Animal Items Research Articles

Diet in Different Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones.

Diet can be a helpful tool to enhance the quality of urine and lower the likelihood and recurrence of kidney stones. This study set out to identify the foods and nutrients that are associated with each type of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. A single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted. Between 2018 and 2021, a sample of 90 cases (13 cases with papillary COM, 27 with non-papillary COM, and 50 with COD kidney stones), as well as a control group of 50 people, were chosen. A food intake frequency questionnaire was completed by the study's participants, and the results were compared between groups. Additionally, a comparison of the 24 h urine analysis between stone groups was made. Processed food and meat derivatives were linked to COM papillary calculi (OR = 1.051, p = 0.032 and OR = 1.013, p = 0.012, respectively). Consuming enough calcium may offer protection against non-papillary COM stones (OR = 0.997; p = 0.002). Similarly, dairy product consumption was linked to COD calculi (OR = 1.005, p = 0.001). In conclusion, a diet high in animal items may increase the risk of developing papillary COM stones. Consuming calcium may be preventive against non-papillary COM calculi, and dairy product consumption may be a risk factor for COD stones.

Ecological Knowledge and Management of Fauna Among the Mexicatl of the Sierra Negra, México: An Interpretive Approach

Generally motivated by the relevance of animals in human subsistence, the management of fauna has taken different shapes throughout the world. This study aims to analyse a typology of management forms, exploring their relationship with the motivation to maintain coexistence and use of fauna and mitigate negative human-fauna interactions by the Mexicatl (Nahua) people in Central Mexico. We generally expected to find a broad spectrum of management types in a gradient of interactions intensity. This is because we hypothesised that the more meaningful these interactions due to the magnitude of benefit or damage, philias, or phobias among other positive or negative perceptions, and ecological aspects and management viability, the more actions and practices might be motivated to maintain or mitigate them. We conducted a qualitative research based on interpretivist approaches, mixing qualitative and quantitative analyses, to register the Mexicatl names of fauna present in the area and recognised by locals and to analyse the influence of local ecological knowledge (LEK) and natural history as perceived by people on the use, conflicts, and management practices regarding local fauna. In order to gather such information, in 2018 and 2019 we generated 356 free lists of fauna and 20 sessions of group interviews about the presence of animals in the area, the Mexicatl name, information on distribution, diet, use, management, and other facts. We used visual stimuli with children and young people from schools of basic and intermediate levels in five rural communities and the municipal head of Coyomeapan, Puebla. We also generated free lists and in-depth interviews with 18 persons older than 16 years. People recognised 114 animal items, the most salient being 11 domestic and 14 wild animals including deer, medium and small mammals, snakes, and birds. For both domestic and wild fauna, people reported 18 use categories and three types of damage (crop losses, predation of domestic animals, and damages to health). LEK interacted with traditional celebrations, religious beliefs, land tenure, and migration to define preferences and management types of fauna. Bushmeat demand, especially for Mazama temama and Cuniculus paca, was related to a perception of healthy nutrition properties. Management actions included husbandry of domestic animals, extraction of wild animals for supply, or to avoid damages, captivity, tolerance to damage, protection of seeds and domestic animals threatened by wild fauna, regulations for extraction of wild fauna, and agreements to prevent conflicts. Mixed quantitative and qualitative approaches allowed the interpretation of the human-fauna interactions related to subsistence, coexistence, and the high relevance of LEK, perceptions, religious beliefs, ecosystem, socio-demographic factors, and animal behaviour and habits, which are crucial factors that influence the shaping of management practices. Local management strategies of fauna were diverse and contribute to biocultural conservation and theoretical construction on domestication.

The diet of Florida Box Turtles (Terrapene bauri) in a coastal ecosystem in southwestern Florida

North American Box Turtles are opportunistic generalists with omnivorous tendencies, but diets of box turtles are known to vary by population, region, and season. Relatively few studies have examined the diet of Florida Box Turtles (Terrapene bauri). By analyzing fecal samples and direct observations of feeding, we describe the diet of Florida Box Turtles in a coastal area in southern Florida. Fecal samples of turtles in this population contained four functional groups of plants and algae, 11 categories of animals, plus miscellaneous unidentifiable and mineral matter. Frequencies of occurrence differed significantly between wet and dry seasons but not between sexes. Seeds of the invasive Beach Cabbage (Scaevola taccada) were among the most frequently detected plant items, whereas Coffee Bean Snails (Melampus coffea) and ocypodid crabs were the most frequently encountered animal items.

Discovering Nano-Nutraceutical concepts, existing knowledge and future perceptions

Nanotechnology is a vital progressive technology facilitating role, progress, and viable effect on food, treatment, medicine, cultivation and farming sector. A nutraceutical is characterized as an ingredient that is related to food and gives medical compensations to the human being, including the prevention and healing of illness. The well-being and health of people are to a great extent, directed by the utilization of nutritious diets. Further numerous investigations have connected good diets as supportive in fighting various deteriorating communicable and non-communicable diseases. There are various studies that explore the relationship between health promotion and various plant and animal food. Although, a considerable number of naturally arising health-promotion constituents are the source of plants, there are various physiologically dynamic parts in animal items that have worth considering for their possible function in ideal well-being. Moreover, the utilization of naturally active constituents in leafy foods and fruits has been connected to fighting various illnesses, such as malignant growth, cardiovascular illnesses, weight, and gastrointestinal problems.

Ontogenetic shifts in natural diet, chelae, and mandibles of the omnivorous freshwater crab Aegla uruguayana: linking morphology and function

We analyze whether ontogenetic diet change in Aegla uruguayana Schmitt, 1942 is related to the morphological changes in chelae and mandibles. We use a combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, dietary composition analysis (stomach observation, trophic niche amplitude, trophic overlap, and feeding strategy), and geometric morphometric tools (discriminant analysis and two-block partial least squares analysis). The two structures analyzed by SEM show differences between juvenile and adult specimens, both in their cuticle and morphology specializations. In juveniles, the absence of the lobular tooth is the notable feature. However, in adult sizes, it is marked development. Both groups have simple setae with infracuticular articulation and denticles with different arrangements between groups. In the incisive mandible process, the teeth and spines present sharper points in juveniles and considerable wear in adults. Aegla uruguayana presented two trophic strategies: a profile of more predatory traits when younger and mostly detritivorous when adults. The analysis of geometric morphometry substantiates the patterns observed in SEM and stomach contents analysis. The morphology of smaller specimens is associated with the consumption of animal items (ephemeropteran larvae and cladocerans), while the morphology of larger specimens is related to the consumption of plant remains.

Feeding Habit and Lifestyle Influence the Baseline Micronuclei Frequency of Crab Species in Pristine Mangroves

Metals are harmful inorganic pollutants in aquatic environments when their concentrations are higher than expected (or tolerated) and, in low concentrations, they can lead sublethal genetic injuries. Baseline frequencies of micronucleated cells (MN‰) of three mangrove crab species were established in a pristine mangrove (Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station, JIES). Aratus pisonii, Ucides cordatus and Goniopsis cruentata belong to different functional groups, regarding the diet and lifestyle. Overall, the baseline MN‰ of G. cruentata (1.7 ± 1.2; mean ± sd) was higher than that of A. pisonii (0.9 ± 1.1) and U. cordatus (1.3 ± 0.9). These differences can be explained by the diet (gl, green leaves; sl, senescent leaves; a, animal items; or their combination) and lifestyle of these species, as their degree of contact with abiotic compartments (w, water; s, sediment). Aratus pisonii is an arboreal crab and specialist herbivore, associated with few compartments (w + gl); Ucides cordatus is a digger crab, generalist herbivore, using three compartments (w + s + sl); and Goniopsis cruentata is a cursorial crab, omnivorous, exploring more compartments (w + s + sl + a). Thus, using a broader range of compartments and a more diverse diet were correlated with a higher genotoxicity. Metals in JIES were registered in environmentally safe concentrations but seem to influence the baseline MN‰ in crab species. Higher genotoxicity was registered in species that interact with more compartments (especially the sediment), a fact that should be considered in monitoring processes.

Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the growth and blood physiological parameters of juvenile pirarucu

ABSTRACT For some fish species, dietary taurine supplementation has been proven necessary in feeds with considerable utilization of vegetable proteins to substitute fishmeal. Pirarucu, Arapaima gigas feeds mainly on taurine-rich animal items in nature, therefore this study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary taurine supplementation (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 3%) on the growth and blood physiological parameters of juvenile pirarucu. A commercial feed was utilized as the basal diet for the experimental diets. Three hundred fish (20.8 ± 2.3 g) were randomly distributed in 15 tanks and fed for 28 days. At the end of the trial, dietary taurine supplementation did not affect fish growth, feed consumption and feed efficiency. The original amounts of taurine (0.18%) and methionine (1.13%) in the commercial feed (0% taurine diet) apparently sufficed to promote adequate pirarucu growth, with no variation noted in the main blood physiological parameters. Further studies to assess whether taurine is conditionally essential for the pirarucu fed methionine-deficient diets are needed to elucidate the functionality of this nutrient for the studied species.

Importance of preventive measures in tackling COVID -19

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by novel Coronavirus originated from Wuhan, China and has received worldwide attention creating havoc and fear in the whole world. It was reported by WHO office in China on 31st December 2019 as viral pneumonia in Wuhan and later on named it as Covid-19. It has been confirmed in at least 188 countries and territories. WHO officially declared it pandemic in January 2020. Based on past experiences with different epidemics and pandemics, as well as the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2, it is recommended now that frequent hand washing with an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water, avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth, and practicing respiratory hygiene could prevent the possibility of the infection. The practices like social distancing which include avoiding any form of contact with people; either through greetings, hugging or shaking of hands and large gatherings were also recommended. Furthermore, Veterinary health care workers should adhere strictly to the standard preventive measures while continuing to provide critical health care to the animals which include, maintaining social distancing, avoid contact with animal items, dead or alive animals, wearing of Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) during the treatment of animals and proper disposal of animals and hospital wastes so that the staff, as well as animal owners could be safe. Similarly, health care workers of human medicine should also adhere strictly to the standard preventive measures like avoiding any form of direct contact with people; either through greetings, hugging or shaking of hands and large gatherings, avoid undue contact with infected items, dead or alive persons, wearing of Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) during the treatment of sick people and handling of dead bodies. In this review the authors are trying to stress upon the pivotal role of preventive measures as there is no treatment for this novel virus till now and thus combinations of preventive strategies can alleviate the spread of this contagious disease till the vaccine is made.

Trade-offs between ontogenetic changes and food consumption in Brazilian silverside Atherinella brasiliensis from two tropical estuaries.

Salinity variation in estuarine environments influences the distribution of fish species as well as the availability of food resources to be used by them. This study examines the effect of the range of salinity on the trade-off between growth and feeding intensity of Atherinella brasiliensis from two tropical estuaries (positive and hypersaline). To investigate the effects of salinity, we hypothesized that hypersalinity negatively affects foraging intensity, consumption and prey selection by the Brazilian silverside, leading to differences in body condition. Sampling was carried out using the beach seine method in two areas of the estuaries (upper and lower zone) during rainy and dry periods. A total of 2549 stomachs (1124 for the positive estuary and 1425 for the hypersaline estuary) were examined, and the results indicated a dissimilarity of 92.7% of the diet between environments. In the positive estuary, there was more predation on Calanoida, Gastropoda, Hymenoptera, Ceratopogonidae larvae and Decapoda larvae, while Alga and plant-material characterized the diet in the hypersaline estuary. Significant correlations between the volume of food and salinity were observed in both estuaries. The vacuity index indicated that hypersaline environments presented higher contributions of semifull stomachs, indicating an intense consumption of algae. On the other hand,in the positive estuary, these values were less intense, but the stomachs were always with animal items. The variation found for both environments reinforces the effect of salinity on the physiological mechanism of the populations once the higher proportions of filled stomachs in the hypersaline environment indicate the need for constant and high ingestion of prey to guarantee the pronounced energy expenditure with osmoregulation.

COVID-19: An International Public Health Concern.

This review presents a synopsis on the current COVID-19 pandemic, with focus on preventive measures. COVID-19 is a new viral infection, and is in form of a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA Coronavirus which belongs to an expanded group of viruses which were identified six decades ago. Importantly, the new COVID-19 belongs to the group of SARS-CoV, and it originated in bats but infected humans through smuggled pangolins. At first, the mode of transmission of infection was animal-to-person, but person-to-person and community transmission of the virus has been confirmed in many parts of the world. With an incubation period of between two-fourteen days, signs and symptoms of infection are mild to high respiratory illness; characterized with cough, breathing problems (shortness of breath), high temperature (Fever), tiredness (Fatigue) and nausea. Presently, no vaccines or specific treatment is available for COVID-19, in light of the aforementioned; prevention is the only substantial and less expensive option. With the envisaged explosive community transmission of COVID-19 in the coming weeks in places with limited daily testing, especially in African countries, it is recommended among many that social distancing which includes avoiding any form of contact with people; either through greetings, hugging or shaking of hands and large gatherings, avoid contact with animal items, dead or alive animals, sick and dead people from areas experiencing COVID-19 epidemic, and basic hygienic practices like thorough washing of hands with clean water and antiseptic soap for the duration of at least twenty seconds should be practiced always. However, in the absence of the aforementioned, an alcohol-based hand gel should be used on the hands frequently. Furthermore, health care workers should adhere strictly to the standard preventive measures in areas of heightened COVID-19 epidemic.

Social network analysis reveals specialized trade in an Endangered songbird

AbstractUnsustainable harvest is one of the most important threats to biodiversity, and birds are highly impacted, but avian markets remain poorly understood. When species value and corruption/criminality are high, the “parallel trafficking” hypothesis predicts that illegal animal items will move through networks used for other illicit products. Alternatively, when particular demands, logistical skills or access limits trade, “specialized trafficking” hypotheses predict that few, expert actors will control markets. Here, we use social network analysis of trade in an Endangered songbird, the Red Siskin Spinus cucullatus, originating in Venezuela, to examine the generality of the parallel trafficking hypothesis in a setting where corruption/criminality and species value are high. In spite of these circumstances, of 2575 Red Siskin (RS) records compiled from 2010 to 2017, we found just six reports consistent with parallel trafficking. Instead, we discovered an independent network of 15 actor types, and a trade structure consistent with specialized trafficking. Just two intermediary types (national vendors to intermediaries and to consumers) and one consumer type (national breeders) had the highest exposure to the flow of birds, and the most trade connectivity. Use of wild‐caught over captive‐bred birds was high (67% of records), as was use of natural‐phenotype birds over hybrid or mutant‐phenotype birds (65% of records). Geographically, Spain and Venezuela had the highest exposure to the flow of birds, but Brazil and Colombia had the most direct connections with other countries. The unexpected lack of evidence for parallel trafficking suggests that combined flows of illicit products are not inevitable, even in adverse settings. In a context where law enforcement may not be feasible, our results suggest that it may be possible to reduce unsustainable harvest using breeder connectivity in informational campaigns to stimulate peer‐to‐peer interactions and accelerate behavior change.

Analysis of diet composition and morphological characters of the Peruvian lizard Microlophus stolzmanni (Squamata: Tropiduridae)

Analysis of diet composition and morphological characters of the Peruvian lizard Microlophus stolzmanni (Squamata: Tropiduridae). Microlophus stolzmanni is a diurnal lizard that is endemic to the dry forest of northern Peru. Little is known about the ecology of the species and the composition of its diet never has been studied. The stomach contents and morphological features related to feeding behavior are analyzed herein. Microlophus stolzmanni is a semi-herbivorous food generalist that also consumes animal items. All age groups prefer sedentary prey for which M. stolzmanni forages actively. As the lizard matures, plant material becomes a more important part of the diet.

The Diet of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in the Central Forest Nature Reserve (West-European Russia), Based on Scat Analysis Data

Abstract—The diet of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) is described for the territory of the southern taiga subzone illustrated by the example of the Central Forest Nature Reserve (West-European Russia) and the protection zone surrounding it. Based on an analysis of 474 scat samples, we established the most commonly consumed food items and food groups and determined their proportions, nutritional value, and importance in the total diet of the species using basic techniques widely adopted abroad for processing the data. The investigation revealed 26 food items, including 18 plant (FO = 97.9%) and eight animal items (9.1%). Correction factors were used for each diet item. Food habits were assessed separately for the spring, summer, summer–autumn, and autumn periods. The frequency of scat occurrence per 10 km averaged 1.30. The most important in the bears’ diet were apples (EDEC = 31.1%), hazelnuts (19.1%), oats (12.5%), blueberries (6.8%), and forbs (4.3%). Mammal food had a certain value (EDEC = 11.1%), but mostly in the spring season. The width of the trophic niche decreased from spring to autumn. The diet composition varied greatly throughout the year, except for a hyperphagia period, which included summer and autumn. The territory of the moderately disturbed protection zone was more attractive to bears than the intact area of the reserve. Overall, scat analysis in the study area adequately reflects the basic preferences of the species, but underestimates the values of individual food groups, primarily insects, overestimates the value of apples, and poorly characterizes the feeding habits in the first half of the year.

Trophic roles of Bufo bankorensis (Barbour 1908) tadpoles in an Asian subtropical stream

ABSTRACTTadpoles may be omnivorous with diverse trophic positions beyond herbivory, and may require multiple approaches for identification. Understanding the trophic and ecological roles of omnivorous tadpoles may require examination at a species level. The goals of this study were to determine the trophic positions of Bufo bankorensis tadpoles by using stable isotopes and food selection experiments, verify the tadpoles’ effects on benthic resources with enclosure–exclosure experiments, and examine their role on nutrient cycling. Stable isotope experiments showed that B. bankorensis tadpoles fed on algae and animal items, indicating a trophic level close to that of a damselfly. The food selection experiments showed that the tadpoles fed on dead tadpoles and mayflies but not on live animals, making them necrophagous, and further testing revealed that the tadpoles preferred dead tadpoles over algae. In the enclosure–exclosure experiment, the tadpoles reduced the amounts of algae and organic matter and changed the compositions of algal growth forms. The tadpoles released nitrogen (N) into the ambient water, which was then recycled by benthic algae, as revealed by an 15N addition experiment. We concluded that B. bankorensis tadpoles have trophic and ecological roles related to their trophic positions in a subtropical stream ecosystem.

The Critically Endangered and Endemic Araripe Manakin (Antilophia bokermanni): Dietary Assessment For Conservation Purposes

ABSTRACT.— Diet studies provide information about a species' ecology, evolution, and behavior. The Araripe Manakin (Antilophia bokermanni) is a critically endangered, endemic, and sexually dichromatic species from northeastern Brazil. Little is known about its natural history, and as an endangered bird, information about diet may be crucial for conservation plans. We analyzed the diet of Araripe Manakins and tested if food items and foraging behavior differed for males and females. We caught and banded birds, and analyzed fecal samples. Using focal observations, we collected foraging behavioral data, including vegetation strata used, foraging bout duration and gathering method. Based on data gathered from 40 females and 54 males, we found that the Araripe Manakins' diet contains both plant and animal items including 10 different types of fruits and three orders of invertebrates. Clidemia biserrata was the most important plant item consumed, representing 80% of the diet. There was a substantial overlap of ...

Exploring the influence of plant and animal item contexts on student response patterns to natural selection multiple choice items

Research has shown that students have a variety of ideas about natural selection that may be context dependent. Prior analyses of student responses to open-ended evolution items have demonstrated that students apply more core ideas about natural selection when asked about animals, but respond with the same number of naive ideas for plant and animal items. Other research has shown that changing an item to ask about trait loss or gain shifted the types of naive ideas applied by students in their responses. In this paper, we take up both of these findings to determine if differences exist in the types of ideas students apply to similar items with either a plant or an animal in the item stem. In order to understand if students applied different ideas to plants or animals in distractor-driven multiple-choice questions, we analyzed high school biology students’ responses to matched-item pairs. Dichotomous scoring revealed that students chose the correct response more often for the animal items as compared to the plant items. Chi squared analyses revealed significant differences in the distribution of student responses to matched items. For example, more students chose responses that defined animal fitness as related to their strength and plants’ fitness related to its longevity. These results suggest that varied context of plants or animals in item stems on diagnostic assessments can provide teachers with a more complete picture of their students’ ideas about natural selection prior to instruction. This is particularly important in assessments used prior to instruction; as teachers will gain greater insight into the variety of ways students think about natural selection across different types of plants and animals.

The Difference of Verbal Fluency Task Performance between Alzheimer’s Disease and Subcortical Vascular Dementia: CREDOS (Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea) Study

Background: The verbal fluency test consists of two separate tests of semantic fluency and phonemic fluency. The performance patterns of these tests differ with the type of dementia. We studied the patterns of verbal fluency between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD), and assessed the clinical utility of these tests. Methods: The 1,475 selected participants comprised 73 normal control sub jects, 673 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 535 AD patients, 42 patients with subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI), and 152 SVaD patients. We analyzed the z-score for the total number of animal items as a semantic fluency index and the z-score of the phonemic total score as a phonemic fluency index. Results: The performance of semantic fluency was lower than that of phonemic fluency in all groups. The SVaD group showed the worst scores and abnormal performances on both tests, while the AD group presented abnormal performance only for semantic fluency. Dividing the patients with dementia according to severity revealed a different pattern between AD and SVaD for the clinical dementia rating (CDR) stage of 0.5. The performance of the AD group declined gradually with CDR. However, the SVaD group performed very poorly in both tests even for very mild dementia (CDR stage of 0.5). The aMCI and svMCI groups exhibited similar performance patterns. Conclusions: The pattern of semantic and phonemic fluency was not clinically useful at the MCI stage, but it could be helpful in differentiating AD and SVaD in the early stage of dementia. J Korean Neurol Assoc 34(1):14-22, 2016

Dietary Records of Yellow-Headed Agama in Hormozgan Province, Iran

We collected 25 fecal pellets of yellow-headed agama, Laudakia nupta fusca (Blanford, 1876) for analysis in laboratory from Keshar Protected Area and Homag Protected Area in South Iran. We estimated frequency of occurrence (FO%), dry volume (V%) and importance value (IV%) of each food item. Finally, we identified 9 food items (6 animal items and 3 plant items) in fecal pellets from 7 categories (orders). The most important food items in fecal pellets were Daphne oleoides , beetles and ants. According to this data, yellow-headed agama is omnivorous species.

Feeding ecology of the common sun skink, Eutropis multifasciata (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae), in the plains of central Vietnam

We studied the feeding ecology of Eutropis multifasciata in the tropical plains of central Vietnam to understand better the foraging mode, spatiotemporal and sexual variation in dietary composition, and rarefaction curves of prey-taxon richness for males and females. Stomach contents (n = 161) were collected from October 2013 to May 2014 using a nonlethal stomach-flushing technique. A total of 680 food items (624 animal items and 56 plant items) was found in 161 stomachs of skinks, representing 19 unique animal categories. We found that the diet of E. multifasciata is composed mainly of small, sedentary and clumped prey and that this skink specialises on spiders, insect larvae, snails, grasshoppers and crickets (with a combined importance index of 60%). Dietary composition, prey size and total prey volume in E. multifasciata changed between dry and rainy seasons and among regions. The total volume of food items consumed by males was larger than that of females, and the diversity and evenness index of prey categories were larger in males than in females. However, using rarefaction curves revealed that females have the higher prey-taxon richness after points between 130 and 140 prey items for frequency, and between 160 and 170 prey items for number of items, and the differences were not statistically significant. The foraging behaviour of E. multifasciata best fits a ‘widely foraging’ model.

Alimentación del pez tropical Gobioides broussonnetii (Pisces: Gobiidae) en la Laguna de Unare, Venezuela

Unare Lagoon is one of the most important fishery coastal ecosystems in Venezuela. For the past 10 years, changes in its hydrological regime have affected the physiochemical characteristics of the water with important consequences on its faunal composition and abundance. An example of such variation is the abundant presence ofa fish species, Gobioides broussonnetii, recently registered in this ecosystem. The ecology of this species must be studied to identify new ecological processes occurring in the lagoon. Detritus is the most important component of the G. broussonnetii diet, followed by plant and animal items. The species is a primary detritivorous consumer and this may be associated with its activity pattern (morning): It may be an occasional visitor because it was not captured regularly in the monthly samplings.