Animals Of Different Ages Research Articles

Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites and H/L Ratio are Related Markers of Stress in Semi-Captive Asian Timber Elephants.

Simple SummaryAnimals are kept in captivity for various reasons worldwide. Throughout its range countries, the Asian elephant is used for various purposes, with a significant proportion of the remaining population working as draft and transport animals in the timber industry. However, captivity can also lead to compromises in welfare that need to be quantified for successful intervention. A key way of assessing an animal’s well-being in wildlife and zoo biology is to measure its stress. Previous studies have found positive, negative, or no relationship between two commonly used measures of stress: stress hormones and the ratio of two types of white blood cells—heterophils to lymphocytes. Our study is one of the first to show a positive and consistent link between these two measures in semi-captive Asian elephants from Myanmar, irrespective of sex, age, or environmental context. Our results show that using the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio from blood smears on-site may offer a potentially cheaper and faster way to determine stress than measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in the laboratory.Animals are kept in captivity for various reasons, but species with a slower pace of life may adapt to captive environments less easily, leading to welfare concerns and the need to assess stress reliably in order to develop effective interventions. Our aim was to assess welfare of semi-captive timber elephants from Myanmar by investigating the relationship between two physiological markers of stress commonly used as proxies for welfare, faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (FGM) and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (H/L), and link these measures to changes in body condition (determined by body weight). We further assessed how robustly these two markers of stress performed in animals of different age or sex, or in different ecological contexts. We measured FGM concentrations and H/L ratios between 2016 and 2018 from 316 samples of 75 females and 49 males ranging in age from 4 to 68. We found a positive and consistent link between FGMs and H/L ratios in Asian elephants, irrespective of their sex, age, or ecological context. Our results will help to inform managers of (semi-) captive elephants about using heterophil/lymphocyte ratio data from blood smears on site as a potentially cheaper and faster alternative to determining stress than measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in the laboratory.

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM BY-PRODUCTS DURING CHAROLET MEAT BREEDING

It should be noted that animal husbandry is widespread in all regions of Ukraine. The article examines greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle production in the winter. At the beginning of 2019, the herd of Charolais beef cattle had about 485 heads, including 150 cows, heifers - 41 heads, breeding bulls - 2 heads, fattening cows - 5 heads and young animals of different ages - 287 heads of different age groups consumed rations according to the sex and age of the groups. Emissions were determined taking into account the structure of the herd, feed consumption and the obtained data of gross energy consumption by different sex and age groups of cattle. The consumed energy was determined taking into account the amount of feed consumed and the content in it of mass fractions of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and nitrogen-free extractives. Based on gross energy consumed by animals and traits of by-products, the values of methane emissions, direct and indirect nitrogen emissions were determined both in absolute values and in specific ones per conventional head and CO2 equivalent for the winter period of the year. With a herd of 485 heads, the animals consume 97416592.72 MJ of energy per day, which is determined taking into account the mass fractions of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and without nitrogenous extractives. The yield of by-products per day is 18774 kg, for the whole winter period - 1107666 kg. It is established that in the production of beef from Charolais beef cattle in winter in the Kharkiv region, Ukraine greenhouse gas emissions in the preparation of organic waste amounted to 66157.566 kg in CO2 equivalent per conventional head, while emissions from the herd for the winter was: methane – 63887.491 CO2 kg, and direct and indirect nitrogen emissions in CO2 equivalent – 34.047 and 2236.028 kg, respectively.

Протективные возможности ИЛ-2 в условиях восстановления после черепно-мозговой травмы у животных разного возраста

Протективные возможности ИЛ-2 в условиях восстановления после черепно-мозговой травмы у животных разного возраста

Perspectives on using laser fluorescence spectroscopy in chronological skin ageing assessment

Laser fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS) is a potential tool for diagnosing pathological skin processes such as fibrosis, hypoxia, and inflammation. This article describes the results of the non-invasive assessment of skin autofluorescence for animals of different ages. The study was performed on outbred white male mice (n = 14). Fluorescence spectra were measured using the multifunctional device LAKK-M (SPE Lazma, Moscow, Russia), which implements LFS in vivo. The method is to record the fluorescence spectrum of a tissue after laser irradiation at a wavelength of λe excites its fluorescence. The wavelength λe is selected corresponding to specific fluorophore properties. To excite the fluorescence, the wavelength λe = 535 nm was used, which made it possible to estimate the fluorescence intensity of the lipofuscin. Increased autofluorescence of lipofuscin in the green waveband was detected in animals in the older age group compared to the younger group using LFS. It is important to note that the autofluorescence spectra of lipofuscin are in superposition with the spectra of other fluorophores and that the autofluorescence spectra of lipofuscin overlap the spectra of other fluorophores such as porphyrins. This may affect the interpretation of LFS data. Adjustment of animal age is necessary for the optical assessment of pathological processes using LFS.

Pathogens of intestinal cysts of sheep, their epizootology, diagnosis and profilactics

The article provides information on literature and personal research on the causes and effects of intestinal cestodosis in sheep in Uzbekistan, their occurrence in all seasons and animals of different ages, their current epizootological status, the methods for their differentiation and prevention. However, this is not the case in lambs, which may be thought to be due to the fact that cement damage begins later than in adult sheep. In the control sheep, the separation of the cement joints was observed during the experiment. In sheep and lambs of this control group, further deworming was performed. In the case of worm infections, the gastrointestinal cestodosis of sheep is most prevalent in terms of its prevalence, economic damage, and low levels of study. Given the widespread use of worms in animals and the emergence of various diseases in farm animals and poultry, their study will undoubtedly provide an opportunity to address not only veterinary but also broader socio-economic issues. This is also partly due to the immediate release of potted flowers or other green plants to domestic animals in wet weather. Intermediate hosts of cestodes - oribatid mites are common in all climatic and geographical regions of Uzbekistan - irrigated plains, foothills and desert-pasture biocenoses. After the skeleton, the cervical portion begins and is of different length in the cestodes of different systematic groups: the neck is very short (2.5–3 mm to 5–10 mm) in the parasites of the generation of monies and the neck is longer (30–40 cm). and the Avitellina lineage is longer and longer.

Молочна продуктивність різновікових голштинських корів за подовженої лактаційної функції

Presented study results of the productivity of mixed-aged cows with prolonged lactation. The formation of experimental groups was carried out according to the principle of analog groups, taking into account breed, live weight, age and physiological condition (lactation):25 animals in groups I, II, III and IV and 10 animals in group V. It was found that with the industrial technology of Holstein cows exploitation, regardless of their age, the duration of the lactation period was almost twice as long as the scientifically substantiated value and ranges from 561.2 to 610.9 days. At the same time, the milk productivity level of the cows in I and IV groups slightly exceeded 13 000 kg of milk per lactation, while in cows if II, III (control), and V groups – this value was higher than 15 000 kg. With prolonged lactation, the milk yield in the experimental groups of animals in terms of 305 days was kept at a fairly high level and there was a definite tendency to an increase in milk yield depending on the age of the animals. The first-calf heifers of group I were characterized by a relatively low milk yield since they gave only 13 291.8 kg of milk for the entire lactation, and in terms of 305 days – 7 944.1 kg, which was 13.57% and compared to III (control) group was 19.54% lower (P < 0.01). Animals of the fifth lactation from group V had the highest milk yield, in which the milk yield per lactation and per 305 days amounted to 15 818.5 kg and 9 716.7 kg of milk, respectively. With intensive exploitation technology and with the increasing age of Holstein cows, complete adaptation occurs, as a result of which their genetic potential for milk production is realized at a high level. This was indicated by the milk yield dynamics in experimental animals of different ages, in which, under the same conditions of feeding and housing, they were gradually increased from the first to the fifth lactation.

Hormone and glucose dynamics at physical exertion, at photoperiodic factor and hypoxia

The purpose of this research was to study the dynamics of melatonin, insulin, adrenaline and glucose in the blood of rabbit kits (prior and subsequent to prenatal hypoxia) at various stages of fetal growth and development; to study the ability of kits to withstand physical exertion of various intensity and duration in light and dark. The study of hypoxia exposure factors, photoperiodic factors and methods for correcting its effects is one of the pressing issues currently facing experimental and clinical physiology. In this context, it is important to study the effect of prenatal hypoxia on hormones synthesizing and expressing principles in the early periods of postnatal ontogenesis. This research shows that melatonin level decreases with increasing insulin and increases with decreasing insulin in animals of different ages kept under conditions of constant light and constant darkness, while the level of adrenaline decreases at physical exertion, but increases with a decrease in melatonin. This research confirms the inverse relationship between the levels of melatonin and insulin and between the levels of melatonin and adrenaline. Kits being in constant darkness have increasing melatonin, which by contrast decreases under conditions of constant light.

Isolating the key factors defining the magnitude of hippocampal neurogenesis’ effects on anxiety, memory and pattern separation

In this paper, I analyze the hypothesis that hippocampal neurogenesis (HN) exerts its effects on behavior via activation of inhibitory circuits in the hippocampus. Using a very simple mathematical model (half-borrowed from biochemistry) to aid the reasoning, I show that the key factors determining the magnitude of HN's effects on behavior are: the baseline levels of HN in the animal, the efficiency of the animal's inhibitory circuits, the strength/intensity of the stimulus presented to the animal and how much accuracy the behavioral task requires from the information contained in the hippocampal representations. Taken together, those factors can help explain patterns observed in the behavioral results for memory, pattern separation and anxiety. The conclusions of the analysis suggest that HN's effects on inhibitory circuits can explain the impact of neurogenesis on both emotion and cognition and provide a framework to interpret future studies about the effects of HN on different behaviors, with animals of different ages and of different species.

Peculiarities of immunore resistance changes in the experiment of induced peritonitis in animals of different ages

Introduction. The protection of the body against external and internal antigenic factors is executed with the help of the primary cellular and secondary resistance links. Excessive activation of adaptation reactions leads to the formation of various pathologies of inflammatory nature. Changes in the immune responses occur at all ontogenesis stages. In the present study, we conduct the experiment of induced peritonitis in animals of different ages in order to investigate more accurately adaptive responses of the immune system during inflammation. Objectives. The aim of our research was to study changes in the indicators of adaptive humoral immunity, levels of immunoglobulin A and circulating immune complexes, phagocytic activity of neutrophils and the disruption of enzymes activity, which provide the phagocyte function in the NST test on the model of induced peritonitis in animals of different ages. Materials and methods. The studies were performed on 200 white male rats. They were divided into a control group and the experimental rats, 3- and 22-month-old ones. Acute inflammation and dysbiosis in the small intestine were caused by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide obtained from Escherichia coli strain. The material for the study was serum and blood elements of experimental animals. Results. The levels of immunoglobulin A in the blood serum of 3 and 22-month-old rats with the inflammation model were reduced in comparison with this index in control group animals. The content of the CIC in the rats blood serum of both age groups was significantly higher in comparison with the control group. All the studied indices of neutrophils phagocytic activity in the 22-month-old animals with the inflammation model were lower than in the control rats of this age. In the 3-month-old rats with the inflammation model, the index of phagocytosis completeness was significantly lower in comparison with the control group. The reduction in the reserve capacity of phagocytic cells was higher in the 22-month-old animals. An increase in the neutrophils metabolic activity and a decrease in their metabolic reserve in 3 and 22-month-old rats with the inflammation model were revealed in comparison with the parameters of the control groups. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate presence of violation of the primary cellular and secondary humoral immunity during the aging of the body and decrease in the adaptive responses of the immune system during inflammation due to an increase in antigenic effects.

Relative effects of age on implant integration in a rat model: A longitudinal in vivo microct study.

The effect of age on implant fixation in bone is not always considered during the design of preclinical models. The decision on animal's age is often related to practical or historical reasons, which ultimately may affect the reproducibility of results. This study aimed to quantify the effect of age by monitoring the fixation of contrast-enhanced PEEK screws in rats, hypothesizing that the kinetics of fixation is impaired in older animals but that age effects are less severe than osteoporotic effects. The time course of implant fixation was investigated in healthy rats at 24, 40, and 60 weeks of age; and in ovariectomized rats. Implant fixation was monitored using in-vivo microCT and dynamic histomorphometry during 1 month. The rats were euthanized 28 days post screw insertion. The data was analyzed both in absolute value and after normalization to baseline bone mass. In absolute terms, greater age had a detrimental effect on bone implant contact, bone fraction, implant stiffness, and bone remodeling but less than ovariectomy. Interestingly, once data was normalized to baseline bone mass this effect disappeared, suggesting that the physiologic response to implant placement was not affected by age. In conclusion, implant fixation kinetics is less affected by age than by baseline bone mass in this rat model. Animals of different ages can therefore be compared but data must be construed relatively to baseline bone mass and not in absolute terms. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-12, 2018.

Количественные особенности роста тканей почек от животных различного возраста при культивировании in vitro

Количественные особенности роста тканей почек от животных различного возраста при культивировании in vitro

Intra- and inter-individual variability of stable strontium isotope ratios in hard and soft body tissues of pigs.

Stable isotope analysis has become an indispensable tool for the identification of the flow of matter in ecological sciences. Stable strontium isotope ratios are used in several different scientific fields as markers for provenance, mobility, and migration. A crucial prerequisite for such studies is a reliable definition of local ranges and an estimation of expected isotopic variability. To study the local variability of stable strontium isotope ratios at a specific place, a farrow of ecologically and locally grown pigs was investigated and strontium was extracted from their hard tissues (tooth enamel, bones and bristles) as well as soft tissues (meat, organs and blood) via dry- and wet-ashing procedures and subsequent column separation. The 87 Sr/86 Sr ratio was then measured via TIMS (thermal ionization mass spectrometry). Reliable 87 Sr/86 Sr data was generated from all tissue types. Both intra- and inter-individual variability was high and tissue-specific patterns could be identified. High ranges occurred in sample types which were analyzed for animals of different age (pigs as well as piglets): teeth, parietal, mandible, femur, and leg muscle as well as in jaw muscle samples, which were only analyzed in adult pigs. Tooth enamel data showed a tooth-type-dependent pattern. We conclude that a time factor played a role for the observed variability, e.g. a shift in food supply. Furthermore, we presume that local range estimates from the literature only work for tissues which integrate all consumed components over a sufficient amount of time and average fluctuations which can be found in tissues with higher turnover rates.

Peculiarities of immunore resistance changes in the experiment of induced peritonitis in animals of different ages

Introduction. The protection of the body against external and internal antigenic factors is executed with the help of the primary cellular and secondary resistance links. Excessive activation of adaptation reactions leads to the formation of various pathologies of inflammatory nature. Changes in the immune responses occur at all ontogenesis stages. In the present study, we conduct the experiment of induced peritonitis in animals of different ages in order to investigate more accurately adaptive responses of the immune system during inflammation. Objectives. The aim of our research was to study changes in the indicators of adaptive humoral immunity, levels of immunoglobulin A and circulating immune complexes, phagocytic activity of neutrophils and the disruption of enzymes activity, which provide the phagocyte function in the NST test on the model of induced peritonitis in animals of different ages. Materials and methods. The studies were performed on 200 white male rats. They were divided into a control group and the experimental rats, 3- and 22-month-old ones. Acute inflammation and dysbiosis in the small intestine were caused by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide obtained from Escherichia coli strain. The material for the study was serum and blood elements of experimental animals. Results. The levels of immunoglobulin A in the blood serum of 3 and 22-month-old rats with the inflammation model were reduced in comparison with this index in control group animals. The content of the CIC in the rats blood serum of both age groups was significantly higher in comparison with the control group. All the studied indices of neutrophils phagocytic activity in the 22-month-old animals with the inflammation model were lower than in the control rats of this age. In the 3-month-old rats with the inflammation model, the index of phagocytosis completeness was significantly lower in comparison with the control group. The reduction in the reserve capacity of phagocytic cells was higher in the 22-month-old animals. An increase in the neutrophils metabolic activity and a decrease in their metabolic reserve in 3 and 22-month-old rats with the inflammation model were revealed in comparison with the parameters of the control groups. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate presence of violation of the primary cellular and secondary humoral immunity during the aging of the body and decrease in the adaptive responses of the immune system during inflammation due to an increase in antigenic effects.

Распространение и принципы лечения эрлихиоза котов в условиях мегаполиса г. Харьков

The article presents data on the distribution of ehrlichiosis among cats in the metropolitan city of Kharkiv and the basic principles of its treatment. Recently, the number of cases of domestic pets with transmissive diseases has been increasing in Ukraine. One of these is the naturally occurring, transmissive diseases of cats and dogs caused by rickettsiae of the genus Ehrlichia, known as ehrlichiosis. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of publications on the incidence of cats with ehrlichiosis. Ehrlichia are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular agents. Their average size is 0,5-1,5 microns. Plasma monocytes are parasitize in the form of morules, which are colored blue according to Romanovsky-Giemsa. Ixodidae ticks, primarily Rhipicephalus sanguineus, transmit the pathogen agents of this disease. As a result of the studies, it was found that ehrlichiosis was registered in 20,6 % of the examined animals of different ages, sex and breed. In cats aged 2-5 years old, the disease has registered more often. It should be noted that 11,26 % of animals were found to be infected with several pathogens of vector-borne diseases (babesiosis and ehrlichiosis). Monitoring of clinical symptoms in cats with ehrlichiosis was characterized by specific clinical symptoms: increase in body temperature to 39,8-41,0 °C, apathy, anorexia, periodic vomiting. In some cases, paleness or jaundice of the mucous membranes, hemoglobinuria, nasal bleeding, limping, and weakness of the hind limbs were registered. For the diagnosis, direct microscopy of peripheral blood smears was performed following the procedure using a Leukodif 200 blood smear rapid stain kit. To confirm the diagnosis, the material was examined for the presence of the pathogen DNA in the polymerase chain reaction of LLC AGROGEN NOVO Kharkov. The strategy of treating cat ehrlichiosis included the complex application of modern medicines (antibacterials, immunostimulants, metabolic correctors, hepatoprotectors, probiotics). This treatment scheme allows to achieve complete elimination of the pathogen from the animal.

Melatonin, insulin and adrenaline in the blood of rabbit kits that survived prenatal hypoxia: Hormone dynamics at physical exertion

The purpose of the research was to study the dynamics of melatonin, insulin and adrenaline in the blood of rabbit kits (prior and subsequent to prenatal hypoxia) at various stages of fetal growth and development, as well as to study the ability of kits to withstand physical exertion of various intensity and duration in light and darkness. This research shows that the melatonin level decreases with increasing insulin, and increases with decreasing insulin in animals of different ages kept under conditions of constant light and constant darkness, whereas the level of adrenaline decreases at physical exertion, but increases with a decrease in melatonin. This research confirms the inverse relationship between the levels of melatonin and insulin and between the levels of melatonin and adrenaline. Kits kept in constant darkness showed increased melatonin levels, which, by contrast, decreased under conditions of constant light.

Application of ovariovit to improve diary cows conception rate

This article presents the results of a study on the efficiency of fertilization by treatment with ovariovit and liarsin. The study was conducted on the facility of “Kamyshinskoe” farm in Shemonaikhinskiy region of Vostochno-Khazakhstanskaya oblast in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Animals of different ages and with the same productivity were selected for the experiment. Treatment of animals was carried out after gynecological clinical examination. The examination of animals was performed by rectal and biophysical methods. The efficiency of homeopathic and hormonal treatments of the dairy cows to increase fertility were studied. The performed study enabled evaluation of various schemes for increasing the fertility of dairy cows. The results of the study showed a higher efficiency with the treatment of homeopathic drugs.

Influence of age on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Apodemus sylvaticus at Merja Zerga lagoon, Morocco.

The influence of age and sex on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Apodemus sylvaticus was studied in Merja Zerga lagoon in northern Morocco. Five trace metal elements (Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Fe) were quantitatively analyzed by Varian AA 240 atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace in three organs (Liver, Kidney and Heart) from animals of different age and sex. The maximum metal level of the analyzed samples was recorded in adults and was limited to 46.62 μg/g for Pb and 35.1 μg/g for Cu, while it reached 22.69 μg/g, 7.59 μg/g and 6.78 μg/g for Cr, Zn and Fe, respectively. Highly significant differences were found for bioaccumulation of heavy metals according to animal ages and no significant differences were observed between the two sexes among the studied animals. Our results revealed also the existence of a strong correlation (r > 0.65) between the majority of biometric parameters and the trace element concentrations. In general, we found that age is a critical factor in estimating the level of heavy metal pollution. Other characteristics such as habitat, feeding habits and anti-predator behavior of the species need to be studied.

Morphometric characterization of Black Bengal Goat under farming condition in Bangladesh

The study was undertaken to characterize of Black Bengal Goat (BBG) under farming condition. Data on the different parameters were collected during July 2006 to June 2013 at BLRI goat research farm. A total of 299 animals of different ages from birth to 36 months of both sexes were included. All type of measurements were taken when goats standing freely. All measurements were taken in metric unit. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 17.0 statistical computer program. In BLRI goat herd, four different types of coat color were observed in BBG i.e. Black, Black and white, Black and brown and completely white. Body length is higher in males than that of females for all generation and age group. Male goats had higher heart girth than that of female goats irrespective of age and generations. Average adult (>24 months age) body weight of male and female goats as 29.9±1.76 and 23.6±0.81 kg, respectively. Wither height was higher in adult males than females for same age. Left and right horn length in both sexes ranged from 3.6 to 13.2 cm. Female goats had higher ear length than male goats. Tail length of Black Bengal goats ranged from 8.0±0.52 to 11.1±0.43 cm and tail breadth ranged from 2.1±0.10 to 3.6±0.43 cm for different age and sex group. Average male foreleg length in >24 months of age possessed higher than that of female. Average udder length and breadth of BBGs were 7.5±0.24, 11.7±0.44 and 14.3±0.46 and 5.9±0.16, 7.4±0.28 and 7.8±0.23 cm, respectively for age groups 6-12, 12-24 and >24 months of age. The average testis length and breadth in adult males were 9.1±0.18, 7.5±0.48 and 9.8±0.49 and 6.8±0.13, 5.2±0.27 and 6.3±0.32, cm respectively for 6-12, 12-24 and >24 months of ages groups.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2018, 4(1): 95-104

Assessment of Factors Influencing the Implementation of Biosecurity Measures on Pig Farms in the Western Highlands of Cameroon (Central Africa).

Biosecurity plays an irreplaceable role in preventing diseases and increasing productivity on farm. The main objective of this study was to characterize pig farming and investigate factors influencing biosecurity on pig farms in the western highlands of Cameroon. Data were collected from May to July 2017 using a questionnaire and observations. A technical scoring system was developed from the biosecurity measures. The results revealed that most farmers are males (76.29%), on average 47.82 ± 10.34 years old, with secondary school level (53.61%). The most common husbandry system is extensive (73.22%). Over a total score of 93, measures with higher scores (>80) included “employees do not rear pigs at home,” “animals of different age not in the same room,” “unsold animals from market quarantined prior to reintroduction into the herd,” “production materials not exchanged among farms,” “piggeries clean every day,” “disinfectants used,” “pigs vaccinated,” and “vaccination calendar respected.” Those with the lowest score (<6) were “sanitary lock present,” “use of herd specific clean coveralls and boots on farm,” and “entry restriction sign post present.” The biosecurity level was associated with production system, with the score 6.57 and 3.66 points lower for extensive and semi-intensive farms, respectively, than for intensive system. Farmer's age, gender, education level, and herd size did not affect the level of biosecurity. The results can be used to improve the general biosecurity status in pig herds in the country which in turn will lead, as observed elsewhere, to improved technical performance and economic gain.

Phenotypic characterisation of indigenous cattle of Meghalaya State

In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the phenotypic variability and know the management of indigenous cattle in the Meghalaya state. A total of 76 farmers from 17 villages of three districts (Ri-Bhoi, East-Khasi Hills and West-Garo Hills) were interviewed to record information on various management practices and 217 animals of different age and sex were recorded for morphometric and physical traits. It was observed that cattle were reared mainly for meat, milk, bullock power and manure. Animals were reared on extensive system of management i.e. grazing from morning to evening, free range during December to March. During April to December fields have crops so controlled grazing was there. Cattle were of small size, well built, hardy and in cylindrical shape. The body colour varies in different colours brown (53%), grey (38%) and black (9%). Bulls were darker in colour and have medium size hump. Horns were smaller in length (9-12 cm). The average body length, height at wither, heart girth, paunch girth, horn length, ear length, face length and tail length without switch in cows (95) were 97.64±1.08 cm, 100.90±0.95 cm, 128.90±1.53 cm, 128.60±1.77 cm, 9.94±0.63 cm, 18.91±0.22 cm, 38.08±0.47 cm and 68.61±0.97 cm, respectively. Males and females did not differ significantly at all stages of age for all the mophometric traits. The average daily milk yield and lactation length were 2.38+0.18 kg (1.50 to 4.0kg) and 138 days (120-180 days), respectively. It may be concluded that indigenous cattle of Meghalaya showed uniformity in physical and morphometric traits and differ in their proportion (type traits) with others cattle of the region.