Animal Digestive System Research Articles

Enterotomia para remoção de corpo estranho no jejuno

In the small animal clinic, dogs that ingest non-digestible objects are frequently seen, which end up causing obstruction in the animal's digestive system. Young canines are the most affected, when playing or/and eating indiscriminately with inedible objects. The diagnosis of intestinal obstruction is essential, as it can cause clinical repercussions such as erosions and ulcers. Therefore, it is based on anamnesis and clinical signs such as emesis, anorexia and apathy, in addition, when necessary, the professional may request imaging tests and exploratory laparotomy to confirm the diagnostic hypothesis. From this perspective, a Shih Tzu dog, approximately two years old, weighing 4 kg, was seen at the clinic. In the anamnesis, the guardian reports that the patient was apathetic and had recurrent vomiting. On clinical examination, only moderate dehydration was evident. The treatment was carried out surgically using the laparotomy technique followed by enterotomy, which is the most recommended treatment in cases of intestinal obstruction caused by a foreign body. The animal had a positive prognosis and a good recovery. Therefore, the aim of this work is to report a case of obstruction of the intestinal tract by a foreign body in a dog and the surgical techniques used to treat it.

Potentiality of goats and sheep on the survival and germination of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. seeds from the Caatinga

Mimosa tenuiflora is a species widely distributed in the Caatinga biome as forage for herds. Goats and sheep are efficient seed dispersers and can improve seed germination. This study aimed to evaluate the passage through the digestive system of goats and sheep at different ingestion periods, and its effect on recovery, quality and anatomical aspects of M. tenuiflora seeds. For this experiment, 24 animals (12 goats and 12 sheep) were confined, and 400 seeds were provided for each animal. After the seeds supply the seeds present in the feces of the animal were periodically collected. The study was performed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme 2 × 5 + 1, with two animal species (goat and sheep), five periods of seed excretion (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) plus a control treatment composed of intact seeds. Recovery, seed quality, anatomy, and seedling vigor were evaluated. M. tenuiflora seeds were physically characterized as small and tended to pass quickly through the animal's digestive system. The seed recovery occurs up to 120 h for goats and 96 h for sheep after being provided, and the highest number of seeds were recovered after 48 h. The seeds collected after 120 h from goats and after 24 and 96 h from sheep showed improved germination and overcoming of seed dormancy. The anatomy analysis demonstrates that the passage through the animal digestive system promotes scarification of the seed tegument.

Taxonomic composition and carbohydrate-active enzyme content in microbial enrichments from pulp mill anaerobic granules after cultivation on lignocellulosic substrates

Metagenomes of lignocellulose-degrading microbial communities are reservoirs of carbohydrate-active enzymes relevant to biomass processing. Whereas several metagenomes of natural digestive systems have been sequenced, the current study analyses metagenomes originating from an industrial anaerobic digester that processes effluent from a cellulose pulp mill. Both 16S ribosomal DNA and metagenome sequences were obtained following anaerobic cultivation of the digester inoculum on cellulose and pretreated (steam exploded) poplar wood chips. The community composition and profile of predicted carbohydrate-active enzymes were then analyzed in detail. Recognized lignocellulose degraders were abundant in the resulting cultures, including populations belonging to Clostridiales and Bacteroidales orders. Poorly defined taxonomic lineages previously identified in other lignocellulose-degrading communities were also detected, including the uncultivated Firmicutes lineage OPB54 which represented nearly 10% of the cellulose-fed enrichment even though it was not detected in the bioreactor inoculum. In total, 3580 genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes were identified through metagenome sequencing. Similar to earlier enrichments of animal digestive systems, the profile encoded by the bioreactor inoculum following enrichment on pretreated wood was distinguished from the cellulose counterpart by a higher occurrence of enzymes predicted to act on pectin. The majority (> 93%) of carbohydrate-active enzymes predicted to act on plant polysaccharides were identified in the metagenome assembled genomes, permitting taxonomic assignment. The taxonomic assignment revealed that only a small selection of organisms directly participates in plant polysaccharide deconstruction and supports the rest of the community.

Pathways for the Valorization of Animal and Human Waste to Biofuels, Sustainable Materials, and Value-Added Chemicals

Human and animal waste, including waste products originating from human or animal digestive systems, such as urine, feces, and animal manure, have constituted a nuisance to the environment. Inappropriate disposal and poor sanitation of human and animal waste often cause negative impacts on human health through contamination of the terrestrial environment, soil, and water bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to convert these wastes into useful resources to mitigate their adverse environmental effect. The present study provides an overview and research progress of different thermochemical and biological conversion pathways for the transformation of human- and animal-derived waste into valuable resources. The physicochemical properties of human and animal waste are meticulously discussed, as well as nutrient recovery strategies. In addition, a bibliometric analysis is provided to identify the trends in research and knowledge gaps. The results reveal that the USA, China, and England are the dominant countries in the research areas related to resource recovery from human or animal waste. In addition, researchers from the University of Illinois, the University of California Davis, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Zhejiang University are front runners in research related to these areas. Future research could be extended to the development of technologies for on-site recovery of resources, exploring integrated resource recovery pathways, and exploring different safe waste processing methods.

Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik Berbasis Higher Order Thinking Skills pada Pembelajaran Tematik Muatan IPA Kelas V Tema 3 Subtema 1

The product of student worksheets (LKPD) based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) for thematic learning of science content on the human and animal digestive systems is the aim of this research. In addition, it also aims to find out whether or not elementary schools can implement student worksheet products (LKPD) based on higher order thinking skills (HOTS) for thematic learning of science class V theme 3 sub-theme 1. By adopting the ADDIE design development model, research and development (RnD) was used as the research method. The analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages are the HOTS-based LKPD development process. The results of the validation of the four validators and student response trials became a source of research data. Validator validation questionnaires and student response questionnaires during product trials became the method of collecting data for this study. To find out the validity of the product, validation questionnaires were distributed to class teachers, linguists, design experts, and material experts. Limited trials and wide trials are two phases of trials. The material aspect of LKPD feasibility validation produces an average score of 4.2 with very valid criteria. The feasibility of the language aspect gets an average score of 4.8 with very valid criteria, and the feasibility of the design aspect gets an average score of 3.9 with a valid category. The test results obtained an average score of fifth grade students' limited trials was 4.6 and the average value of fifth grade students' wide trials was 4.5. So that it can be stated that the HOTS-based LKPD can and is fully feasible for use in learning.

Application of botanical products as nutraceutical feed additives for improving poultry health and production.

Poultry is one of the most consumed sources of animal protein around the world. To meet the global demands for poultry meat and eggs, it is necessary to improve their nutrition to sustain the poultry industry. However, the poultry industry faces several challenges, including feedstuff availability, the banning of antibiotics as growth promoters, and several environmental stressors. Therefore, there is a critical need to include available nutraceuticals in the diet to sustain the poultry industry. Nutraceuticals are natural chemical substances that positively influence animal physiological and productive traits. Botanical products (such as fenugreek seeds, ginger roots, and olive leaves) are among the most commonly used nutraceuticals and are gradually gaining popularity in the poultry industry due to their immense benefits in nutrition and therapeutic properties. They can be added to the diet separately or in combination (as a natural antioxidant and immunostimulant) to improve poultry health and production. Botanical products are rich in essential oils and essential fatty acids, which have multiple benefits on the animal's digestive system, such as activating the digestive enzymes and restoring microbiota balance, enhancing poultry health, and production. These nutraceuticals have been shown to stimulate the expression of several genes related to growth, metabolism, and immunity. In addition, the essential oil supplementation in poultry diets up-regulated the expression of some crucial genes associated with nutrient transportation (such asglucose transporter-2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1). Previous studies have suggested that supplementation of botanical compounds increased broiler body weight and hen egg production by approximately 7% and 15%, respectively. Furthermore, the supplementation of botanical compounds enhanced the reproductive efficiency of hens and the semen quality of roosters by 13%. This review article discusses the significant effects of some botanical products in the poultry industry and how they can benefit poultry, especially in light of the ban on antibiotics as growth promoters.

Plastic biodegradation by in vitro environmental microorganisms and in vivo gut microorganisms of insects.

Traditional plastics, such as polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PUR), and other plastic polymers, are difficult to degrade and are gradually accumulated in the environment to cause a serious environmental problem, which is urgently needed to develop novel treatments or control technology. The biodegradation of plastics has gained great attention due to the advantages of green and safe characteristics. Microorganisms play a vital role in the biodegradation of plastics, including environmental microbes (in vitro) and gut microbes of insects (in vivo). Microbial degradation in environmental conditions in vitro is extremely slow for major plastics at degradation rates on the basis of a month or even a year time, but recent discoveries show that the fast biodegradation of specific plastics, such as PS, PE, and PUR, in some invertebrates, especially insects, could be enhanced at rates on basis of hours; the biodegradation in insects is likely to be gut microbial-dependent or synergetic bioreactions in animal digestive systems. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest 7-year (2016-2022) publications on plastic biodegradation by insects and microorganisms, elucidates the mechanism of plastic degradation in insects and environmental microbes, and highlights the cutting-edge perspectives for the potential applications of plastic biodegradation.

First evidence for multimodal animal seed dispersal in orchids

Identifying the mechanisms for seed dispersal and persistence of species is a central aim of ecology. Seed dispersal by animals is an essential form of dissemination in many plant communities, including seeds of over 66% of neotropical canopy tree species.1,2 Besides physical dispersal, animals influence seed germination probabilities through scarification, breaking dormancy, and preventing rotting, so plants often invest important resources in attracting them. Orchids are predominantly adapted to wind dispersal, having dust-like seeds that are easily uplifted. Exceptions include bird-,3,4 cricket-,5,6 and mammal-dispersed7 species, featuring fleshy fruits with hard seeds that germinate after passing the animal's digestive system. Given the similarity in fruit and seed morphology, zoochory has also been suggested in Vanilla,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 a pantropical genus of 118 species with vine-like growth.16,17,18 We test this prediction through in situ and ex situ experimentation using fruits of Vanilla planifolia, and wild relatives, from which vanillin-a widely used natural aroma and flavoring-is obtained. Seeds from dehiscent fruits are removed by male Euglossini collecting fragrances, a unique case in plants, and female Meliponini bees gathering nest-building materials, a first among monocots. By contrast, mammals, mostly rodents, consume the nutritious indehiscent fruits, passing the seeds up to 18h after consumption. Protocorm formation in digested and undigested seeds proves that scarification in the gut is not strictly required for germination. Multimodal seed dispersal mechanisms are proven for the first time in Orchidaceae, with ectozoochory and endozoochory playing crucial roles in the unusually broad distribution of Vanilla.

Characterization of fungal microbial diversity in Tibetan sheep, Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan antelope in the Qiangtang region of Tibet.

Due to the high crude fiber content, straw of various crops is difficult to become a high quality forage resource. The degradation of cellulose in nature mainly depends on the cellulase secreted by microbes, which degrade cellulose into small molecular substances through chemical action, and the microbes that secrete cellulase mainly include some bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, etc. The large and diverse microbial population contained in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in nutrient digestion. At present, many cellulose-degrading strains have been screened and obtained from animal digestive system and feces, such as Bacillus subtilis from the feces of Panda, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from the cecum of goose. In this study, the fungal diversity was analysed in the fresh faeces of Tibetan sheep, Tibetan gazelle and Tibetan antelope in Qiangtang, Tibet. Results showed that the structure and species of gut fungi are different in three animals, which may be related to the different physiological functions among different animals, e.g., Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle have stronger tolerance to rough feeding than Tibetan sheep. This study will lay a foundation for cellulose-degrading fungal development and provides technical support for improving rough feeding tolerance of Tibetan sheep.

In Vivo Healthy Benefits of Galacto-Oligosaccharides from Lupinus albus (LA-GOS) in Butyrate Production through Intestinal Microbiota.

Animal digestive systems host microorganism ecosystems, including integrated bacteria, viruses, fungi, and others, that produce a variety of compounds from different substrates with healthy properties. Among these substrates, α-galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are considered prebiotics that promote the grow of gut microbiota with a metabolic output of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). In this regard, we evaluated Lupinus albus GOS (LA-GOS) as a natural prebiotic using different animal models. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of LA-GOS on the gut microbiota, SCFA production, and intestinal health in healthy and induced dysbiosis conditions (an ulcerative colitis (UC) model). Twenty C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated in four groups (n = 5/group): untreated and treated non-induced animals, and two groups induced with 2% dextran sulfate sodium to UC with and without LA-GOS administration (2.5 g/kg bw). We found that the UC treated group showed a higher goblet cell number, lower disease activity index, and reduced histopathological damage in comparison to the UC untreated group. In addition, the abundance of positive bacteria to butyryl-CoA transferase in gut microbiota was significantly increased by LA-GOS treatment, in healthy conditions. We measured the SCFA production with significant differences in the butyrate concentration between treated and untreated healthy groups. Finally, the pH level in cecum feces was reduced after LA-GOS treatment. Overall, we point out the in vivo health benefits of LA-GOS administration on the preservation of the intestinal ecosystem and the promotion of SCFA production.

α-Chaconine Affects the Apoptosis, Mechanical Barrier Function, and Antioxidant Ability of Mouse Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

α-Chaconine is the most abundant glycoalkaloid in potato and toxic to the animal digestive system, but the mechanisms underlying the toxicity are unclear. In this study, mouse small intestinal epithelial cells were incubated with α-chaconine at 0, 0.4, and 0.8 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h to examine apoptosis, mechanical barrier function, and antioxidant ability of the cells using a cell metabolic activity assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that α-chaconine significantly decreased cell proliferation rate, increased apoptosis rate, decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value, and increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, and there were interactions between α-chaconine concentration and incubation time. α-Chaconine significantly reduced the relative and mRNA expressions of genes coding tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, decreased total glutathione (T-GSH) content, reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and the mRNA expressions of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and γ-GCS genes. In conclusion, α-chaconine disrupts the cell cycle, destroys the mechanical barrier and permeability of mucosal epithelium, inhibits cell proliferation, and accelerates cell apoptosis.

Evaluation and Comparison of Clostridium Epsilon-Alpha Fusion Gene Expression Using Different Commercial Expression Vector.

Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium septicum are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rods and pathogens for humans and livestock, which are widespread in nature as well as human and animal digestive systems. C. perfringens produces numerous different exoproteins, which are various systems of action. The major C. perfringens toxins include alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota. C. perfringens are classified into five groups (A-E) on the basis of the production of these lethal toxins. Furthermore, toxins secreted from C. septicum include alpha, beta, delta, and gamma. Epsilon and alpha toxins of C. perfringens and C. septicum are the major causes of enterotoxemia and braxy in sheep and goats, respectively. The production of recombinant immunogenic proteins of these bacteria using suitable expression vectors and expression prokaryotic hosts can be a convenient method for the reduction of the costs and production time of clostridial anaerobic vaccines. In the present study, recombinant Escherichia coli strain TOP10 containing pJETεα was used for the evaluation of C. perfringens type D and C. septicum epsilon-alpha fusion protein using different commercial vectors. After the extraction of pJETεα from the recombinant cell, it was digested by NdeI and XhoI restriction enzymes and subcloned into pET22b (+), pET26b (+), and pGEM-B1 expression vectors in E. coli/Rosetta and E. coli/BL21 (DE3). The expression of recombinant fusion toxin was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting in three different temperatures, various isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) gradients, and different times using pGEMεα, pET22εα, and pET26εα vectors in E. coli/Rosetta and E. coli/BL21 (DE3). According to the obtained results, recombinant E. coli/Rosetta/pET22εα showed better expression at a temperature of 37°C after 6 h of induction by IPTG.

The digestive and physiological visceral organs of male Bali cattle were fed with cocoa bean shell

Cocoa bean shell (CBS) is a waste from cocoa bean processing, and recently used as supplements in ruminants feed. However, a CBS contains theobromines that well known for its anti-nutrient effect in the animal digestive system. This study examined the effect of CBS supplementation on some digestive organs in Bali cattle bulls. The total of 12 Bali bulls (average initial body weight, 159.25 ± 15.68 kg) aged 16 months age were fed with four levels of CBS concentrate in the diet for 16 weeks (0, 3, 6, and 9%, repestively). At the end of the experiment, digestive tract and some visceral organs weight (e.g., rumen, digest tracts, lymph, liver, lungs, heart, and kidney) were measured and calculated as the percentage of body weight (BW). The results showed that the percentage of spleen, liver and kidney weights were increased (p<0.05) according to the level of CBS supplementation. The effect of CBS feeding on the percentage of spleen weight was occurred at level 9%, and significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the level of 3%, 6% and without cocoa shell. The liver and kidney percentages were higher (p<0.05) at levels 6% and 9% compared to 0% and 3%. There was no effect of supplementation on the digestive tract, lungs and heart. The study concluded that CBS supplementation at 6% and 9% levels had an effect on physiological visceral organs of Bali cattle bulls.

In Vitro Methods of Assessing Protein Quality for Poultry.

Simple SummaryOver the years, broiler chickens have been selected for rapid growth which makes them very efficient at depositing body protein in a short period of time. This is important since the broiler sector is expected to contribute to the growing global demand for poultry meat. In light of this, the quality of proteins fed to poultry is becoming more important. The concept of protein nutrition is based on the sequential process through which proteins are digested, and the amino acids are absorbed and become available for metabolic processes. The nutritional quality of protein ingredients for poultry is based on their amino acid bioavailability. Animal and plant ingredients are the main sources of protein used in poultry diets and they vary in digestibility and amino acid composition. Although in vivo digestibility assays for poultry are available, they are expensive and time consuming to conduct. In vivo digestibility assays are the optimum tools for characterizing protein sources to be used in commercial production, but it is not always practical to conduct these assays in commercial settings. Commercial production, therefore, relies on the use of other assays such as in vitro assays to evaluate the quality of protein sources. Protein quality assessment of feed ingredients for poultry is often achieved using in vitro or in vivo testing. In vivo methods can be expensive and time consuming. Protein quality can also be evaluated using less expensive and time consuming chemical methods, termed in vitro. These techniques are used to improve the user’s efficiency when dealing with large sample numbers, and some mimic the physiological and chemical characteristics of the animal digestive system to which the ingredient will be fed. The pepsin digestibility test is the in vitro method of choice for quick evaluation of protein sample during quality control and in most research settings. Even though the pepsin digestibility test uses enzymes to liberate the amino acids from the protein, it does not mimic normal in vivo digestive conditions. The results obtained with this method may be misleading if the samples tested contain fats or carbohydrates which they often do. Multi-enzyme tests have been proposed to overcome the problem encountered when using the pepsin digestibility test. These tests use a combination of enzymes in one or multiple steps customized to simulate the digestive process of the animal. Multi enzyme assays can predict animal digestibility, but any inherent biological properties of the ingredients on the animal digestive tract will be lost.

Фізико-хімічний склад козячого молока при дрібнотоварному виробництві в умовах природно-сільськогосподарської зони Степу України

Визначено показники молока кіз у дрібнотоварному виробництві в оптимальних кліматичних умовах Донецько-Дніпровського регіону Лівобережної провінції природно-сільськогосподарської зони Степу України. Згідно з визначенням температурно-вологісного індексу прийнятний для кіз клімат спостерігається із квітня. Середні значення та стандартні відхилення окремих фізико-хімічних параметрів молока місцевих кіз протягом лактації такі: жир 4,32 ± 1,25 %, білок 3,22 ± 0,24&nbsp;%, лактоза 4,78 ± 0,37&nbsp;%, співвідношення жир / білок 1,35 ± 0,42, сухий знежирений молочний залишок 8,67 ± 0,65&nbsp;%, густина 29 ± 3&nbsp;0А, температура замерзання -0,567 ± -0,039&nbsp;0С, електропровідність 4,49 ± 0,47 мС / см, pH 6,73 ± 0,09, кислотність 15,7 ± 1,9&nbsp;0Т. На піку лактації у молоці місцевих кіз виявили зниження вмісту білка та лактози, натомість збільшився жир. Виразність такої диспропорції проявилася в динаміці значень співвідношення жир / білок, сухого знежиреного молочного залишку та густини молока. Тому протягом перших 2–3 місяців лактації, коли молоко фактично являє собою єдине джерело поживних речовин для пластичного та енергетичного обміну козенят, концентрація лактози та білка висока. У віці 3–4 місяців козенятам доводиться задовольняти більшість своїх потреб завдяки власному пошуку корму, саме тому склад козячого молока відображає цей процес формування травної системи молодняку. Зниження депресії молока (вища точка замерзання) під час піку лактації, ймовірно, відображає зміну загальної концентрації осмотично активних речовин, особливо лактози, в цей час. Поступове підвищення електропровідності молока протягом усієї лактації викликане накопиченням електролітів, що надходять із крові тварин. Стабільний pH та кислотність молока підтверджують високу стійкість місцевих тварин до захворювань молочної залози, особливо субклінічного маститу, який спричиняє технологічне навантаження на тварин в умовах інтенсивного виробництва. Наявність 87&nbsp;% загального поголів’я кіз у власності населення як у Дніпропетровській області, так і в цілому по Україні означає, що довго залишатиметься важливим забезпечення належного рівня обслуговування дрібної худоби в окремих селянських господарствах, а не у спеціалізованих підприємствах.

Experimental Endozoochory of Cannabis sativa Achenes

The mechanism by which Cannabis sativa dispersed from its center of origin remains an open question. The literature provides many hypotheses, which we review for the first time, but experiments are few. Darwin was interested in zoochory – the transport of plants by animals. He demonstrated endozoochory (transport of seeds via animal digestive systems) of C. sativa achenes (seeds) by carrier pigeons, but he did not quantify achene survival rates. We assessed mammalian endozoochory in a triplicate experiment: feeding C. sativa achenes into a simulated gastrointestinal system, a dog, and a human. The in vitro system subjected achenes to sequential digestive enzymes. Achenes were planted in potting soil and monitored for emergence under growroom conditions. The in vivo experiments added achenes to a normal morning meal (dog food or granola). Feces were collected for daily instillation into an outdoor garden and monitored for seedling emergence for 16 days. Control achenes were planted directly into soil without ingestion. In the in vitro study, 34.7% of the digested achenes emerged as seedlings. The in vivo emergence rates were 10.3, 1.3, and 76.0% for the dog, human, and control conditions. The three groups differed significantly (χ² = 1,264.93, p < 0.0001). Achene survival was greatest under in vitro conditions, which lacked a mastication step, compared to dog (minimal chewing) and human (maximal chewing) conditions. Although C. sativa lacks evolutionary traits for classic endozoochory (i.e., a fleshy fruit), it seems well adapted to this manner of seed dispersal.

Transcriptome Analysis of Three Sheep Intestinal Regions reveals Key Pathways and Hub Regulatory Genes of Large Intestinal Lipid Metabolism

The large intestine, also known as the hindgut, is an important part of the animal digestive system. Recent studies on digestive system development in ruminants have focused on the rumen and the small intestine, but the molecular mechanisms underlying sheep large intestine metabolism remain poorly understood. To identify genes related to intestinal metabolism and to reveal molecular regulation mechanisms, we sequenced and compared the transcriptomes of mucosal epithelial tissues among the cecum, proximal colon and duodenum. A total of 4,221 transcripts from 3,254 genes were identified as differentially expressed transcripts. Between the large intestine and duodenum, differentially expressed transcripts were found to be significantly enriched in 6 metabolism-related pathways, among which PPAR signaling was identified as a key pathway. Three genes, CPT1A, LPL and PCK1, were identified as higher expression hub genes in the large intestine. Between the cecum and colon, differentially expressed transcripts were significantly enriched in 5 lipid metabolism related pathways, and CEPT1 and MBOAT1 were identified as hub genes. This study provides important information regarding the molecular mechanisms of intestinal metabolism in sheep and may provide a basis for further study.

The Effects of Colostrum Immunoglobulin on Strongyloides Infection in Mice

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of bovine colostrum IgG on mice infected with Larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis (L3Sv). This experiment was a 2X2 factorial arrangement including two level of colostrum immunoglobulin-G and two level of endostatine. The parameters were fecal eggs and number of female adult in the gut. The data were statistically analyzed for the mean and standard deviation values, and the differences in treatment groups were subject to ANOVA, if the global differences were detected, a post-ANOVA with LSD test ensued. The development of female adult in the gut, for each group, was performed using Spearman’s rho test. Results showed that colostrum immunoglobulin-G reduce very significantly (P&lt;0.001) the number of eggs per gram feces than in the groups of infected animals treated with endostatine as well as in the mice injected with 3000 L3Vs only. While the reduction of female larvae was significant obtained (P&lt;0.05) in colostrum treatment (L3Sv + colostrum IgG) in comparison with endostatine. It was concluded that the supplementation of immunogobuline-G through the animal digestive system had positively control the Strongyloides venezuelensis parasite infection. This result provides an insight to utilize IgG colostrum in animal husbandry to overcome the threat of parasitic worms infection.

The Effects of Colostrum Immunoglobulin on Strongyloides Infection in Mice

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of bovine colostrum IgG on mice infected with Larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis (L3Sv). This experiment was a 2X2 factorial arrangement including two level of colostrum immunoglobulin-G and two level of endostatine. The parameters were fecal eggs and number of female adult in the gut. The data were statistically analyzed for the mean and standard deviation values, and the differences in treatment groups were subject to ANOVA, if the global differences were detected, a post-ANOVA with LSD test ensued. The development of female adult in the gut, for each group, was performed using Spearman’s rho test. Results showed that colostrum immunoglobulin-G reduce very significantly (P&lt;0.001) the number of eggs per gram feces than in the groups of infected animals treated with endostatine as well as in the mice injected with 3000 L3Vs only. While the reduction of female larvae was significant obtained (P&lt;0.05) in colostrum treatment (L3Sv + colostrum IgG) in comparison with endostatine. It was concluded that the supplementation of immunogobuline-G through the animal digestive system had positively control the Strongyloides venezuelensis parasite infection. This result provides an insight to utilize IgG colostrum in animal husbandry to overcome the threat of parasitic worms infection.

Co-inoculating ruminal content neither provides active hydrolytic microbes nor improves methanization of13C-cellulose in batch digesters

Cellulose hydrolysis often limits the kinetics and efficiency of anaerobic degradation in industrial digesters. In animal digestive systems, specialized microorganisms enable cellulose biodegradation at significantly higher rates. This study aims to assess the potential of ruminal microbial communities to settle and to express their cellulolytic properties in anaerobic digesters. Cellulose-degrading batch incubations were co-inoculated with municipal solid waste digester sludge and ruminal content. ¹³C-labeled cellulose degradation was described over time with Gas Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Results were linked to the identification of the microorganisms assimilating ¹³C and to the monitoring of their relative dynamics. Cellulose degradation in co-inoculated incubations was efficient but not significantly improved. Transient disturbances in degradation pathways occurred, as revealed by propionate accumulation. Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis dynamics and pyrosequencing revealed that expected classes of Bacteria and Archaea were active and degraded cellulose. However, despite the favorable co-inoculation conditions, molecular tools also revealed that no ruminal species settled in the bioreactors. Other specific parameters were probably needed for this to happen. This study shows that exploiting the rumen's cellulolytic properties in anaerobic digesters is not straightforward. Co-inoculation can only be successful if ruminal microorganisms manage to thrive in the anaerobic digester and outcompete native microorganisms, which requires specific nutritional and environmental parameters, and a meticulous reproduction of the selection pressure encountered in the rumen.