Animal Feed Supply Research Articles

English

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of three grain storage times and the cultivar factor on some parameters used in commodity analysis of spring wheat grains. A field experiment was conducted in Czeslawice (Poland) using the split-plot method in 3 replicates in 27 m2 plots. This paper presents the effect of storage time (3, 15, 27 months) of grain of four spring wheat cultivars (‘Korynta’, ‘Monsun’, ‘Tybalt’, ‘Zadra’) on some technological quality characteristics. After harvest, the grains were dried to the moisture content 14% and subsequently stockpiled in a warehouse. It was observed that grains can be stored for a period of even two years with no risk if all the grain storage rules are followed. Short- and long-term grain storage (3-27 months) resulted in satisfactory values of the grain quality characteristics like grain moisture, protein content, and grain hardness index. The storage of grain did not affect negatively grain contamination with mycotoxins. No significant differences were observed in the response of the cultivars studied (grain moisture content, protein content, grain hardness index) to grain storage time. Significant differences among the cultivars were observed in the grain hardness index after 3-month storage. It was also noted that the cultivars ‘Korynta’ and ‘Tybalt’ were characterized by lower susceptibility to contamination with mycotoxins than cvs. ‘Zadra’ and ‘Monsun’. The results obtained in this study are a good indicator for cereal producers who store grains for a period of even two years, thus becoming independent of changing price conditions in the cereals market and the changing demand for and supply of animal feed and bread grain across other countries.

Fusarium avenaceum: A Toxigenic Pathogen Causing Ear Rot on Maize in Yunnan Province, China

<i>Fusarium avenaceum</i>: A Toxigenic Pathogen Causing Ear Rot on Maize in Yunnan Province, China

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of toxigenic Fusarium temperatum in maize stalks and kernels

Fusarium temperatum is an emerging maize pathogen that causes maize ear and stalk rot diseases and produces various mycotoxins including moniliformin, beauvericin, enniatins and fumonisin B1, which poses a potential risk to the human food or animal feed supply chains. Early detection of F. temperatum is crucial to prevent its derived mycotoxins from entering the food chain, and is also a useful tool in disease management practices. Here, we describe a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid diagnosis of F. temperatum. The 28S ribosomal DNA sequences (28S rDNA) of F. temperatum were used to design a set of six primers. The reaction conditions were optimized for developing a fast assay with high specificity and sensitivity, and were able to detect the presence of less than 10 pg of target DNA per reaction within 60 min. Furthermore, the resulting amplicons were visualized by adding SYBR Green I to the reaction tubes. Suspected F. temperatum infected maize stalk samples collected from Yunnan province, China were identified using the developed LAMP assay. In conclusion, the method not only provides a rapid and specific screening for the existence of F. temperatum in a bulk of maize samples without using sophisticated equipment, but also is potentially useful for other agriculturally important toxigenic fungi.

Food- and feed-based nutrient flows in two West African cities

Recent studies have examined the urban metabolism of cities using urban consumption as a proxy for food inflows but very few studies have aimed at quantifying the role of cities as trade hubs and nutrient sinks of their hinterlands. We therefore examined the linkages between food and animal feed supply, their places of production and nutrient flows through the urban system in the two West African cities of Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Using primary data on food and feed flows, and secondary data to assess the transformation of these flows into nutrient terms, we show that, besides urban consumption, the function of the two study sites as trade hubs significantly determines nutrient flows. In Tamale, > 50% of the nutrient inflows was neither consumed nor was lost in situ but left that city again for other destinations. At least 30% of the incoming cereals was stored in the city for later consumption or export. Ouagadougou relied more on imported goods with 40% of N imported from foreign countries compared to Tamale where only 10% of the N was imported, thus contributing to heavier nutrient extraction in remote production areas.

Decoupling Livestock from Land Use through Industrial Feed Production Pathways.

One of the main challenges for the 21st century is to balance the increasing demand for high-quality proteins while mitigating environmental impacts. In particular, cropland-based production of protein-rich animal feed for livestock rearing results in large-scale agricultural land-expansion, nitrogen pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here we propose and analyze the long-term potential of alternative animal feed supply routes based on industrial production of microbial proteins (MP). Our analysis reveals that by 2050, MP can replace, depending on socio-economic development and MP production pathways, between 10-19% of conventional crop-based animal feed protein demand. As a result, global cropland area, global nitrogen losses from croplands and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions can be decreased by 6% (0-13%), 8% (-3-8%), and 7% (-6-9%), respectively. Interestingly, the technology to industrially produce MP at competitive costs is directly accessible for implementation and has the potential to cause a major structural change in the agro-food system.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH TANAMAN TEBU UNTUK PAKAN SAPI

Up to the present time the compost heap of sugar cane has not yet been untilized to the greatest extent. The compost heap, however, has been a major animal feed. In Indonesia about 6.49 million sugar cane tops, 2.78 million ton kletekan and 1.86 million ton sugar sogolan can be obtained each year. By product of sugar processing can yield bagasse, blotong and molasses. All of these by products are potential as a substitute for common forage in ruminants particularly during a relatively long dry season as long protein sources provided. On the other hand the supply of animal feed is becoming scarce and expensive. The farm land growth is limited, especially in dry season. With regard to the potentials mentioned along with animal feed technology, the compost heap of the sugar cane can be converted into essential animal feed. The waste of sugar cane can be processed become wafer and the use can reached 50 – 55 % from the total of the forage in ruminants.Key words : waste, sugar can, forage, wafer, ruminants.

Assessment of Demand and Supply of Livestock Feed and Fodder Resources in Rajasthan

Supply and demand of animal feed and fodder resources in Rajasthan was estimated by using secondary data of triennium ending (TE) 2013–14 on land utilization pattern, crop production and livestock population. The annual supply of feeds and fodders in the state was estimated to be 60.11 m tonnes on DM basis as against the demand of 76.27 m tonnes showing a net deficit of 16.15 m tonnes (approximately 21% per annum). The Rajasthan state had a potential DM supply of 60.11 m tonnes of which crop residues, green roughages and concentrates accounted for 60.91, 27.99 and 11.10%, respectively. Within the crop residues, green roughages and concentrates groups, the cereals (73.90%), cultivated fodders (75.59%) and oil cakes (48.75%) had the major share. The study clearly showed that scarcity of feeds and fodders is a major constraint for low production and productivity of animals in the state. For sustainable livestock production in Rajasthan, the improved cultivated and management practices of all the fodder resources along with fodder conservation and utilization strategy need to be developed.

Penguatan Pengelolaan Ternak Wakaf Hibah Produktif melalui Fermentasi Pakan Ternak sebagai Alternatif Pemberdayaan Santri menuju Pesantren Yatim yang Mandiri

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Strengthening of productive wakaf livestock management on Himmatun ayat foundation in the form of goat farming which originally amounted to 31 tail to 80 tails and 2 cattle, given the geographical condition of the cracked city that the land is limestone, the main problem is the availability of feed. Because the managers are orphaned students themselves then the initial get goat grant, a lot of goats are dead. The problem is quite serious is during the rainy season lack of supply of animal feed. In the dry season orphaned santri living herding goats in rain-fed rice fields that are not cultivated because it is a rain-fed rice field. Goat and cattle feed in the rainy season is a fermentation of mixed kale leaves, bran and yeast. So there is a symbiosis of mutualism in which the survival of orphaned santri is dependent on the productive grant of goats as well as vice versa. Some potentials that can be empowered to benefit from the social, economic and environmental aspects (1) It is necessary to analyze the feasibility level of goat farm management, especially the fulfillment of animal feed for productive grants, so that the farm will continue to grow so that the boarding school can be independent from the aspect of fulfilling the needs of the orphans living in the pesantren. (2) The need for fermented animal wakaf fermentation training for orphan students so as to create the fulfillment of animal wakaf feed throughout the year. (3) The need for assistance in the management of endowment grants productive goat farming, especially aspects of marketing and human resources aspects so that it will form the spirit of entrepreneurship orphan students to independently manage wakaf productive grant goat and cattle farms. &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Emission characterization, environmental impact, and control measure of PM2.5 emitted from agricultural crop residue burning in China

Agricultural crop residue burning, including open field burning and burned as household fuel, is a significant emission source of primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and gaseous precursors of secondary PM2.5. However, limited information exists on emission characterization, environmental impact, and control measure of PM2.5 emitted from agricultural crop residue burning in China. In this study, laboratory simulation experiments were conducted to characterize emission factors of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound chemical compositions from the burning of three typical agricultural crop residues (rice, wheat and corn straw). PM2.5-bound chemical compositions in our measurements include elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), water-soluble ions (WSI), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs). Emission factors of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound EC, OC, WSI, PAHs and APAHs were 13.1, 1.38, 7.68, 1.40, 0.99 × 10−3 and 0.20 × 10−3 g kg−1 for rice straw, 6.2, 0.55, 2.93, 1.53, 0.85 × 10−3 and 0.22 × 10−3 g kg−1 for wheat straw, and 10.5, 0.94, 5.93, 1.53, 0.93 × 10−3 and 0.22 × 10−3 g kg−1 for corn straw, respectively. PM2.5 emissions from agricultural crop residue burning were estimated to be 1248, 1485, and 1826 Gg in 2003, 2008, and 2013, respectively. Environmental impacts resulted from open field burning of agricultural crop residue, including visibility impairment, air quality degradation (sometimes heavy haze pollution) and adverse health effects, were explored in this study. Furthermore, in order to ensure the attainment of good ambient air quality during the harvest season, some control measures, such as straw returning to soil, power generation, biogas production and animal feed supply etc., were proposed to prohibit open field burning of agricultural crop residue in China.

Biofuels and Their Co-Products as Livestock Feed: Global Economic and Environmental Implications.

This review studies biofuel expansion in terms of competition between conventional and advanced biofuels based on bioenergy potential. Production of advanced biofuels is generally more expensive than current biofuels because products are not yet cost competitive. What is overlooked in the discussion about biofuel is the contribution the industry makes to the global animal feed supply and land use for cultivation of feedstocks. The global ethanol industry produces 44 million metric tonnes of high-quality feed, however, the co-products of biodiesel production have a moderate impact on the feed market contributing to just 8–9 million tonnes of protein meal output a year. By economically displacing traditional feed ingredients co-products from biofuel production are an important and valuable component of the biofuels sector and the global feed market. The return of co-products to the feed market has agricultural land use (and GHG emissions) implications as well. The use of co-products generated from grains and oilseeds can reduce net land use by 11% to 40%. The proportion of global cropland used for biofuels is currently some 2% (30–35 million hectares). By adding co-products substituted for grains and oilseeds the land required for cultivation of feedstocks declines to 1.5% of the global crop area.

Impacts of grazing management on hill country pastures: principles and practices

Management of the balance of animal demand and feed supply is the result of a complex set of decisions. These decisions interact and are also variably affected by external drivers, including environmental. In particular, both pasture quantity and quality can be optimised by using appropriate grazing management, including stocking rate, livestock class, etc. In essence: apply sufficient grazing pressure at the appropriate time to maintain pasture covers at a level where the development of grass inflorescences is limited and pasture quality is maximised. The optimal grazing management strategy, however, may be different for each paddock and will change through the season. At a whole-farm scale, grazing management will be a set of trade-offs. Understanding the underlying ecological principles that drive the outcome of these grazing management decisions on pasture performance will have the greatest potential to drive the profitability and sustainability of hill country farms. Keywords: Grazing management, pasture performance, pasture quality, hill country

Predicting the risks from climate change to forage and crop production for animal feed

Climate change is expected to bring warmer temperatures, changes to rainfall patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather. Projections of climate impacts on feed crops show that there will likely be opportunities for increased productivity as well as considerable threats to crop productivity in different parts of the world over the next 20 to 50 years. On balance, we anticipate substantial risks to the volume, volatility, and quality of animal feed supply chains from climate change. Adaptation strategies and investment informed by high quality research at the interface of crop and animal science will be needed, both to respond to climate change and to meet the increasing demand for animal products expected over the coming decades.

Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security

Fungi are ubiquitous and formation of mycotoxins can occur in all agricultural commodities under appropriate field or storage conditions throughout the animal feed supply chain. In this increasingly complex area, the salient features of a fungal growth and mycotoxin production are outlined with strategies to mitigate their accumulation. Overall, there are a number of approaches that can be taken to minimise mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds and these involve prevention of fungal growth and therefore mycotoxin formation, and strategies to reduce or eliminate mycotoxins from contaminated commodities, especially feed additives. The major problem associated with mycotoxin contaminated animal feed is not acute disease episodes but low level toxin ingestion which may cause an array of metabolic disturbances resulting in poor animal productivity. In studies with pigs and poultry it has been shown that low level mycotoxin intake can result in reduced feed intake, poor growth rate, lower egg production, changes in carcass quality, reduced fertility and hatchability of eggs and immunosuppression. It is concluded that mycotoxins constitute a significant problem for the animal feed industry and an ongoing risk to feed supply security.

Meta Analysis to Draw the Appropriate Regimen of Enzyme and Probiotic Supplementation to Pigs and Chicken Diets

Along with the recent changes in animal feed supply circumstances, many enzyme and probiotic feed supplements have been introduced and applied to pigs and chicken diets. Therefore, both selection of the appropriate feed supplements and their proper supplementation becomes critical to justify the supplementation. Meta-analysis was proposed as an appropriate tool to assess the large amount of relevant information. In this review, reliable data from recent publications was compounded then analyzed to determine the best practice of effective enzyme supplementation from the perspectives of animal species, age, characteristics of feed, target substrates, optimum multi enzymes combination and intended objectives. The results of the analysis suggested pratical methods of probiotic supplementation regarding intestinal microbiota, physiological limitation of probiotics, maximization of the probiotic benefit and synergism with prebiotic supplements.

Applying the concepts of extended products and extended enterprises to support the activities of dynamic supply networks in the agri-food industry

During the last decade industry focus has been on the development and integration of processes in the context of the food supply chain. As a result, the food supply chain can be considered highly integrated where information technology streamlines the use of data and information. Presently the focus is shifting to the supply chain that sits in front of the food industry; the animal feed supply chain. The idea is to integrate all the processes within this supply chain and to connect the two supply chains (food and feed) in such a way that processes that cross-boundaries are completely integrated. In response to this, business strategies must now focus not only on traditional economical and technological interests, but also on topical issues such as safety of food and animal feed products, environmentally friendly production and still provide consumers with safe, quality and inexpensive food. This paper introduces the agri-food industry concentrating specifically on the animal feed and food industries. It presents the business processes, strategies, and activities in supply chain management that are acting as an antecedent factor in the adoption and participation of eBusiness. The paper will also introduce eBusiness models for these industries and the implication of these models is that over time, the organisation will learn more about the external and internal environments in which its supply chain operates its own and its partners business, and the key functional areas associated with their business. As a result, the organisation will focus more on their business and eBusiness strategies and co-operate with its partners in identifying areas, which need improving across their supply chain.

Socio-economic determinants of urban household livestock keeping in semi-arid Western Africa

Livestock keeping may have an important environmental impact. Therefore, there is a crucial need for understanding where and why livestock is kept in an urban context. In that frame, a survey was carried out in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) in 2002. The study documents the socio-economic determinants of urban livestock keeping in a semi-arid environment, its constraints and the underlying driving forces for keeping livestock in the city and the perception of the future by livestock keepers. The results show that 26.3% of the households in Ouagadougou are currently keeping livestock, including all major domestic animal species. The main motivation for keeping livestock in an urban setting is its’ generation of income. Main identified constraints are animal health problems, feed supply, theft, and manure management. A comparison with crop production highlights that the latter is practised by even poorer urban dwellers compared to pure livestock keepers. Technical, environmental and public health issues have to be resolved to secure sustainable urban development.

Thermophilic endoglucanase as a potential enzyme catalyst for animal feed production

In recent years enzymes have been used in increasing quantities by the animal feed supply industry for the production of both monogastric and ruminant animal feeds. The use of enzymes provides an effective biological way of improving the nutritional quality of cellulose and hemicellulose based feeds (Viikari et al., 1993, Millet et al., 1976). The present study involved the isolation and purification of an endoglucanase produced by Thermoascus aurantiacus with an emphasis on characterising heat stable enzymes which would have an obvious advantage in industrial processes, especially those involving pelleting of the final diet.

Thermophilic endoglucanase as a potential enzyme catalyst for animal feed production

In recent years enzymes have been used in increasing quantities by the animal feed supply industry for the production of both monogastric and ruminant animal feeds. The use of enzymes provides an effective biological way of improving the nutritional quality of cellulose and hemicellulose based feeds (Viikari et al., 1993, Millet et al., 1976). The present study involved the isolation and purification of an endoglucanase produced by Thermoascus aurantiacus with an emphasis on characterising heat stable enzymes which would have an obvious advantage in industrial processes, especially those involving pelleting of the final diet.

Modelling dairy cattle feeding in the South-East region of Brazil

Computer modelling techniques were applied to study the structure of traditional dairy farms in the South-East region of Brazil and to help define research priorities and policies. Animal feeding is considered the principal factor affecting dairy cattle performance in the study. Knowledge of animal nutrition and feed supply from Brazilian and other literature was synthesized in two mathematical models. One model deals with the optimization of resources used in supplementary feeding for dairy cows under grazing; the other predicts dairy cow performance under a range of feeding conditions imposed by changes in the level of supplementation, stocking rate and calving date. Both models are empirical in nature. The modelling approach shows itself to be a useful means of defining research priorities and making recommendations on practical aspects of dairy cow feeding and management.

Analysis of the state of production feed crops in the South of Ukraine

Purpose. To establish changes in the state of production of fodder crops under arid conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine (on the example of Mykolayiv region) and to determine the consequences for providing feed to the livestock industry. Methods. Analysis, synthesis and comparison. Results. The analysis of the state and development of production of feed crops in conditions of the South of Ukraine is carried out. Changes in the structure of sown areas have been established. Thus, in the total sown area in 2000 the share of feed crops consisted 17.1%, and in 2019 this figure decreased to 13.9 percent. At the same time, the sown area under industrial crops increased to 37.6% (by 15.8 percentage points). Changes in the structure of sown areas of feed crops, giving preference to growing grass for hay, have improved the productivity of these agrophytocenoses. Thus, in 2000, 1.27 tons of feed units were harvested from 1 ha, and in 2019 – by 48.8% more. The rate of supply of feed unit with digestible protein (from 86.6 to 116.4 g per 1 feed unit) increased by 34.4% during the studied period. Reduction in livestock during the studied period affected the supply of animal feed. If in 2000 only 0.93 tons of feed units were produced per head of cattle, in 2019 – by 15.1% more. At the same time, the level of unprofitable beef production for meat in 2019 in enterprises was 21.3%, and the population of the region was insufficiently supplied with meat and meat products, including offal and raw fat (at the level of 53.6 at the consumption rates of 83 kg per 1 person per year). Conclusions. Non-compliance with the structure of sown areas of the main groups of agricultural crops for the formation of scientifically sound crop rotations has been established. Humidification conditions have a significant influence on the formation of feed crops productivity. The level of unprofitable production of cattle for meat is quite significant, which indicates the need to optimize the feed base. Under the current economic conditions in order to develop livestock production certain measures should be taken to stop the reduction of cattle and to increase animal productivity, including using quality nutritious feeds in the quantities according to feeding rations.