Animal Veterinary Research Articles

New records of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild birds in a forest fragment in Acre, Brazilian Amazon

This study aimed to expand knowledge about tick parasitism on wild birds in western Amazonia and provide additional records of species parasitized by ticks in the state of Acre. Birds were captured with mist nets from September 2016 to February 2017 at the Fazenda Experimental Catuaba, in Senador Guiomard, Acre State, Brazil, identified, and thoroughly inspected. Detected ticks were removed with tweezers, stored in labeled collectors containing 70% alcohol, and identified using a stereomicroscope with incident lighting and taxonomic keys at the Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo. In total, 203 wild birds were captured, comprising nine orders and 24 families. Among them, 24 birds (11.82%) belonging to 13 species were parasitized by 44 ticks at different stages: 26 Amblyomma sp. larvae, 10 Amblyomma nodosum nymphs, four Amblyomma longirostre nymphs, and four Amblyomma humerale nymphs. This study reports for the first time nine new species of birds as hosts of ticks of the genus Amblyomma in the state of Acre, namely: Monasa nigrifrons, Hypocnemis subflava, Dendrocincla fuliginosa, Sittasomus griseicapillus, Xiphorhynchus guttatoides, Poecilotriccus latirostris, Hemitriccus flammulatus, Ramphotrigon megacephalum, and Turdus amaurochalinus. This study also records, for the first time, A. nodosum ticks parasitizing R. megacephalum and A. humerale parasitizing Momotus momota, S. griseicapillus, and X. guttatoides.

Characterization of Domestic Cats Patients Treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics at the San Carlos of Guatemala University in 2019

The demand for pets to fill affective family spaces, the increased economic capacity of social classes and the displacement of rural populations to cities are influencing factors in increasing pet acquisition. This cohabitation can trigger epidemiological factors that affect human health. For this reason, it is necessary to know the diseases that affect domestic cats that live with humans and determine if there are zoonotic infectious agents that inflict on human health. In the present study, 103 medical records of domestic cats attended in 2019 at the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Zootechnics were studied. This in order to categorize the most frequent diseases in the species. 71.84% of the cats examined were sick. 55.41% were males, while the age range with the highest frequency was 0-1 years. The most frequent category according to the VITAMIN D System was Inflamatory/infectious.

Inclusion of Veterinary Services in national emergency management plans.

With human population growth, rapid urbanisation, increasing globalisation, and climate change, the interdependency of human health and animal health is mounting. Therefore, the importance of national emergency management plans (NEMPs) for the mitigation of, and preparedness for, all hazards, including disease epidemics, both zoonotic and zootic, is ever increasing. The authors decided to take a One Health approach by assessing the inclusion of Veterinary Services and animal health in NEMPs, based on geographical region, the date of the NEMP, national income status, and the proportion of the agricultural sector in national gross domestic product (GDP). To carry out the assessment, the authors analysed the publicly available NEMPs of 86 Members of the World Organisation for Animal Health. Of the 86 NEMPs reviewed, only a third expressly mentioned Veterinary Services, almost 60% mentioned zoonotic and/or zootic diseases, and about two-thirds mentioned animals to some extent. The highest correlating factor to the inclusion of animal health in NEMPs was the level of the agricultural sector's contributions to the national GDP. Fisheries and aquaculture were not a major consideration in any of the reviewed NEMPs, especially not in relation to diseases. Based on region, Latin America and the Caribbean exhibited the lowest inclusion rate of animal health in NEMPs. The results demonstrate that the omission of animal health is still a problem. A multi-disciplinary approach that includes veterinary medicine as well as human medicine is vital in the construction and/or revision of NEMPs. Future studies should consider whether or not there is a connection between countries' veterinary capacities and the inclusion of Veterinary Services in their NEMPs and whether or not they have the infrastructure and human resources to put into operation the roles of Veterinary Services as identified in their NEMPs.

Tsetse distribution, trypanosome infection rates, and small-holder livestock producers\u2019 capacity enhancement for sustainable tsetse and trypanosomiasis control in Busia, Kenya

BackgroundTsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of both human and animal diseases. Kenya’s commitment to eradicate tsetse and trypanosomiasis dates to the 1980s through various control approaches which were spearheaded by the African Union. The aggressive control programmes together with climatic, land-use, and socio-economic changes immensely contributed to the reduction of African trypanosomiasis. Since 2012, Kenya has not recorded a case of human trypanosomiasis. However, African animal trypanosomiasis remains a major challenge to livestock production in 38 out of 47 counties. We aimed to determine the prevalence of tsetse flies and trypanosome infection rate and to build the capacity of small-holder livestock producers in vector control activities in Busia county.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2018 and December 2018 in Busia county, a beneficiary of the previous African Union-led trypanosomiasis and tsetse control initiatives. Odour-baited biconical traps were deployed for 48 h in five sampling areas. Captured tsetse flies were analysed by microscopy for trypanosome infections. Additionally, training and field demonstrations were conducted as part of capacity building to enhance participation of small-holder livestock producers in tsetse control activities.ResultsA total of 94 tsetse flies mainly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes were captured from the five sampling areas. The apparent fly densities range from 0.08 to 1.55 tsetse per trap per day. Additionally, 75 biting flies mainly Stomoxys spp. were also trapped. An overall tsetse infection rate of 1.39% and 4.17% was observed for Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax, respectively. Regarding capacity building, a total of 26 small-holder livestock producers were trained on tsetse and trypanosomiasis control activities. Out of which, five were selected as focal persons and were further trained on integrated vector management techniques and tsetse survey methods.ConclusionsOur findings revealed the existence of trypanosome-infected tsetse flies which could potentially spread to other parts of the county. Training of small-holder livestock producers in tsetse and trypanosomiasis control activities should be supported and integrated in the county animal health and veterinary services. Given the observed low tsetse densities and trypanosome infection rates, the elimination of trypanosomiasis in Busia county is feasible.

Long-term clinical complications associated with the use of polymethyl methacrylate in spinal stabilization of dogs and cats: case series

Vertebral and spinal cord trauma are common conditions in small animal practice and often result in vertebral fractures/luxation (VFL) with concomitant spinal cord laceration, concussion, compression, or ischemia. These lesions have several clinical presentations that may vary from moderate to severe pain and partial to total loss of motor, sensory, and visceral functions, which may result in death or euthanasia. Our purpose is to describe five cases (four dogs and one cat) of complications secondary to the use of bone cement for vertebral stabilization. The patients, between five months and four years of age and weighing between 1.4 and 12.2 kg, were referred to the Small Animal Orthopedics and Traumatology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo. They had a history of post-operatory polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) reactions (such as drainage or cement exposure due to infection or implant failure) in periods from 9 to 18 months after undergoing spinal osteosynthesis. Surgical implant removal occurred in 80% of the patients (4/5). Complete remission was not observed in the patient with residual implants. The association of pins/screws and PMMA is a versatile osteosynthesis technique and is applicable in all spinal regions. However, delayed complications can occur, which could require additional surgical procedures. Despite the small number of cases included in this study, one can infer that complications related to the use of bone cement in spinal surgery can occur in the long term and should be highlighted during the implant choosing process for vertebral osteosynthesis in small animals.

Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Tramadol and Codeine on Aggressive Behaviour among Female Albino Rats

The relationship between drug use and aggressive behaviour and its consequences on social and financial burden on society is a source of recent concern. This study, therefore, examined the effects of acute exposure to Codeine and Tramadol on aggressive behaviour. Twenty-Eight (28) participants (Female Albino Rats) weighing between 120-150g and 4-6 weeks old, collected from the University of Ibadan Veterinary animal farm were used for this study. They were divided into 5 experimental groups of Codeine, Tramadol, combined Codeine and Tramadol, Control and intruder groups with 6 rats in each group except the intruder group with 4 rats. They were exposed to, 8mg/kg of codeine for the codeine group, 20mg/kg of tramadol for the tramadol group, combined 8mg/kg of codeine and 20mg/kg of tramadol for the combined group, normal saline for the control group and no treatment for the intruder group for 28 days. The rats were observed daily after treatment for, biting, dominant posture and scratching as attributes of aggressive behaviour. Randomized block ANOVA showed a significant effect of Codeine and Tramadol on aggressive behaviour among female albino rats, F (3,2010) = 53.53, p < 0.001, η2= .07. Female albino rats in the tramadol treatment group significantly exhibited more aggression (x ̅= 14.08) than control group (x ̅=11.53) codeine group (x ̅=11.41) and combined group (x ̅=7.36). The mean differences were significant (p<.001). It was concluded that chronic exposure to tramadol has implications for aggressive tendencies and combined exposure to tramadol and codeine may be injurious to health.

Establishing a Robust Manufacturing Platform for Recombinant Veterinary Vaccines: An Adenovirus-Vector Vaccine to Control Newcastle Disease Virus Infections of Poultry in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Developing vaccine technology platforms to respond to pandemic threats or zoonotic diseases is a worldwide high priority. The risk of infectious diseases transmitted from wildlife and domestic animals to humans makes veterinary vaccination and animal health monitoring highly relevant for the deployment of public health global policies in the context of “one world, one health” principles. Sub-Saharan Africa is frequently impacted by outbreaks of poultry diseases such as avian influenza and Newcastle Disease (ND). Here, an adenovirus-vectored vaccine technology platform is proposed for rapid adaptation to ND or other avian viral threats in the region. Ethiopian isolates of the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analyses, enabling the construction of antigenically matched vaccine candidates expressing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins. A cost-effective vaccine production process was developed using HEK293 cells in suspension and serum-free medium. Productive infection in bioreactors (1–3 L) at 2 × 106 cells/mL resulted in consistent infectious adenoviral vector titers of approximately 5–6 × 108 TCID50/mL (approximately 1011VP/mL) in the harvest lysates. Groups of chickens were twice immunized with 1 × 1010 TCID50 of the vectors, and full protection against a lethal NDV challenge was provided by the vector expressing the F antigen. These results consolidate the basis for a streamlined and scalable-vectored vaccine manufacturing process for deployment in low- and medium-income countries.

Analysis of Streptococcal Infection and Correlation with Climatic Factors in Cultured Tilapia Oreochromis spp. in Taiwan

Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), a prominent warm water food fish, is one of the major fish species grown in the aquaculture industry in south-east Asia. Tilapia can tolerate adverse water quality and other stressors, like diverse salinity and fluctuation of pH value, better than most other commercial aquaculture species. Environmental fluctuations are one of the main factors that affect the outbreak of infectious diseases in cultured tilapia. Cultured tilapia in Taiwan appears to be more susceptible to infections caused by Streptococci during the summer season. The present study emphasizes the Streptococcus spp. infection in tilapia in Taiwan and is the first study on the analysis of the potential impact of climate change on streptococcal infection in cultured tilapia in Asia. The data collected from the treatment and diagnosis system (TDS) of the aquatic animal diseases database from 2006 to 2015 were used to analyze the endemic streptococcal infection and the effect of climatic factors. Based on the results, the factor, average atmospheric pressure, is negatively correlated to streptococcal infection, while the other three, including average temperature, ultraviolet (UV) index, and rainfall, are positively correlated to streptococcal infection. A multivariate logistic regression model with these four factors was also built. When the average temperature is above 27.0 °C, the average atmospheric pressure is lower than 1005.1 hPa, or the UV index is above 7.2, the percentage of cumulated positive farms from all submitted tilapia cases was more than 50%. In addition, within 3 days of rain, rainfall is relevant to the occurrence of Streptococcus in tilapia. Using TDS to alert the occurrence of streptococcal infection in tilapia can be a very useful tool for veterinary aquatic animal inspection stations, and reducing economic losses and labour costs in aquatic agriculture.

The Discovery of Zoonotic Protozoans in Fleas Parasitizing on Pets as a Potential Infection Threat

PurposeFleas are insects with a high medical and veterinary importance. They may participate in spreading of many pathogenic agents, but still there is limited information about their possible reservoir or vector role for protozoans. The main aim of this study was an attempt of detection zoonotic pathogens, such as Babesia microti and Toxoplasma gondii in fleas Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides canis.MethodsIn 2013–2017, 155 fleas were captured from domestic dogs and cats in veterinary clinics, animal shelters and pet grooming salons in Upper Silesia Region in Poland. Then, the DNA was extracted from each Ctenocephalides flea by using the ammonia method. Samples were screened for the presence of B. microti and T. gondii using PCR and nested PCR methods.ResultsB. microti was reported in 6.6% of C. felis felis and 9.1% of C. canis, whereas the prevalence of coinfection with B. microti and T. gondii was 1.9% in cat fleas and 2.3% in dog fleas.ConclusionThis study shows the first cases of B. microti occurrence and B. microti and T. gondii coinfection in Ctenocephalides fleas. The estimation of prevalence of examined protozoans may be useful considering the possibility of infection among companion animals, as well as during presentation of the potential risk of infection in humans. In order to clarify the role of C. felis felis and C. canis in transmission of B. microti and T. gondii, the another studies with in vitro cultures and laboratory animals are needed.

Aula invertida: Una propuesta en la enseñanza de la histología veterinaria

En la actualidad en la mayoría de las de las universidades, están optando por implementar modelos pedagógicos que permitan la innovación educativa, uno de estos modelos es el del aula invertida, que ha ido ganando popularidad en los docentes y estudiantes.El presente artículo tiene como objetivo implementar el modelo del Aula Invertida en la enseñanza de la histología veterinaria en la Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en la Universidad Nacional de Loja, Ecuador.El tipo de investigación fue exploratorio-descriptivo, con un diseño no experimental. Los sujetos de estudio fueron 30 estudiantes, y se empleó como herramienta la encuesta. Los principales resultados resaltan la disposición de los educandos en utilizar el modelo del aula invertida, se fomenta el trabajo autónomo y se eleva la motivación y la colaboración de los estudiantes. Se revela una alta audiencia en la consulta de videos de histología veterinaria dentro y fuera del aula tradicional; empleando las redes sociales como YouTube. Se concluye que en el estudio realizado se pudo conocer que los estudiantes y docentes (docente) tienen conocimiento del modelo del aula invertida y manifiestan que les gustaría implementarlo en la asignatura de histología veterinaria, es evidente que esto puede elevar la motivación y fortalecer la innovación pedagógica. Además, este modelo promueve el trabajo autónomo y la colaboración de los educandos en el uso de los vídeos educativos dentro y fuera del aula tradicional; empleando las redes sociales como YouTube.

Hypoxia Enhances Mesenchymal Characteristics Maintenance of Buffalo Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from livestock are valuable resources for veterinary therapeutics and animal reproduction. Previous studies have shown that hypoxic conditions were beneficial in maintaining the mesenchymal feature of BMSCs. However, the effects of hypoxia on buffalo BMSCs (bBMSCs) remain unclear. In this study, the effects of hypoxic conditions on cell morphology, migration, polarity, and karyotype of bBMSCs were examined. The results showed that hypoxia (5% oxygen) enhanced colony formation and stress fiber synthesis of bBMSCs. Under the hypoxic culture conditions, the migration capacity and normal karyotype rate of bBMSCs were significantly improved (p < 0.05), which resulted in weakened cell polarity and enhanced karyotype stability in bBMSCs. In addition, it was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in the expression levels of HIF-TWIST signaling pathway axis-related genes (Hif-1, Hif-2, Twist, Snail, Slug, Fn1, N-cadherin, Collal). The HIF-TWIST axis of bBMSCs was also activated in hypoxia. Finally, it was more effective and easier to maintain the mesenchymal feature of bBMSCs in hypoxic conditions. These findings not only provide theoretical guidance to elucidate the detailed regulation mechanism of hypoxia on mesenchymal nature maintenance of bBMSCs, but also provide positive support to further establish the stable in vitro culture system of bBMSCs.

Morphometric and Radiographic Characteristics of the Skull in Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)

The previously reported information on the morphology of crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl skeleton is meager as compared to the fowl, thus, the present study was designed to provide the morphological features of the skull of both species. The specimens were procured from four crested serpent eagle and brown wood owls, brought from the Zoological Park, Aizawl for the post mortem examination conducted at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Aizawl, Mizoram. After the post-mortem examination, the collected specimens were macerated by the standard maceration technique and radiographs were taken at the Mizoram Health Centre, Aizawl. The skull of both the species consisted of neurocranium and viscerocranium which were separated by two large orbital cavities. The neurocranium was composed of single (occipital, sphenoid, ethmoidal) and paired (temporal, parietal and frontal) bones in both the species. The viscerocranium consisted of single bones (mandible, vomer and hyoid) and paired (quadrate, lacrimal, nasal, premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine and pterygoid) bones. The skull of both the species was dolichocephalic as per the cephalic index, which was 52.63±0.04 and 68.56±0.03 in crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl, respectively. The results showed that there were variations in shape and components of crested serpent eagle and brown wood owl skull bones in comparison with other birds.

National Veterinary Services and the private sector: the role of private veterinarians, aquatic animal health professionals and veterinary para-professionals in animal health and food safety assurance.

Establishing trust in national systems for assurance of animal health and food safety is a key step in any importing country's consideration of whether a potential trading partner can meet its appropriate level of protection. Private veterinarians, veterinary para-professionals (VPPs) and aquatic animal health professionals (AAHPs) play a crucial role in national Veterinary Services, formally or informally, and across the whole spectrum of national animal and public health activities. Private veterinarians, AAHPs or VPPs are engaged as part of the national Veterinary Services and in various forms of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in many countries worldwide. In many cases, authorised private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs enable the national Veterinary or Aquatic Animal Health Services as a whole to do more work over a wider geographical area and thus have a greater impact than publicly employed professionals working alone. The deployment of private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs directly or in PPP arrangements strengthens national services and enhances their ability to deliver reliable animal health and food safety assurance. To ensure that private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs deliver to their full potential, effective and efficient systems for training, accreditation, monitoring and audit are essential. This article draws on data from published OIE Performance of Veterinary Services evaluations (from 2007 to the present) and unpublished responses to the OIE 2017 questionnaire on PPPs, to draw insights into the use and accreditation of private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs globally.

Perceptions of Prominent Animal Welfare and Veterinary Care Organizations in the United States.

Simple SummaryPublic perception of animal well-being, and pet animal well-being in particular, remains a significant point of contention. This study ranks prominent animal welfare and veterinary care organizations’ perceived impact on pet animal well-being and health care based on U.S. residents’ perceptions, while explicitly accounting for variation between pet-owning and non-pet-owning households. Results suggest that the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is perceived as the most impactful organization followed by the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American Humane Association (AHA) were tied for third most impactful. The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) and the American Pet Products Association (APPA) were tied for fourth most impactful while Banfield was perceived as the least impactful.U.S. residents’ perceptions of the impact of prominent animal welfare and veterinary care organizations on pet animal well-being and health care may not be linked to the organization’s stated mission and effectiveness in advancing it, but to the level of recognition people have for the groups. An online survey of 1000 U.S. residents was used to understand the perceived impact of organizations with self-stated dedication to pet animal well-being. Using a Likert-scale, respondents ranked 13 prominent organizations as having a low to high impact on pet animal well-being and health care. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) had the highest perceived average impact, while People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) had the lowest. A best–worst scaling (BWS) choice experiment was conducted with 7 of the initial 13 organizations to elicit relative rankings by forcing tradeoffs by respondents. Consistent with the Likert-scale results, the ASPCA was ranked as the most impactful organization. The ASPCA’s perceived impact on pet animal well-being and health care may be linked to their high level of recognition among respondents, as this was the organization that respondents most frequently reported having seen/heard stories related to animal well-being and health care.

Approaches to overcome flow cytometry limitations in the analysis of cells from veterinary relevant species

BackgroundFlow cytometry is a powerful tool for the multiparameter analysis of leukocyte subsets on the single cell level. Recent advances have greatly increased the number of fluorochrome-labeled antibodies in flow cytometry. In particular, an increase in available fluorochromes with distinct excitation and emission spectra combined with novel multicolor flow cytometers with several lasers have enhanced the generation of multidimensional expression data for leukocytes and other cell types. However, these advances have mainly benefited the analysis of human or mouse cell samples given the lack of reagents for most animal species. The flow cytometric analysis of important veterinary, agricultural, wildlife, and other animal species is still hampered by several technical limitations, even though animal species other than the mouse can serve as more accurate models of specific human physiology and diseases.ResultsHere we present time-tested approaches that our laboratory regularly uses in the multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of ovine leukocytes. The discussed approaches will be applicable to the analysis of cells from most animal species and include direct modification of antibodies by covalent conjugation or Fc-directed labeling (Zenon™ technology), labeled secondary antibodies and other second step reagents, labeled receptor ligands, and antibodies with species cross-reactivity.ConclusionsUsing refined technical approaches, the number of parameters analyzed by flow cytometry per cell sample can be greatly increased, enabling multidimensional analysis of rare samples and giving critical insight into veterinary and other less commonly analyzed species. By maximizing information from each cell sample, multicolor flow cytometry can reduce the required number of animals used in a study.

Efektivitas air rebusan bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli pada daging sapi

At this time many food processing used chemical preservatives that can interfered human health. Dayak onion plants was widely used as medicine because they contain antimicrobial substances. Efforts to increase the used of natural preservatives from plants so that plants would be able to replace chemical preservatives. However, this plant had not been used as a natural preservative so there was a need for research to increase knowledge of other benefits, especially as preservatives for stored livestock products. The purpose of this study is to determine the best concentration of boiled water of dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (l.) Merr) to inhibiting the growth of escherichia coli bacteria and how long the meat has been stored is still in good condition at room temperature and how much was the best concentration of boiled water of Dayak onions. The method used was descriptive analysis. The stages of the study were the manufactured of boiled water of dayak onion 0, 10, 20 and 30% w/v, soaked for 15 minutes, packed, storaged at room temperature 22-32 OC and E. coli tested at the Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory of Samarinda. The results of the study were boiled water of dayak onion had an effect as an antimicrobial agent at a concentration of 30% w/v, there was a tendency to reduced the number of E. coli bacterial colonies in beef and the best storaged treatment was 1 day.

Evaluation of Commercial Animal Feed Quality and Manufacturing Status in Ethiopia

Animal production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous constraints such as traditional subsistence production practice, Low producing genotypes and poor marketing linkages, poor economic status of farmers, poor nutrition and management amongst others. This study was undertaken in four regions of the country namely Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples in selected towns and Addis Ababa city administration to assess compound feeds sector and evaluate the quality of compound feeds in Ethiopia. A total of 34 feed producers were surveyed, to provide an overview of the sector, while chemical analysis was used to assess the quality of 64 compound feeds which are categorized in to three (layer, milking cow, and beef feeds). Qualitative and quantitative survey methodology by using a structured questionnaire vs qualitative data was used for collection data. The feed samples were analyzed for chemical contents Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fiber, Moisture, Metabolisable Energy and Fat at Animal Products, Veterinary Drug and Feed quality Assessment Center laboratory. Compound feed production is dominated by poultry feed products (61%), while 27.2%, 8.4%, 3.2% are dairy, fattening and others respectively. Most of the feed companies operate below their installed capacity. Raw materials are sourced locally, and maize makes up around 39.5% of total tonnage from the companies ingredient. The Dry Matter content ranges between 88.28%-91.87%, 89.21%-91.99% and 89.61%-91.31% for lactating dairy cow, beef and layer poultry respectively. The Crude Protein content ranges between 10.91%-17.90%, 10.27-16.34% and 11.39-18.57% for layer beef and lactating dairy cow respectively. The metabolic energy value ranged between 1364-2746 Kcal/kg, 1092-2890 kcal/kg and 1703-2880 kcal/kg for layer, beef and lactating dairy cow respectively. Productions of Compound animal feed in Ethiopia have many challenges both by internal and external factors of the industry. So to produce quality feed more concern is necessary from government and feed industry owners.

Evaluation of Commercial Animal Feed Quality and Manufacturing Status in Ethiopia

Animal production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous constraints such as traditional subsistence production practice, Low producing genotypes and poor marketing linkages, poor economic status of farmers, poor nutrition and management amongst others. This study was undertaken in four regions of the country namely Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples in selected towns and Addis Ababa city administration to assess compound feeds sector and evaluate the quality of compound feeds in Ethiopia. A total of 34 feed producers were surveyed, to provide an overview of the sector, while chemical analysis was used to assess the quality of 64 compound feeds which are categorized in to three (layer, milking cow, and beef feeds). Qualitative and quantitative survey methodology by using a structured questionnaire vs qualitative data was used for collection data. The feed samples were analyzed for chemical contents Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fiber, Moisture, Metabolisable Energy and Fat at Animal Products, Veterinary Drug and Feed quality Assessment Center laboratory. Compound feed production is dominated by poultry feed products (61%), while 27.2%, 8.4%, 3.2% are dairy, fattening and others respectively. Most of the feed companies operate below their installed capacity. Raw materials are sourced locally, and maize makes up around 39.5% of total tonnage from the companies ingredient. The Dry Matter content ranges between 88.28%-91.87%, 89.21%-91.99% and 89.61%-91.31% for lactating dairy cow, beef and layer poultry respectively. The Crude Protein content ranges between 10.91%-17.90%, 10.27-16.34% and 11.39-18.57% for layer beef and lactating dairy cow respectively. The metabolic energy value ranged between 1364-2746 Kcal/kg, 1092-2890 kcal/kg and 1703-2880 kcal/kg for layer, beef and lactating dairy cow respectively. Productions of Compound animal feed in Ethiopia have many challenges both by internal and external factors of the industry. So to produce quality feed more concern is necessary from government and feed industry owners.

Evaluation of Commercial Animal Feed Quality and Manufacturing Status in Ethiopia

Animal production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous constraints such as traditional subsistence production practice, Low producing genotypes and poor marketing linkages, poor economic status of farmers, poor nutrition and management amongst others. This study was undertaken in four regions of the country namely Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples in selected towns and Addis Ababa city administration to assess compound feeds sector and evaluate the quality of compound feeds in Ethiopia. A total of 34 feed producers were surveyed, to provide an overview of the sector, while chemical analysis was used to assess the quality of 64 compound feeds which are categorized in to three (layer, milking cow, and beef feeds). Qualitative and quantitative survey methodology by using a structured questionnaire vs qualitative data was used for collection data. The feed samples were analyzed for chemical contents Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Crude Fiber, Moisture, Metabolisable Energy and Fat at Animal Products, Veterinary Drug and Feed quality Assessment Center laboratory. Compound feed production is dominated by poultry feed products (61%), while 27.2%, 8.4%, 3.2% are dairy, fattening and others respectively. Most of the feed companies operate below their installed capacity. Raw materials are sourced locally, and maize makes up around 39.5% of total tonnage from the companies ingredient. The Dry Matter content ranges between 88.28%-91.87%, 89.21%-91.99% and 89.61%-91.31% for lactating dairy cow, beef and layer poultry respectively. The Crude Protein content ranges between 10.91%-17.90%, 10.27-16.34% and 11.39-18.57% for layer beef and lactating dairy cow respectively. The metabolic energy value ranged between 1364-2746 Kcal/kg, 1092-2890 kcal/kg and 1703-2880 kcal/kg for layer, beef and lactating dairy cow respectively. Productions of Compound animal feed in Ethiopia have many challenges both by internal and external factors of the industry. So to produce quality feed more concern is necessary from government and feed industry owners.

Clinical and Radiographic Aspects of Metacarpal Remodeling Secondary to a Rubber Band (Latex) Compression in a Dog

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are a common complaint in veterinary small animal casuistic. Along with fractures, degenerative and of carcinogenic etiology are the most frequent and radiographic lesion pattern at these diseases is relative well defined. However, traumatic lesions, considering its innumerous possibilities, may cause unusual clinical and radiographic signs which will delay diagnosis and consequently, adequate treatment. A case of bone osteolysis caused by a compressive trauma by a rubber band is described with its clinical, laboratorial and radiographic aspects.Case: A 2-year-old female dog was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Dom Bosco Catholic University (UCDB), with main complaint being an unresponsive to treatment lesion at the left thoracic limb. At physical examination it was observed lameness of the left thoracic limb with an ulcerative lesion at the palmar surface. At the center of the ulcer a 0.3 cm line shaped yellow object was identified, similar to a rubber band. Traction was made and the object distended 5 cm without breaking nor leaving the injury. Showing signs of discomfort, the patient was then sedated for further manipulation. A blood sample for complete blood count and serum biochemistry was collected and radiographic image of the left carpometacarpal-phalangeal region was acquired. Blood analysis revealed moderate thrombocytopenia with an unremarkable serum biochemistry profile (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea). It was observed metacarpals with increased radiopacity in bone tissue in the mid-diaphysis topography of the II, III, IV and V metacarpal bones, presence of bone remodeling with radiolucent area and slight bone loss (osteolysis) in the mid-diaphysis associated with discrete sclerosis of the medullary cavity of the II, III and V metacarpals. The patient was submitted to surgery and a 3 cm incision was made following the way of the foreign body, with a small traction the object was removed, confirming the presence of a rubber band. Post-surgery prescription included systemic antibiotic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and topical ointment. Twenty-two days post-surgery, at revaluation, it was observed only discrete improvement of bone remodeling of V metacarpal but with complete wound healing and full recovery of the lameness.Discussion: It was unclear the reason that led to the presence of the rubber band. Unfortunately, the owner could only complaint about at wound that would not heal for weeks. The best hypothesis was the possible use of a beauty accessory after a bathing service. Considering the patient’s long hair, detachment of any accessory to a rubber band base could have gone unnoticed. Definition regarding the time period since the initial trauma would define for how long the compression was necessary to induce metacarpal remodeling, but the presence of the foreign body and consequently, continuous stimulus of inflammation, would not permit a precise definition regarding the time period of the lesion, even if histopathology was authorized. Surgical removal of the rubber band associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic, systemic and topical antibiotic (ointment) was considered satisfactory, leading to considerable improvement (normal gait) of the nociception and lameness at day three post-intervention and despite persistence of the bone radiographic aspect, full recovery of the skin lesion at day twenty-two.