Animal Feed Manufacturing Research Articles

Pickup and Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem with Hybrid Missions and Third-Party Vehicle Rentals: A Case Study of Animal Feed Industry

The vehicle routing problem for small and medium-sized animal feed manufacturers is a complex challenge because each transport route can vary significantly between delivering products to customers and picking up raw materials to return to the factory. Currently, businesses lack well-planned management for utilizing a limited number of trucks. As a result, they often incur additional costs by relying on third-party vehicle rentals. This research aims to reduce transportation costs for small and medium-sized animal feed manufacturers by solving a formulated mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, using experimental data that accurately reflects the actual problems faced. The MILP model results help reduce transportation costs by up to 18.5% compared to current practices by optimizing route sequences and incorporating the use of third-party vehicle rentals. This also serves as a guideline for reducing transportation costs in other similar industries.

Biochemical characterization of purified phytase produced from Aspergillus awamori AFE1 associated with the gastrointestinal tract of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae latreille)

ABSTRACT The need for industrially and biotechnologically significant enzymes, such as phytase, is expanding daily as a result of the increased use of these enzymes in a variety of operations, including the manufacture of food, animal feed, and poultry feed. This study sought to characterize purified phytase from A. awamori AFE1 isolated from longhorn beetle for its prospect in industrial applications. Ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration chromatography were used to purify the crude enzyme obtained from submerged fermentation using phytase-producing media, and its physicochemical characteristics were examined. The homogenous 46.8-kDa phytase showed an 8.1-fold purification and 40.7% recovery. At 70 C and pH 7, the optimum phytase activity was noted. At acidic pH 4–6 and alkaline pH 8–10, it likewise demonstrated relative activity of 88–95% and 67–88%, respectively. It showed 67–70% residual activity between 30 and 70 C after 40 min, and 68–94% residual activity between pH 2 and 12 after 2 h. The presence of Hg+, Mg2+, and Al3+ significantly decreased the enzymatic activity, whereas Ca2+ and Cu2+ enhanced it. Ascorbic acid increased the activity of the purified enzyme, whereas ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mercaptoethanol inhibited it. The calculated values for Km and Vmax were 55.4 mM and1.99 μmol/min/mL respectively. A. awamori phytase, which was isolated from a new source, showed unique and remarkable qualities that may find use in industrial operations such as feed pelleting and food processing.

Optimization of Chicken Egg Distribution Cost Using Revised ASM Method (Case Study: Breeding Industry)

PT. IA is a company engaged in the manufacture of animal feed, producing chicken eggs and broiler chicken farm. The problems at PT. IA is amount of distribution costs incurred by the company, so the method needed to optimize disttribution costs. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal distribution costs of chicken eggs, compare the distribution cost of chicken eggs before and after optimization, and compare the ASM method with Stepping Stone method. The method use to solve the probelum is using ASM method. ASM method is one of a method that can use to find the optimal solution without have to find the starting solution to minimize costs. Allocation product with ASM Method is done from the smallest index and the largest amount of supply, until all demand is met and supply out of stock. Based on the research, it shown the revision of ASM method is not necessarly able to provide the optimal solution directly to unbalanced transportation problems or the accurance of additional activities. The minimum total cost with ASM method is Rp. 586.800.000, while after test the optimization using Stepping Stone method the result is Rp. 585.300.000. The difference cost before and after optimization using the revised ASM method is Rp. 93.300.000 or decrease of 13.7%.

Bio-detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated feedstuffs: Using lactic acid bacteria and yeast

Mycotoxins contaminations in feedstuffs are one of the principal concerns worldwide nowadays, related to the fact that they may evoke health problems in animals and consequently in humans. Biodetoxification of mycotoxins by application of beneficial microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria or yeasts) is one of the well-known, relatively low-cost, easy, efficient, safe, and green approaches for the reduction of mycotoxins presence in feeds. The use of beneficial microorganisms as feed additives to remove mycotoxins is widely practiced in the industrial production of animal feed. In this overview, we aim to summarize the great potential of beneficial microorganisms as bio-detoxificant, including a summary of various reported detoxification activities of lactic acid bacteria or yeasts against mycotoxins with relevance for feedstuff. The principal focus is the detoxification of mycotoxins in livestock, poultry, and aquatic feed using beneficial microorganisms. The mechanisms of the detoxification process and effective factors in this process are also covered. This review article could be useful for biotechnologists, investigators, and animal feed manufacturers who have challenges regarding the existence of mycotoxins in feed, and help them to find the best method for feed bio-decontamination.

Manufacture of Fish Feed and Animal Feed by Utilizing Waste from Livestock Manure as an Alternative for Community Livelihoods in Bekiung Village, Kuala District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province

BUMDesa Bangun Mandiri in Bekiung village, Kuala sub-district, Langkat district, is that raising cattle is still carried out traditionally without considering the processing of livestock manure. In addition to the problems caused by livestock waste, the high price of feed produced by feed factories will reduce the profits obtained by the surrounding community, especially fish cultivators. This community service activity was carried out in Bekiung Village, Kuala District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. Methods Implementation of activities is carried out through approaches with several methods, such as the formation of implementing committee team is carried out through a family discussion approach, handing over tools and materials for making feed, outreach, and practical training in making animal feed and fish to marketing/selling products and services through social media, as well as providing service activity modules.

Learning to Make Hydroponic-Based Animal Feed

Mild intellectually disabled is an individual who has intelligence far below the average individual in general. Although the intellectually disabled have intelligence that is far below the average, their abilities can be optimized and empowered through learning simple skills that do not require complex thinking or semi-skills. Hydroponic-based animal feed production is an activity in the semi-skills category that has the potential to be used as a medium for learning and empowering the intellectually disabled. This study aims to evaluate the potential of hydroponic-based animal feed production activities as a medium of learning and empowerment to improve the ability and physical suitability of the intellectually disabled. The research method used is field testing and Research and Development (R&D), and data is obtained through observation, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). We found that the intellectually disabled can perform stages of work in the manufacture of hydroponic-based animal feed, the introduction of tools and materials, the manufacture of animal feed, the maintenance of tools and materials, and the maintenance of results. The results showed that every step in hydroponic-based animal feed production activities had been implemented and could be used as a medium of learning and empowerment to optimize and empower the intellectually disabled.

Application of Strategic Management Accounting Techniques in Feed Manufacturing Enterprises in Hanoi

Strategic management accounting (SMA) provides managers with a framework of technical groups that help businesses plan, control, and evaluate performance. Many businesses around the world operating in different fields have applied strategic management accounting. Vietnamese enterprises in general and animal feed manufacturers in Hanoi in particular need to apply SMA techniques in a highly competitive environment. However, due to many reasons, the use of SMA in animal feed enterprises in Hanoi is still low. This greatly affects the performance of businesses. In order to improve management efficiency and help businesses stand firm in a competitive economy, managers need to be equipped with modern management knowledge with the support of accounting information system management in general, and SMA in particular to provide appropriate and timely information to serve decision-making administrators.

Crushing Power of a Corn Cob Chopping Machine for the Manufacture of Animal Feed at the Cinagarabogo People’s Livestock Centre, Subang Regency, Indonesia

Process of making animal feed at the People’s Husbandry Centre (SPR) Cinagarabogo Subang Regency is one of the producers of ruminant animal feed for cattle. The ruminant feed made from corncob waste is distributed to cattle breeders in Subang Regency. The manufacture of animal feed made from corn cobs is still done conventionally, so that the fulfilment of ruminant feed needs is often hampered. This study aimed to design a disc mill machine that is used to crush corn cobs. The research method started from observing, sketching, making 2D and 3D designs, and conducting expert validation. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the design made has been declared valid with a score of 87% or was in the proper category. Further recommendations that the design is feasible to proceed to the manufacturing process.

PENGARUH CURRENT RATIO DAN DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO TERHADAP NET PROFIT MARGIN PADA PT JAPFA COMFEED INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the effect of the variables Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Net Profit Margin at PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk 2012-2021. This type of quantitative research, quantitative research is research that does not focus too much on the depth of the data, the important thing is to be able to record as much data as possible from a large population, even though the research population is large but can easily be analyzed either through statistical or computer formulas so that solving research problems it is dominated by statistics. In this study the authors chose the research location at PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia (JPFA) Tbk, the company has been listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia (JPFA) is an agri-food company. Its core activities include the manufacture of animal feed, chicken farming, poultry processing and aquaculture. The company started commercial operations in January 1971. The research method used is quantitative and uses statistical analysis and financial ratios. This research was carried out in stages starting from preliminary studies, preparing proposals, collecting and collecting data, to processing data. Results of this Research.Keywords: Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Net Profit Margin

Assessment of grain dust management systems among selected animal feed manufacturers in Kiambu County, Kenya

The animal feed industry in Kenya has experienced rapid growth due to the increased demand for animal feed around the major towns. That equally increased the risks of exposure to grain dust among the workers. The level of awareness about the risks and the existing control measures has not been adequately studied and documented in Kenya. The overall objective of the study was to assess the dust management systems among selected animal feed manufacturers in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study adopted a cross-sectional study design. A total of 355 animal feed mill workers were sampled using Yamane’s formula. They assessed the dust management systems using structured questionnaires, interviews, and walk-through surveys. SPSS was used to process and analyze the collected data. The results showed that the majority of the workers had not been trained in the elements of grain dust management. None of the workers was aware of the air sampling measurements or the exposure limits. Only 16.13% of the feed millers controlled the dust using other engineering and administrative controls apart from ventilation. The study concluded that there was a need for improvement in dust management measures among the facilities and the workers. The study recommends improvement in the dust control measures whereby the workers should adhere to the set safety and health guidelines and the management of the animal feed manufacturers should provide continuous training, suitable gear, and development of engineering controls to minimize the exposure to grain dust.

PM2.5 and PM10 exposure in selected animal feed processing facilities in Kiambu County, Kenya.

The high demand for animal feed in major towns in Kenya has escalated the proliferation of animal feed manufacturing and uncontrolled animal feed facilities. This exposes the workers to grain dust, which is harmful to their respiratory health. The exposure levels have not been extensively studied and reported in Kenya. The goal of the study was to assess the exposure levels of grain dust to animal feed mill workers in Kiambu County, Kenya. The animal feed facilities were purposely sampled. The grain dust exposure levels in the study sites were monitored using a portable particulate matter sensor. SPSS was used to process and analyze the collected data. The mean PM10 of 53.72 μg/m3 and PM2.5 of 36.54 μg/m3 exceeded the WHO Air Quality Guideline level of a 24-hour exposure time of 45 μg/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5, 15 μg/m3. The study recommends continued implementation of the dust control measures within the animal feed manufacturing facilities and adherence to the set safety and health guidelines by the feed processors.

Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Rejected Avocado and Determination of Their Antioxidant Potential

Avocados are one of the important fruits in our diet, showing many health benefits. However, a significant amount of avocados become defective as they are transported throughout the supply chain and are refused by consumers, ending up at animal or pet feed manufacturers. Indeed, some previous evidence suggests that rejected avocados still present high phenolic content that can be reused in the drug or pharmacological industry. Therefore, in the present work, we measured the phenolic content from rejected avocado pulp and evaluated the antioxidant potential, followed by characterization and quantification using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-PDA. Reed avocado pulp was highest in TPC (0.21 mg GAE/g f.w.) and TFC (0.05 mg QE/g f.w.), whereas in TCT assay, low traces of tannins were exhibited in Wurtz and Reed avocado pulp. Hass avocado pulp had the highest antioxidant potential in DPPH (0.32 AAE/g f.w.), FRAP (0.13 AAE/g f.w.), ABTS (0.32 AAE/g f.w.), •OH-RSA (0.51 AAE/g f.w.) and FICA (0.47 mg EDTA/g) assays. Wurtz avocado pulp had higher antioxidant potential in RPA (0.07 mg AAE/g) and PMA (0.27 AAE/g f.w.). A total of 64 phenolic compounds were characterized in avocado pulp, including 10 in Hass avocado pulp, 31 in Wurtz avocado pulp and 45 in Reed avocado pulp. In HPLC-PDA quantification, chlorogenic acid (21.36 mg/g f.w.), epicatechin (14.24 mg/g f.w.) and quercetin (21.47 mg/g f.w.) were detected to be the highest in Hass, Wurtz and Reed avocado pulp, respectively. Our study showed the presence of phenolic compounds in rejected avocado pulp and hence can be utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Influence of Customer Orientation in Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Animal Feed Manufacturing in Kenya

Small and medium animal feed manufacturing enterprises in Kenya are performing poorly despite manufacturing sector stand tall as a key pillar in the Big Four development agenda and vision of 2030 by the National Government of Kenya. Literature demonstrates that market orientation factors such as customer oriented enhance firm performance. However, there are few local studies on customer orientation and firm performance. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the influence of customer orientation in performance of small and medium animal feed manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. The study adopted cross-sectional research design and target population was 65 animal feed manufacturing SMEs in Kenya.  The study conducted a census approach. The unit of analysis was 65 managers/CEO and directors. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings revealed customer orientation had a statistically significant influence on performance of small and medium animal feed manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. The study concluded that for every one unit increase in customer orientation, performance of small and medium enterprises in animal feed manufacturing in Kenya is predicted to increase by 0.289 units. The study recommended that entrepreneur and management of animal feed manufacturing SMEs in Kenya, should regularly monitor, observe and anticipate customer needs and address them on timely and appropriately. Managers and marketing officers of small and medium enterprises in animal feed manufacturing in Kenya should be encouraged to adopt and embark on market orientation practices, for instance; addressing customer needs and wants promptly and also implement innovative practices so as to maximize performance. Keywords: Customer orientation, performance, SMEs, Kenya

Importância da alimentação animal no setor agroindustrial

The production process of animal feed is part of a chain of activities ranging from the production and importation of raw materials to the results of animal exploitation. In Colombia, the manufacture of animal feed has grown to levels that exceed the average production of the manufacturing industry and make the agro-industrialsector one of the most influential in the country's economy. With the growth of the agroindustry, it is expected to meet the human food requirements in the national territory, which are insufficient to achieve a well-nourished population. With a global focus on cleanerproduction, environmental control policies, and the use of biomass as an alternative food source to the conventional one; the balanced feed industry is one of the best investment alternatives that allow taking advantage of the by-products of rice mills, corn mills, sugar mill by-products such as molasses, barley bran and yeast in breweries, meat, leather, tallow, pre-mixed viscera, blood meal, feathers and bones of animal by-products. All those by-productsor residues of the industrial process impact the environment in a negative way. The availability of these by-products for animal feed helps to improve the environmental impact and to give a value toa waste whose properties were unknown, and that today is sold at reasonable prices to be used productively in animal feed.

The White Meat Industry in Dubai through a One Health Lens

White meat is one of the most commonly consumed animal-source foods in the Emirate of Dubai and is one of 21 main foods listed in the National Food Security Strategy of UAE and the Emirate of Dubai. Although fresh white meat is produced locally, the quantities are very limited, so, to meet market needs, chilled and frozen white meat is imported. The aim of this chapter is to examine the existing white meat supply networks and market in Dubai and understand the flow of fresh chickens from the local market and the shipment dynamics for imported frozen chickens under the One Health concept. Data from documents, publications and surveys of the Dubai Government, representatives of the Food Safety Department and Veterinary Service Section (via focus group discussions) and direct interviews with local small farmers, food importers, food manufacturers and retailers and animal feed manufacturers and retailers were used to describe the value chain for white meat in the Emirate of Dubai. The data were collected through detailed questionnaires in the interview with the focus groups and interviews of groups of stakeholders selected by the Food Safety Department in Dubai Municipality. Data from government strategies and reports were collected and analysed to understand the government’s position and the size of the white meat sector. The data provided by representatives of local small farmers, food importers, food manufacturers and retailers and animal feed manufacturers and retailers were used to understand the value chain of white meat from the private sector perspective. After studying the value chain and the results of this research, areas were identified in the value chain of the white meat sector at the level of the Emirate of Dubai that can be improved, for example, the need for better marketing of local products. Some areas are already strong such as the inclusion of white meat products in the Dubai strategy for Food Security approved at the level of the Emirate of Dubai. The results of this chapter highlight critical opportunities for changes in policies and best practices that if implemented by the Dubai Government would ensure that the white meat industry is able to meet local market demands. Recommendations to the Dubai Government are presented in support of enhancing Dubai’s economic sustainability and efficient contributions to food and nutrition security.

Influence of Technology Orientation in Performance of Small and Medium Animal Feed Manufacturing Enterprises in Kenya

The objective of this study was to establish the influence of technological orientation on the performance of small and medium animal feed manufacturing enterprises in Kenya. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population was 65 small and medium enterprises in animal feed manufacturing in Kenya that were members of Association of Kenya Feed Manufacturing (AKEFEMA) that are based in Kiambu and Nairobi City County in Kenya. The study used a census approach and respondents were 65 managers/owners and 65 directors. Data was collected using an open and ended questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics produced frequencies, pie charts mean, standard deviation, and percentages. Inferential statistics produced correlation and PLS Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) results, which showed the causal relationship among the variables. Findings showed that technology orientation had a positive and significant with the small and medium animal feed manufacturing in Kenya. Based on findings, the study concludes that SMEs in animal feed manufacturing in Kenya regularly upgrade technology, inculcate a culture of adopting new technologies and also possess technological skills. Also, the study concludes that SMEs under survey are owned/ managed by individuals who possess knowledge about the firm’s field of operation and also relate well with stakeholders such as customers and suppliers. The study recommends management and entrepreneurs of small and medium animal feed manufacturing enterprises should possess the technical capabilities of the firm and embrace a culture of continuous learning with respect to new knowledge and skill this would lead to better performance.

REDESIGN BUCKET GUNA MENINGKATKAN KAPASITAS ANGKUT MESIN ELEVATOR PADA PROSES PENGERINGAN JAGUNG DRYER 3 DI PT. JJ

PT JJ is the largest and most integrated agri-food company in Indonesia. The company's main business units are the manufacture of animal feed, chicken breeding, poultry processing and agricultural cultivation. PT. JJ has 3 dryer machines, including dryer 1, dryer 2, and dryer 3, in this drying process there is a problem in dryer 3, where the carrying capacity of raw materials is not sufficient so that drying activities are hampered and the dryer machine does not work optimally, with problems This causes the production process to experience obstacles so that it wastes a lot of time which makes work ineffective and detrimental to the company.
 By doing this research, it aims to increase the carrying capacity of corn raw materials in the dryer machine which is only capable of transporting 17 tons/hour of raw material and to maximize the productivity of the dryer machine, so that production time is more effective and minimizes losses. After redesigning the bucket using the Common Formula Elevators formula, the bucket capacity/volume increased from 0.5 kg/bucket to 0.8 kg/bucket, increased the elevator engine capacity from 17 tons/hour to 23 tons/hour, and made changes in the form of a bucket elevator.

Optimization Of Chicken Feed Production Using Goal Programming Method At PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk. Unit Makassar

PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk is one of the largest and most integrated agri-food companies in Indonesia. The company's main business units are the manufacture of animal feed, chicken breeding, poultry processing, and agricultural cultivation. This company will automatically continue to increase its production results both in terms of quantity and in terms of quality to be able to compete in the market so that it can expand market share and offer products at affordable costs for consumers. At present, business progress is strongly influenced by fluctuations and variations in consumer demand. This also has an impact on the production of chicken feed carried out by PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk Makassar unit. With the increasing demand for chicken feed, an effort is needed so that the production process runs according to available and profitable resources. This research aims to determine the optimal amount of production to generate optimal company profits. The method used in this study is the goal programming method because it can solve problems optimally with more than one goal. The results of this research show that the product of goal programming optimization is more profitable than the companies. The results obtained from this research are the optimal number of products is 4,967,155 kg, and the minimum production cost is Rp. 1,382,685,942,075, and the sales profit is Rp. 314,569,267,925 for a period of one year.

Effects of dietary acidification and acid source on fish growth and feed efficiency (Review)

The human population has increased considerably worldwide, including in the Philippines. Aquaculture is one of the main food sectors that provides a cheap source of protein in the Philippines. Changes in diet composition in aquaculture have brought about concerns regarding certain negative effects at the gastrointestinal levels. The replacement of fish meal with a plant protein source in a considerable proportion in the diet of the majority of cultured fish species has led to proliferative and inflammatory responses in the intestines of various (functionally) monogastric animals. In aquaculture feed, the dietary supplementation of organic acids and their salts as growth promoters has been established. The use of acidifiers in aquafeed requires a different approach due to diversified feeding habits and the wide variation in the digestive system structure and physiological function. Dietary organic acids can increase pancreatic enzyme production, decrease stomach pH levels, inhibit pathogens, provide energy, improve mineral utilization and improve nutrient digestibility, all of which improve fish development performance. Acidifiers are currently widely used in animal feed, including aquafeed, and several manufacturers have created next‑generation acidifiers with additional benefits. The present review article discusses the acidifiers, their mechanisms of action, growth, feed efficiency, immunity and future research opportunities. The fish growth rate and feed utilization efficiency are also reviewed as regards dietary acid sources, such as acetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid and control‑no acid. In addition, the attractability of the diets for the fish at different pH levels and dietary acid sources was determined. The survival rates of cultured fishes were determined based on the various dietary acids used. Any acids at an optimum pH level, e.g., pH 4.6 in the diet of tilapia fry, which increase attractability, growth and feed efficiency, warrant further attention.

Sampling and detection of African swine fever virus within a feed manufacturing and swine production system.

Transmission of biological hazards capable of causing disease in livestock can occur through a wide variety of direct and indirect routes. In swine production, there are a large number of possible routes of exposure of a pathogen into a susceptible population. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been a significant challenge for Southeast Asia since first detected in China in 2018 and has spread through many countries within the region. In order to understand potential transmission pathways within an ASFV endemic region, a diagnostic investigation was performed to determine the level of contamination on a wide variety of surface types within a live animal production, feed manufacturing, and feed distribution system located in Vietnam. All diagnostic testing was performed locally by the production system's internal diagnostic laboratory using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (rt‐PCR) analysis. Early in the diagnostic investigation, it became clear that feed trucks were a common site of ASFV surface contamination detection. This information resulted in biosecurity‐focused actions for feed trucks arriving back at the feed mill, including decontamination of interior truck cab surfaces and washing of exterior truck surfaces with high‐pressure water prior to application of surface disinfectants. Additionally, a low number of rt‐PCR positive samples were detected within the feed production system, with the greatest number coming from transient surfaces such as high traffic areas and worker clothing. This illustrates the importance of managing employee traffic through procedures such as zoning and separation between clean–dirty areas to reduce the likelihood of pathogen transmission. In conclusion, this report illustrates the importance of routine data capture regarding efficacy of biosecurity procedures which allows for real‐time updates and improvement as biosecurity gaps are identified.