Processing Of Animal Products Research Articles

Raw and extruded field beans (Vicia faba var. minor) as alternative protein sources in heavy lamb diets

The possible risk connected to GMO use in animal breeding leads to reconsider animal production processes with special reference to the use of alternative protein sources able to replace soy bean, whose production accounts for about 60% GMO. The aim of the trial was to evaluate the possibility to replace soy bean with field bean for the heavy lamb diet and to study the effect of the processing treatment (extrusion) on the productive performances, the energy and protein metabolism parameters and on the quanti-qualitative characteristics of the carcass and the meat.Twenty-four male Gentile di Puglia lambs were divided, when 42 days old, into three homogeneous groups according to live weight (12,0 ± 0,5 kg) and assigned to the following feeding treatments: a) soy bean (control); b) raw field bean; c) extruded field bean. Food consumptions and live weights were recorded weekly in order to calculate the daily weight gain and the feed conversion index; blood samples were collected every 21 days and plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol (energy metabolism), and BUN, total proteins, protein electrophoresis (protein metabolism) were measured. At 90 days of age, after 12 hours of fasting, lambs were slaughtered and the dressing percentage was calculated. After refrigeration at 4 °C for 24 hours, the carcasses were sectioned into cuts, and the pelvic limb and lumbar region were dissected into tissue components (lean, fat and bone) (ASPA, 1991). The pH values were measured at slaughtering and 24 h later on the Longissimus dorsi (Ld) and Semimembranosus (Sm) muscles. Meat colour features (L, a, b) were assessed by using a spectrophotometer (Hunter Lab, D65/10° illuminant). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS and means were compared using the Student’s t test.The use of raw field bean showed better daily weight gain (250 g) when compared to c) group (220 g) and, especially, a) group (200 g, P<0.05). The blood indexes characterizing the energetic and protein metabolism were affected by lambs’ age but not by their feeding treatment. The pH of both the muscles, Ld and Sm, were not influenced by the feeding treatment at the slaughtering time, while 24 hours later the pH value of the Ld was significantly higher in the control group (6,10 ± 0,18) when compared to c) group (5.71 ± 0.02; P<0.01) and b) group (5.78±0,05; P<0.05). No statistical differences with regards to the incidence of the different cuts of the half carcass were detected among treatments. As for the tissue components of the pelvic limb cut, the percentage of lean in the control group (62.44±1.39) was lightly lower compared to the field bean groups, either extruded (63,28±2,15) or raw (64.44±0.67 %). The percentage of fat was lower for the extruded field bean treatment (9.03±0.78) with respect to that recorded with the use of soy bean (11.23 ± 0.60; P<0.05) or of raw field bean (12.83±0.78; P<0.01). With concern to the colorimetric characteristics of the Ld muscle, the index of redness was greater in the group fed with raw field bean when compared to control (10.39±0,42 vs 9.33±0.29; P<0.05). On the other hand, the brightness (37.90±1.44) and the yellowness (7.81±0.47) of the Sm muscle were significantly lower (P<0.05) in b) group when compared to a) and c) groups.It is concluded that field bean may represent a valid alternative to soy bean as a protein feed for growing lambs in so-called “organic” animal production systems where transgenic soy is banned.

Anthrax: the challenges for decontamination

AbstractAnthrax remains endemic in many parts of the world with regular infections of livestock presenting a consequent risk to public health. In the United Kingdom anthrax has diminished as a significant threat to human health with only sporadic outbreaks in farm animals derived from ingestion of spores from soil at sites associated with previous outbreaks and the burial of carcasses. Occupationally‐derived anthrax, associated with industries involved in the processing of animal products, has historically had an impact on the occurrence of outbreaks of infection. The introduction, in 1965, of vaccination for workers in high‐risk occupations contributed significantly to the eradication of the disease from the UK. During 2001 the deliberate release of anthrax spores in the USA, disseminated through the postal system, resulted in the infection of 22 people, five of which resulted in death through inhalational anthrax. At that time anthrax was unheard of in many clinical practices and there was a lack of training and preparedness to handle such incidents; the emergency resulted in medical and public health personnel across the world having a significantly raised awareness of both the organism and the clinical symptoms of infection, and the new threat posed by bioterrorism. In the USA, the immediate public health emergency was followed by the legacy of contaminated buildings and facilities. There had been little previous systematic study of the issues surrounding sampling and decontamination of areas contaminated with Bacillus anthracis. The decontamination of large complex buildings and the equipment they contained required the urgent development and validation of new procedures for both sampling and decontamination. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

The morphological identification of micro-residues on stone tools using light microscopy: progress and difficulties based on blind tests

Fifty-three stone flakes were knapped for a series of four blind tests on replicated flakes with residues derived from the processing of plant and animal products. Some flakes were hafted before use. Tests 1 and 2 were pioneering efforts published in 2004; lessons learned from these early studies shaped the new research reported here and lead to improved methodology and interpretive skills. A high level of accuracy was obtained for test 4. Test 3 showed that the rock type of a tool could influence the ability of the analyst to recognize and interpret residues. Test 4 in the series resulted in the most accurate interpretations because, prior to Test 4, identification difficulties experienced during the first three blind test sessions were addressed by examining many stone tools that had been used for various replicated tasks. The preparatory exercise was particularly useful for resolving issues that had previously caused problems for correctly identifying animal residues. The new work reported here highlights some of the difficulties that can be experienced in the morphological identification of microscopic organic residues, particularly the distinction between animal and plant residues. Some solutions for these problems are suggested.

Identifikasi Alternatif Pengembangan untuk Pemberdayaan Industri Kecil Hasil Peternakan Potensial di Kabupaten Bogor

The objectives of the study were to identify potency for development and possibilities for empowerment of small scale livestock product processing industries located in Bogor regency. A field survey has been conducted to collect information and data from some small scale industries which process different animal products of meat, milk, skin, bone, feather and slaughter house. Data collected included: human resources, capital, technology adapted, organization, product, marketing, government support, raw materials and market competitor. Data was analyzed by using the methods of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and Fuzzy NN – MCDM (Non Numeric Multi Criteria Decision Making). The results found that the most potency for development of small scale industry for animal product processing were the industries processing meat and milk. The most important aspect needed for empowerment was marketing.

Distribution and trade press strategies for british animated propaganda cartoons of the first world war era

Distribution and trade press strategies for british animated propaganda cartoons of the first world war era

Industrial biotechnology applications for food security in Africa: opportunities and challenges

Industrial biotechnology promises to help improve food security in Africa by providing alternative farm inputs for crop and livestock production, improving the processing of animal and plant products (and remains) and providing an additional market for farmers. Such innovations could diversify rural economies, create jobs and promote the development of environmentally and economically sustainable agro-industries. However, some of the challenges, such as limited international markets for agricultural products, high tariffs on semi-processed and processed exports, the weak local scientific base, lack of investment and diplomacy skills among others, threaten to limit the impact of biotechnology in Africa. This paper explores a number of these issues from an African perspective and seeks to highlight the options Africa could adopt to realise the benefits.

The first residue analysis blind tests: results and lessons learnt

Twenty-eight stone flakes were produced, sterilised and then used for a variety of tasks involving the processing of plants and animal products. Precautions were taken to avoid contaminating the residues. One set of used flakes was stored in sealed plastic bags; the other set was buried in compost for a month and then exposed to open-air conditions for three days. The bagged tools were used for a blind test (Test One) to assess the identification skills of the residue analyst who was not provided with any information prior to conducting the analysis. She obtained a high score for recognition of residues and tasks performed. Test Two used the tools that had been buried in compost and here the aim was to study the effects of acidic, organic-rich deposits on plant and animal residues. The Test Two results intimate that animal residues are more sensitive to certain burial and exposed conditions than plant residues, but more closely controlled experiments are needed before definite conclusions can be drawn.

Thermally produced ω-( o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids provide evidence for the processing of marine products in archaeological pottery vessels

ω-( o-Alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids with 16, 18 and 20 carbon atoms were identified in archaeological pottery vessels from coastal sites in Southern Brazil. Such compounds are presumed to form during heating of triunsaturated fatty acids (C 16:3, C 18:3 and C 20:3), which are commonly found in the tissues of marine animals. The detection of these unusual cyclic compounds together with the isoprenoid fatty acids, 4,8,12-trimethyltetradecanoic acid and phytanic acid and substantial quantities of archaeological bones of fish and mollusca, provides evidence for the processing of marine animal products in archaeological pottery.

Biosensors for livestock production

AbstractThe rapid development and application of biosensors is likely to have considerable impact on livestock management. Biosensors are considered to be analytical devices incorporating a biological material, or a biologically derived material intimately associated with or integrated within a physicochemical transducer or transducing microsystem. For livestock production it is useful to consider where sensors may be used effectively. These may include monitoring of the living environment to ensure that adequate hygiene and animal welfare are maintained, waste management, monitoring of the metabolic state of the livestock so that adequate intake of nutrients is maintained, detection of oestrus or other conditions, monitoring for bacterial or viral infections, both in live animals, and during the processing of animal products. For animal welfare, biosensors are needed to measure biological effects e.g. genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, biotoxins and endocrine effects. The concentrations of specific analytes that are difficult to detect are important contaminants of water, waste, soil or air (e.g. surfactants, chlorinated hydrocarbons, sulphophenyl carboxylates, sulphonated dyes, fluorescent whitening agents, napthalensulphonates, carboxylic acids, dioxins, pesticide metabolites etc). The development of practical biosensing systems capable of operation under realistic conditions is discussed.

Implementation of Intranet Scene Preview for Feature Animation

This paper describes the development of an Intranet scene preview capability within Warner Bros. Feature Animation. This capability was developed so all members of the production staff could easily view production material as it was being animated. The animation production process as it pertains to the preview capabilities is presented and the organization of the server is reviewed. A discussion of HyperText MarkUp Language (HTML) along with the structure and function of the custom software developed is given. Performance and enhancements of QuickTime down-loading and playback is also discussed.

New chromatographic, mass spectrometric and stable isotope approaches to the classification of degraded animal fats preserved in archaeological pottery

A new method is described for distinguishing between animal fats preserved in ancient pottery. Analysis of lipid fractions from two morphologically distinct vessel types (lamps and “dripping dishes”) using on-line gas chromatography–combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC–C–IRMS) showed that they could be distinguished by plotting the δ 13C value for n-hexadecanoic acid against that for n-octadecanoic acid. The δ 13C values obtained for modern reference fats from domesticated animals likely to have been important in antiquity showed the lamp extracts to correlate with ruminant animal fat, such as sheep or cattle, whereas the “dripping dishes” had δ 13C values similar to those of non-ruminant animal fat, such as pig. These findings were entirely consistent with distributional information obtained by GC and with positional isomer information gained from analysis of dimethyldisulphide derivatives of the monounsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that GC–C–IRMS has considerable potential for the classification of animal fats absorbed in ancient pottery particularly where fatty acid distributions have been altered by degradation during vessel use or burial. δ 13C values were also shown to be of value in detecting the use of vessels in the processing of animal products from more than one source.

Free and bound fatty acid oxidation products in archaeological ceramic vessels

While oxidation products of unsaturated fatty acids, for example dicarboxylic acids (hereafter diacids), must form during the use of unglazed ceramic vessels for the processing of animal and plant products, such components have never been observed during studies of absorbed lipids. Their absence from the extractable lipid fraction is presumed to be the result of their loss from potsherds through groundwater leaching. Lipid oxidation products including short-chain dicarboxylic acids, ω-hydroxy acids and longer-chain hydroxy and dihydroxy acids have now been observed as components probably covalently bound into solvent insoluble residues of potsherds recovered from waterlogged deposits. These components were only revealed following alkaline treatment of the insoluble residues. A similar mixture of diacids was observed in high abundance in the free lipid fraction of vessels recovered from an exceptionally arid deposit where groundwater leaching would never have occurred. These results confirm the formation of oxidation and probable polymerization products of unsaturated fatty acids during vessel use and burial.

Lung (Agricultural/Rural)

Industrialization of farming, animal raising, and forestry has added chemical and mechanical hazards that need to be recognized and prevented. Lung disease among farmworkers can result from a wide variety of hazardous exposures, which include organic dusts, allergens, chemicals, toxic gases, and infectious agents. In addition to nonspecific symptoms of mucous membrane irritation, farmworkers can experience occupational asthma or bronchitis, organic dust toxic syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, silo filler's disease (toxic hemorrhagic pulmonary edema), and neuromuscular respiratory failure. At risk are farmworkers and those involved in the processing, stocking, transportation, handling, and inspection of unprocessed agricultural, animal, and forestry products; veterinarians; gardeners; game, river, and forest keepers; persons involved in building, supplying, or servicing farm operations; and residents of rural communities. Worker education on the risks of environmental exposures, adherence to safety regulations, and increased knowledge of the cause and prevention of environmental diseases will reduce their prevalence and their adverse human and animal health and socioeconomic effects.

Lung (agricultural/rural)

Industrialization of farming, animal raising, and forestry has added chemical and mechanical hazards that need to be recognized and prevented. Lung disease among farmworkers can result from a wide variety of hazardous exposures, which include organic dusts, allergens, chemicals, toxic gases, and infectious agents. In addition to nonspecific symptoms of mucous membrane irritation, farmworkers can experience occupational asthma or bronchitis, organic dust toxic syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, silo filler's disease (toxic hemorrhagic pulmonary edema), and neuromuscular respiratory failure. At risk are farmworkers and those involved in the processing, stocking, transportation, handling, and inspection of unprocessed agricultural, animal, and forestry products; veterinarians; gardeners; game, river, and forest keepers; persons involved in building, supplying, or servicing farm operations; and residents of rural communities. Worker education on the risks of environmental exposures, adherence to safety regulations, and increased knowledge of the cause and prevention of environmental diseases will reduce their prevalence and their adverse human and animal health and socioeconomic effects. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;114:212-6.)

Inactivation of chicken anaemia virus in chickens by heating and fermentation

The transmission of pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses by the use of animal products in animal feed constitutes a potential risk to the health of livestock. To reduce the risk, it is necessary to understand the survival of viruses during the processing of animal products to feed-stuffs. Since chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is very resistant to inactivation, we used it as a model for the inactivation of pathogenic viruses during treatment of animal products. It is concluded that fermentation of CAV viraemic tissue did not affect the inactivation of CAV, however, heating at a core temperature of 95 degrees C for 30 min or 100 degrees C for 10 min is sufficient to inactivate CAV. Compared with the conditions for inactivation reported in the literature for other pathogenic viruses, our treatment is more stringent. CAV viraemic chickens are thus suitable as a model to test the heat inactivation of pathogenic viruses.

An industrial experiment in pre‐colonial Africa: the case of imperial Madagascar, 1825–1861

The last two decades have witnessed a lively debate over the preconditions for industrialisation, and the causes and consequences of the failure to industrialise. This paper attempts to widen the scope of the debate, which has concentrated upon European case studies, to include an industrial experiment in Imerina, a central province of Madagascar, between 1825 and 1861. This occurred in an overwhelmingly rural society, based on irrigated riziculture and possessing a small number of full‐time artisans. The Merina state initiated the drive to industrialise, on the basis initially of textile manufacture but later on the production of armaments, and on the processing of raw materials, notably sugar, tobacco and animal products. By the mid nineteenth century, many of the preconditions for successful industrialisation had been met. Lacking capital, the Merina crown promoted industry through labour intensive means, organising and directing its labour resources through the institutions of fanompoana, for the ‘fre...

European Community Experience in Costs of Producing Wheat

Wheat is a major French and European commodity. There are approximately 400,000 wheat producers in France producing 25 million metric tons of wheat on 4 million hectares. European Economic Community (EEC) wheat production is slightly higher than 70 million metric tons. French wheat production is very intensive, as in all of the northern plains of Europe. Soft wheat is the main type of wheat produced in these plains, while Durum is cropped in the Mediterranean regions of the EEC. Yields are high in relation to North American standards. France averaged up to 6.4 metric tons per hectare in 1989, but production typically varies from 4 to 9 tons per hectare. These yields require high levels of nitrogen ranging from 150 to 200 units per hectare in three applications, similar to the U.S. corn production. All French wheat producers belong to the Association g6n6rale des Producteurs de bl6 (AGPB), which is similar to the U.S. National Association of Wheat Growers. AGPB, which is funded by wheat growers, owns two major organizations. The Institut Technique des C6r6ales et des Fourrages (ITCF) provides extension information to producers on how to improve production. The second organization is UNIGRAINS, which is a bank, owned and financed by the cereal growers. This bank does not loan to producers but finances the processing of cereal and animal products. UNIGRAINS estimates the cost of production for wheat, barley, corn, rapeseed, and sunflowers. However, only wheat will be discussed in this paper, as it features the most detailed analysis. This paper has the following objectives: (a) to present information regarding the costs and returns of French wheat production; (b) to evaluate the cost of production, study its trends, and compare costs with prices over time; (c) to compare the French situation with European and North American competitors (USDA cost-ofproduction data are available in France since 1979).

Size of Animal in Relation to Productivity with Special Reference to the Ruminant—Economic aspects

The economic significance of size in animal production processes manifests itself mainly through an influence on the biological efficiency of the animal population or the individual animal. Within limits, those factors affecting biological efficiency are also ones which have a dominant effect on financial efficiency. These effects relate almost solely to total financial returns and the cost of feeding livestock per unit of product. However, size of animal may have a major impact on the need for resources other than feed, particularly labour and capital, and these aspects also merit some consideration.