Animals In Medical Research Research Articles

Animals in Research

To the Editor.— As a practicing nephrologist and a recipient of a bovine pericardial aortic valve, I am vitally aware of the importance of animal research to biomedical investigation and medical progress. Without the 40 to 50 years of animal research that made open heart surgery possible, I would be dead. The recent commentary by Drs Smith and Hendee1is a timely one, given the number of attacks made recently on even the responsible use of animals in medical research. It would be irresponsible of me to remain quiet during this debate. I believe that physicians have a responsibility to speak out clearly for the continued use of animals in fundamental biomedical research. Society at large must be better informed so that it can make the proper decisions, whether through the voting booth or through direct communication to its elected representatives. We need to share our knowledge of animal

William Paton, Man and mouse. Animals in medical research, Oxford University Press, 1984, 8vo, pp. xii, 174, illus., £9.95 (£2.95 paperback).

William Paton, Man and mouse. Animals in medical research, Oxford University Press, 1984, 8vo, pp. xii, 174, illus., £9.95 (£2.95 paperback).

Book Review: Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research

Book Review: Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research

Book Reviews

Journal Article Book Reviews Get access WILLIAM PATON. Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research, Guernsey, Channel Islands, Guernsey Press Co. (Oxford University Press), 1984. xii, 180 pp., illus. $16.95. RICHARD C. SIMMONDS, D.V.M., M.S. RICHARD C. SIMMONDS, D.V.M., M.S. Director Instructional and Research Support, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume 40, Issue 3, July 1985, Pages 380–381, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/40.3.380 Published: 01 July 1985

The President vetoes stricter congressional oversight of NIH.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH), vested with more money and higher acclaim by Congress than ever before, enjoys a reputation that is perhaps without equal among federal agencies. Yet, even at the height of its standing in the political arena, this world-renowned institution is buffeted by strong pressures to reconfigure its organizational structure, subject its operations to closer congressional scrutiny, and restrict its use of animals in medical research and its pursuit of fetal research. Only President Reagan's veto of the Health Research Extension Act of 1983, a week before his reelection November 6, thwarted legislation that sought to . . .

Book Reviews: Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research. William Paton, OUP, Oxford, 1984, 174 pp., £2.95

Book Reviews: Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research. William Paton, OUP, Oxford, 1984, 174 pp., £2.95

Book Review: Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research

Book Review: Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research

The welfare stake

Of Mice, Models, and Men: A Critical Evaluation of Animal Research. By Andrew N. Rowan. State University of New York Press: 1984. Pp.323. Hbk $34.50; pbk $12.95. Man and Mouse: Animals in Medical Research. By William Paton. Oxford University Press: 1984. Pp.192. Hbk £9.95; pbk £2.95.

Recent developments concerning the use of animals in medical research

Recent developments concerning the use of animals in medical research

Animal models for human diseases.

The use of animal models for the study of human disease is, for the most part, a recent development. This discussion of the use of animal models for human diseases directs attention to the sterile period, early advances, some personal experiences, the human as the model, biological oddities among common laboratory animals, malignancies in laboratory animals, problems created by federal regulations, cancer tests with animals, and what the future holds in terms of the use of animal models as an aid to understanding human disease. In terms of early use of animal models, there was a school of rabbis, some of whom were also physicians, in Babylon who studied and wrote extensively on ritual slaughter and the suitability of birds and beasts for food. Considerable detailed information on animal pathology, physiology, anatomy, and medicine in general can be found in the Soncino Babylonian Talmudic Translations. The 1906 edition of the "Jewish Encyclopedia," has been a rich resource. Although it has not been possible to establish what diseases of animals were studied and their relationship to the diseases of humans, there are fascinating clues to pursue, despite the fact that these were sterile years for research in medicine. The quotation from the Talmud is of interest: "The medical knowledge of the Talmudist was based upon tradition, the dissection of human bodies, observation of disease and experiments upon animals." A bright light in the lackluster years of medical research was provided by Galen, considered the originator of research in physiology and anatomy. His dissection of animals and work on apes and other lower animals were models for human anatomy and physiology and the bases for many treatises. Yet, Galen never seemed to suggest that animals could serve as models for human diseases. Most early physicians who can be considered to have been students of disease developed their medical knowledge by observing the sick under their care. 1 early medical investigator proposed that an aggressive invasive cancer of the dog that he had observed be used to study cancer in a generic sense. Other researchers who recognized the value of animals in medical research were Jenner, Claude Bernard, and Pasteur. The human can also serve as an animal model. Some of those situations are presented, and in all a common theme exists. There was no known animal model that could be used, and in some cases the situation has not changed today. In all cases the discoveries must be regarded as serendipitous. The state of the art of the pathology of laboratory animal diseases and neoplasia is unsatisfactory. There is much empirical speculation and little substance. Cancer studies with mice and rats as now conducted are of minimal value. Although a tradition of excellence in the use of animal models to help understand human disease has been established, much remains to be learned.

Current Attempts to Prevent the Use of Animals in Medical Research

THE CURRENT strategy of the animal welfare and antivivisection groups in the United States is assert that the use of living vertebrate animals in research is not essential progress in medical science. Their lobbying activities have induced some 50 members of Congress introduce or cosponsor one of four bills in the House of Representatives, promote so-called alternative methods the use of living animals in medical research and toxicity testing. The most strongly supported bill is HR 4805, called the Research Modernization Act. Another measure that has very strong animal humane society support is HR 6847, to amend the Animal Welfare Act insure the humane treatment of laboratory animals. Both bills would impede scientific research. These bills, which did not pass in the 96th Congress, will probably be introduced in the 97th Congress with new numbers. The scientific and medical communities should be alerted

Current attempts to prevent the use of animals in medical research

Current attempts to prevent the use of animals in medical research

Blood groups as genetic markers in chimpanzees: Their importance for the national chimpanzee breeding program

Severe restrictions on the importation of chimpanzees emphasize the importance and urgency of domestic breeding as a sole means to assure an uninterrupted supply of animals for medical research. An insight into the genetic structure of the self-sustained captive population of animals is indispensable to prevent the effects of inbreeding and to preserve the animals' reproductive capacity. This can be achieved by study of sets of genetic markers in the form of heritable molecular or antigenic variations detectable by relatively simple methods. Among chimpanzee blood components so far identified as possible genetic markers, red cell antigens appear to be the most useful and most readily available. The amount of information concerning blood groups of chimpanzees, their serology and genetics, number of polymorphic types, etc, surpasses data on other heritable traits in this species. A concise review of the present status of knowledge of chimpanzee blood groups and, particularly, of serology and genetics of two complex blood group systems, V-A-B-D and R-C-E-F, is given together with a few examples of their application in cases of disputed parentage. Finally, a list of practical steps is suggested dealing with introduction and use of genetic markers as elements of the national chimpanzee breeding program.

Marine Animals in Medical Research

PHAGOCYTOSIS, probably everyone would agree, is a key component in the defense armamentarium of man. Yet its importance was first realized in studies with a marine creature, the starfish larva.¹This discovery was exceptional. In general, few researchers until recently were cognizant of the value of marine animals in studying fundamental processes of relevance to man. Within the last decade, however, there have been a number of articles describing the special attributes of these animals and forecasting noteworthy benefits from their increased use in medically oriented research.^2-5At the national level, it was recognized that there is a need for more scientists trained in the combination area of marine biology and health science.⁶ <h3>Cause for Underuse</h3> Yet today, despite this generally stimulating literature, it is rare to find marine animals being used in substantial numbers by the medical researcher, and the question is why. A probable basic

Marine animals in medical research

Marine animals in medical research

Animals for medical research: By B. M. MITRUKA, H. M. RAWNSLEY and D. V. VADEHRA. 1976. Chicester, England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Pp. xiii and 591. 24.50.

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.

Film Reviews

Assessments of Microbiology Films (Part II) Bacteriological Techniques—How to Inoculate a Plate. 16 mm, silent, colour, 8 min. Produced by St Mary's Hospital: U.K. 1951 Continuous Culture of Bacteria. 8 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm, sound, colour, 20 min. Produced by Dr G. C. Ware: U.K. 1963 Flagella and Motility. 16 mm, silent, black and white, 17 min. Produced by Professor Pijper: South Africa. 1950 Anatomy of the Cell. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 18 min. Produced by Dr M. C. Bessis for Squibb & Sons Ltd: France. 1960 Microscopic Life in Soil. 16 mm, sound, colour, 14 min. Produced by Gateway: U.S.A. 1964 Institut Pasteur. 16, 35 mm, sound (French), black and white, 23 min. Produced by Je Vois Tout: France. 1945 Heterothallism in Phycomyces 81-5704/1. Film-loop, colour, 2 min 45 sec. Produced by Iowa State University: U.S.A. 1967 Budding of Yeast Cells—81-4285/1. Film-loop, colour, 4 min Produced by Educational Services Inc.: U.S.A. 1965 Mucor: 1, Growth and asexual reproduction. 2, Sexual reproduction. Film-loops, colour, (1) 2 min 10 sec. (2) 1 min 50 sec. Produced by Halas & Batchelor: U.K. 1962 Syngamy and Alternation of Generations in Allomyces—A Water Mold. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 20 min. Produced by University of California, Berkeley: U.S.A. 1953 Killing the Killers. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 14 min Produced by the Indian Government: India. 1959 Antibiotic Progress 16 mm, sound, colour, 10 min. U.S.A. 1957. Withdrawn. And the Earth Shall Give Back Life. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 25 min. Produced by L. de Rochment: U.S.A. 1952. Withdrawn. Antimicrobial Drugs: 1, Properties. 2, Resistance. Crookes Veterinary Programmed Reading. Edited by R. E. Ablett The Treatment on Moniliasis with Nystatin. 16 mm, sound, colour, 20 min. U.S.A. 1956 Withdrawn. Nydrazid (Isoniazid) in the Treatment of Tuberculosis. 16 mm, sound, colour, 30 min. Produced by Dr H. C. Hinshaw: U.S.A. 1952. Withdrawn. The Biology of Atta, the Ants which Grow Mushrooms. 16 mm, sound, colour, 20 min. Produced by Service du Film de Recherche Scientifique: France. 1960 Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite. 16 mm, sound, colour, 21 min. Produced by Oswald Skilbeck: U.K. 1951 Trypanosoma. 16 mm, silent, black and white, 5 min. Produced by Institut Pasteur: France. 1940 The Threat in the Water. 16 mm, sound, colour, 30 min. Produced by Shell: U.K. 1968 The Human Blood Fluke. 16 mm, sound, colour, 33 min. Produced by Wellcome Foundation Film Unit: U.K. 1952 Immunity: 1. Non-Specific Resistance; Antibodies. 2. Immunity and Hypersensitivity. Crookes Veterinary Programmed Reading. Edited by R. E. Ablett. The Chemistry of the Cell I & II. I, The Structure of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. II. The Function of DNA and RNA in Protein Synthesis. 16 mm, sound, colour, I: 21 min, II: 16 min. Produced by Technical & Scientific Films Ltd: U.K. 1965 DNA-RNA, Structure and Replications Science Packet No. 21 Teaching Aid for Overhead Projection. Obtainable from Visual Productions, 3M Company. Price £1 These drawings are intended for lower school work and are unsatisfactory. Chromatography. 16 mm, sound, colour, 18 min. Produced by I.C.I. Ltd: U.K. 1962 The Keepers of the Mystery. 16 mm, sound, colour, 17 min. Produced by British Movietone: U.K. 1956 The Control of Bacteria in Food. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 20 min. Produced by Gate Film Productions for Lyons Maid Ltd: U.K. 1952 The Control of Bacteria in Food. Film-loop, silent, black and white, 4·5 min. Produced by Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project: U.K. 1966 By Whose Hand ? 16 mm, sound, colour, 16 min. Produced by Lever Industrial Ltd and Domestos: U.K. 1962 The Housefly. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 16 min. Produced by Film House Productions: U.K. 1959 Central Sterile Supply. 16 mm, sound, colour, 23 min. Produced by G. Donald: U.K. 1962. Withdrawn. Sterilizing Wool Blankets for Hospitals. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 15 min Australia. 1961. Withdrawn : originally distributed by the Wool Secretariat. Hospital Syringe Service. 16 mm, sound, black and white, 11 min. Produced by G. Middleton: U.K. 1951 Automatic Sterilization. 16 mm, silent, colour, 20 mins. Produced by G. F. Haufton: U.K. 1957 Pressure Steam Sterilization. 16 mm, sound, colour, 33 min. Produced by Sturgis-Grant Productions: U.S.A. 1958 Study from Lifel. Laboratory Animals in Medical Research. 16 mm, sound, colour, 20 min. Produced by Veterans Administration: U.S.A.

Maintenance and handling of primate animals for medical research.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 162, Issue 1 p. 329-335 MAINTENANCE AND HANDLING OF PRIMATE ANIMALS FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH* Joseph H. Davis, Joseph H. Davis Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates New York University Medical Center, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorBruce R. McPherson, Bruce R. McPherson Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates New York University Medical Center, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorJ. Moor-Jankowski, J. Moor-Jankowski Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates New York University Medical Center, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this author Joseph H. Davis, Joseph H. Davis Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates New York University Medical Center, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorBruce R. McPherson, Bruce R. McPherson Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates New York University Medical Center, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorJ. Moor-Jankowski, J. Moor-Jankowski Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates New York University Medical Center, New York, N. Y.Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1969 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb56380.xCitations: 6 * Supported by National Science Foundation grant no. GB-6038, USPHS grant no. FR 00316-02, and Health Research Council of New York City grant no. U-1885. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume162, Issue1Experimental Medicine and Surgery in PrimatesJuly 1969Pages 329-335 RelatedInformation

Domesticated farm animals in medical research.

Domesticated farm animals in medical research.

Animals in medical research.

Animals in medical research.