment. Despite limited research, evidence suggests that adherence to a plant-based diet, particularly a healthy one, is associated with lower obesity rates. More longitudinal and intervention studies are necessary for a stronger consensus on the matter.

309. Detection of hemagglutinin H5 influenza A virus sequence in municipal wastewater solids during an outbreak of avian influenza

Abstract Background Influenza is a significant cause of illness and death worldwide. Influenza A virus is responsible for all influenza epidemics, and some strains, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), have zoonotic reservoirs and potential. In 2024, an outbreak of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, spread to dairy cattle in the United States, raising concerns about potential contributions to wastewater from animal sources. Wastewater surveillance has become a routine tool for monitoring influenza outbreaks due to providing population-level data in near real-time, making it uniquely suited to detection of emerging pathogens. H5 gene concentrations in wastewater solids during cattle outbreaks of avian influenza, TexasFigure 1.Concentrations of IAV M gene target (labeled as IAV, in green) as well as the H5 marker (labeled H5) and associated standard error in units of copies per gram dry weight; if error bars cannot be seen, then they are smaller than the symbols. Open markers are below the lowest measurable concentration (1000 copies per gram dry weight). Methods We developed a hydrolysis probe digital droplet RT-PCR assay for the detection of the H5 hemagglutinin gene of IAV and demonstrated it to be 100% specific and 90% sensitive based on in-silico and in-vitro testing against panels of human viruses including other IAV subtypes. We identified wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with aseasonal increases in influenza A concentrations. Clinical data was aggregated from influenza-related emergency health visits and statewide positivity rates and used for comparison to measured influenza concentrations. A timeline of events related an avian influenza outbreak in dairy cattleFigure 2.Top three panels. Concentrations of the IAV M gene in wastewater solids at the three WWTPs in Texas, as measured in the prospective monitoring. Line represents the 5-adjacent sample trimmed average, the symbols show the measured concentrations and the standard errors. Fourth panel from the top shows emergency department visits per week for influenza; PHR 1 represents Texas Public Health Region 1 (containing Potter/Randall Counties) and PHR2/3 represents Public Health Region 2/3 containing Dallas County. Bottom panel shows the presence or absence of the H5 marker in the samples from the three plants. Vertical lines indicate key dates as follows. February 8, 2024 USDA declares ongoing HPAI poultry outbreak, March 7, 2024: Unknown dairy cattle illness first reported, March 20, 2024: Samples collected from dairy cattle in Texas, March 25, 2024: Texas confirms H5N1 in dairy cattle, March 28, 2024: Positive H5N1 specimen collected from human. Results During the monitoring period, 59 WWTPs showed increases in the IAV M gene after the seasonal influenza period that coincided with the emergence of HPAI H5N1 in dairy cattle. Retrospective testing of samples from three WWTPs in Texas revealed the presence of the H5 marker at concentrations approaching those of the IAV M gene. The detection of the H5 marker in wastewater occurred before the official confirmation of H5N1 in dairy cattle and detection of a human case in Texas. Two of the WWTPs in Texas were confirmed to have permitted discharges from animal product processing facilities, including dairies, which is the proposed source of the H5 signal in wastewater. Conclusion This study demonstrates the ability of wastewater monitoring to detect contributions from zoonotic influenza, highlighting the need to consider industrial and agricultural inputs into wastewater systems. The detection of H5 in wastewater could have provided an early warning of the HPAI H5N1 outbreak before official confirmation, illustrating the value of wastewater surveillance when dealing with rapidly emerging pathogens. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Manufacturing of a New Portland cement from chicken eggshell waste

The approach recommended in this study is to develop an economically feasible and environmentally friendly cement, by partial replacement of the clinker with artificial pozzolans without affecting the performance of the cement. These artificial pozzolans are obtained by heat treatment of residual waste from animal by-products, in this case, chicken egg shells. These materials, after calcination at 750°C, acquire a large presence of lime (CaO) which allows them to react easily with the silica SiO2 contained in the clinker. In the present study, the calcined powder of CESA chicken eggshells is used as a substitute for clinker in different proportions (15%, 30% and 45%) as a replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The results obtained after calcination at 750°C, a better pozzolanicity, synonymous with the presence of calcite CaCO3.

The Agency and Effect of Technical Equipment on Animation Production in Studios Se-Ma-For and FS Kudlov in the 1970s and 1980s

The Agency and Effect of Technical Equipment on Animation Production in Studios Se-Ma-For and FS Kudlov in the 1970s and 1980s

How Serials Reshaped Animation Production. Comparative Analysis of Animated Film Serials Produced by the Studio in Gottwaldov and 'Se-Ma-For' Studio of Small Film Forms (1960s-1980s)

How Serials Reshaped Animation Production. Comparative Analysis of Animated Film Serials Produced by the Studio in Gottwaldov and 'Se-Ma-For' Studio of Small Film Forms (1960s-1980s)

АНАЛИЗ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ВИТАМИНА С В МЕСТНЫХ ПРОДУКТАХ ПИТАНИЯ ЯКУТИИ

he purpose of the study is to analyze the content of vitamin C in the most consumed food products and wild berries by the population of Yakutia. The object of research is products of animal and plant origin, wild berries. The research material was collected in 2016–2019 in Central Yakutia. Selection and preparation of samples were carried out according to the method of A.F. Abramova (2007). The content of vitamin C in food products was determined by infrared spectroscopy on a SpectraStar 2200 analyzer, calibrated on the basis of standard chemical methods, in the laboratory of agricultural products processing and biochemical analyzes of the Yaroslavl Research Institute of Agriculture. The norms for vitamin C requirements per day vary by population group, in accordance with the norms of physiological needs: for children – from 30 to 90 mg/day, for adults – 100 mg/day. Among animal foods, the richest in vitamin C are mare's milk (11.4 mg/100 g), fermented milk product "Ot Uerete" (1.6 mg/100 g), and among plant products – green crops (parsley (150.0 mg/ 100 g), dill (100.0 mg/100 g), onion (95.0 mg/100 g), among wild berries, the highest content of vitamin C was noted in rose hips (3100.0 mg/100 g) and black currants (386.0 mg/100 g). When consuming 250 g of mare's milk, the degree of satisfaction in vitamin C can be 28.5 % according to MP 2.3.1.0253-21. A serving (100 g) of cabbage and potatoes satisfies the daily requirement of an adult for vitamin C by 45 and 10 %.

Evaluating Changes in the VOC Profile of Different Types of Food Products After Electron Beam Irradiation

During the development of food radiation processing protocols, one of the aims is to find an optimal dose range for a specific type of product in which pathogenic microflora are inhibited while biochemical and organoleptic properties are not disturbed. When various food products are exposed to ionizing radiation, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are formed. Depending on the radiation dose, the list of VOCs and their content change, so they could be considered marker compounds for the description of irradiation-related processes. This work proposes a universal way to study and compare the profile of volatile compounds in products of animal and plant origin using GC-MS in combination with various data representation techniques, including unsupervised machine learning methods. The VOC profiles of beef, chicken, turkey, fish, and potatoes were examined.

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), water footprint and nitrogen loss associated with food consumption among adults: findings from the updated LEBANese natiONal food consumption survey (LEBANON-FCS)

BackgroundLebanon is grappling with numerous environmental challenges, including water scarcity, landfill waste, deforestation, and rising air pollution. Food choices significantly influence global greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts, making it crucial to evaluate the environmental footprints (EFPs) of Lebanon’s current dietary habits. This study aimed to assess food consumption patterns and their EFPs among a nationally representative sample of Lebanese adults.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to September 2022, involving 444 Lebanese adults aged 18 to 64 years. The sample was representative, and participants were distributed across the eight Lebanese governorates. Sociodemographic and medical data were collected via a questionnaire, food consumption was assessed through a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls, and anthropometric measurements were also taken. EFPs were derived from databases and repositories.ResultsThe typical EFPs of an average Lebanese adult included water usage of 2,862.39 ± 1,617.88 L/day, greenhouse gas emissions of 4.43 ± 2.29 kg CO2-eq/day, and nitrogen use of 12.72 ± 6.76 g/day. Animal products were the primary contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, while vegetable products had the highest water footprint and nitrogen loss impact on the environment. Grains and cereals, the most consumed food category, significantly influenced the water footprint and nitrogen loss. Additionally, meat consumption notably drove greenhouse gas emissions.ConclusionLebanon must address its environmental challenges and the impact of dietary choices on greenhouse gas emissions and EFPs. By evaluating and understanding the environmental consequences of current dietary patterns, Lebanon can take proactive steps towards promoting sustainable food practices and mitigating environmental degradation.