Animal Diets Research Articles

Productivity and milk quality indicators of cows of the created “Bashkir type” black-and-white breed with the introduction of the balanced energy complex “Felucen K1-2” into the diet

The volume and quality of milk are the determining indicators of the efficiency of dairy farming. The diet of dairy cows has a significant impact on the biological parameters of milk productivity and production characteristics of milk. The work was carried out to determine the optimal dosage of the energy complex “Felucen K1-2” in the diet of cows of the created “Bashkir type” black-and-white breed in the conditions of the agricultural production complex “Hero” of the Chekmagushevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. To achieve this goal, milk productivity was determined for 100 days of lactation, for 305 days, and also determined the dynamics of average daily milk yield by month of lactation. For the experiment, 48 cows were selected, divided into 4 groups of 12 animals each. The energy complex “Felucen K1-2” was added to the diet of cows in the experimental groups in the amount of 250 g, 300 and 350 g of the additive per animal per day. The results of the studies indicate an increase in the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk from cows that consumed the energy complex. This is observed both in dynamics over the months of the experiment and in the total amount for the entire period of research. The use of the additive in the diet of animals showed its effectiveness and contributed to an increase in milk yield per cow and improvement in the quality of milk, while the maximum effectiveness was observed at an average dosage (300 g per day per cow).

The relationship between AGR2 levels and intestinal barrier function in high-fat diet animal models.

This study aimed to observe the effect of anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) levels on intestinal barrier function in HFD animal models. For this purpose, thirty healthy male clean-grade C57BL/6 mice were randomly separated into a normal control group and a high-fat group. The normal control group was fed a normal diet, while the high-fat group was fed an HFD for a total of 8 weeks. It collected body weight changes before and after modeling of two groups of rats and serum samples and detected fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, AGR2, and diamine oxidase (DAO) concentrations. It collected the expression levels of AGR2 in the colon of rats after modeling, evaluated the permeability of the colon and small intestine barrier by Ussing chamber and Evan's blue (EB) methods, and analyzed the correlation between AGR2 levels and intestinal barrier function using Pearson correlation. Results showed that when the two groups of mice were fed for 8 weeks, their body weight, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides all met the characteristics of an HFD mouse model, and the model was successfully established. When the two groups of mice were fed for 8 weeks, the serum AGR2 concentration, relative expression of AGR2 in colon tissue, Gt, and EB content of the high-fat group mice were higher than those of the normal control group, and the difference was significant (P<0.05); Meanwhile, the serum DAO concentration and Isc of the high-fat group mice were lower than those of the normal control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05); The relative expression levels of serum AFR2 and colon AGR2 were negatively correlated with Isc (r=-0.503, -0.623, P<0.05), and positively correlated with Gt (r=0.461, 0.560, P<0.05). There was a homogeneous distribution characteristic between the relative expression levels of serum AFR2 and serum DAO, colon AGR2, and Isc variables. It was concluded that HFD could upregulate the expression of AGR2 in mice, downregulate the level of DAO, and damage the intestinal barrier function of mice. Both serum AGR2 concentration and colonic AGR2 relative expression can participate in the regulation of colonic intestinal barrier function and can serve as potential indicators for evaluating intestinal barrier damage.

Русь и Орда: возможности реконструкции экономических процессов методами археозоологии

Our analysis of archaeozoological collections found on archaeological sites allowed to build a complex picture of the meat diet of medieval settlements in Eastern Europe and to reconstruct the structure of meat supply in Eastern European towns and villages in forest, forest-steppe and steppe areas, as well as to determine the similarities and differences in this structure across different landscapes and cultural zones. We found that the dominant meat in the diet of the medieval population in all studied landscapes, regardless of settlement form was beef. For Rus’ towns, which existed for several centuries, we identified the tendency to increase the share of beef in the meat diet from the early (12th century) to the latest (16th century and later) periods. Beef also dominated the meat consumption of townspeople in the Golden Horde in the 13th–14th centuries.&#x0D; The study shows that cattle were raised in rural settlements and regularly delivered to the towns for hides and meat. Nomadic cattle, such as sheep and horses were delivered to the towns and slaughtered episodically to produce hides. In the artisanal quarters of the towns, our archaeozoological research registered accumulations of domestic ungulate bones with a specific taxonomic and anatomical set – the remains of large-scale slaughter of nomadic and rural livestock. These quarters also did the primary processing of hides – our study found clear markers of processing industries in archaeozoological collections. The study of isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in more than 150 bone samples of domestic ungulates of forest and steppe areas proved the feasibility of using 13C isotope tags to capture the status of domestic ungulates: local and outsider; 15N isotope signals describe the contribution of farmed fodder to the diet of specific animals. We managed to discover the movement of nomadic steppe cattle from the arid zone for slaughtering and hides to the forest-steppe Bolgar town, and to record the fact of cattle exchange between steppe and forest territories, as well as between different regions of medieval Rus’.

Daily weight gain of goats until weaning receiving two schemes of mineral supplementation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of commercial mineral supplementation and selective mineral supplements in which only elements known to be deficient in the animal's diet. In an experiment conducted in Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed: daily weight gain, nutritional and economic aspects of goats mixed breed receiving two types of mineral supplements. The sixteen animals were divided into two groups. For one group a commercial mineral mixture was used, and to the other group selective mineral mixture containing only sodium (Na) and copper (Cu) was offered. There was no difference in daily weight gain when the selective or commercial mixture was given. The selective mineral supplementation was 4,8 times more economic than conventional supplementation with a commercial mineral mix. The animals showed an increase of hair pigmentation around the eyes, attributed to the correction of copper deficiency. Thus, when an adequate concentrate and good quality forage is given, only the deficient mineral element(s) should be supplemented. The result of this experiment confirms the hypothesis that selective mineral supplementation is correct and can result in reduction of the cost with mineral supplementation of a herd.

Effect of carbohydrate level in the diets of Kholmogor cows on milk productivity and milk quality

The effect of the diets with different ratio of easily digestible carbohydrates on milk productivity and milk quality of high-yielding Kholmogor cows during the milking period was studied. The research and production experiment on the cows was conducted in the Arkhangelsk region in 2022. Selection of animals in the control and experimental groups was carried out by the method of pair-analogues under the stall barn system. Two groups of cows participated in the research: experimental and control groups of 10 cows each. The experiment lasted for 100 days. Carbohydrate-protein mixture was used as a carbohydrate supplement to the diets of experimental animals in the amount of 1.5 kg per head per day. Selective milk quality control for mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose, dry matter, milk solids non-fat (MSNF), freezing point, urea and somatic cells were determined on a Bentley Combi 150 high-speed infrared milk analyzer at the Selective Milk Quality Control Laboratory. It was found that the sugar-protein ratio in the experimental group was twice higher (0.58) than in the control group (0.29), due to the presence of carbohydrate supplementation in the diet. The increase in milk productivity of the animals by 4.6 and 0.14% of the protein level in milk at inclusion of carbohydrate-protein mixture in the amount of 1.5 kg per one head per day in the diet was established. A 3.2% decrease in the level of urea in milk was recorded, indicating a more efficient use of amino acids by the animals in the process of metabolism at the same level of absorption of ammonium forms while increasing the level of simple carbohydrates in the diet. The positive effect of this additive on the content of dry skim milk residue, which increased in the milk of the cows of the experimental group by 0.128 absolute % (abs.%), was revealed. Application of the carbohydrate-protein mixture in the amount of 1.5 kg per one head per day and control over the quality of produced products will increase the milk productivity of cows, improve the quality of products, increase the productive longevity of dairy cattle.

Кормовая ценность зерна яровой тритикале сортов Ботаническая 4 и Тимирязевская 42

Laboratory analysis of raw materials (grains) is an important stage for the production of feed. The wider the range of data obtained as a result of research, the more effective the work on compiling the diet of animals, which is reflected in the conversion of feed and the economic component of livestock production. The use of near infrared radiation (NIRS) technology to determine the nutritional value of feed allows us to obtain data on the content of dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, crude fat, sugar and starch in feed, as well as data on protein absorption in the intestines of many animal species, including lactating cows. With the help of such a study conducted in the laboratory of Eurofins Agro (Wageningen, the Netherlands), data on the nutritional value of grain of two varieties of spring triticale obtained in the conditions of the Moscow region were obtained. The crude protein content in the grain of the Timiryazevskaya 42 variety was 119 g/kg of dry matter, in the grain of the Botanicheskaya 4 variety 125 g/kg of dry matter. In terms of starch content, Timiryazevskaya 42 grain exceeded Botanicheskaya 4 grain by 27 g/kg of dry matter. At the same time, studies have shown similar values in terms of the content of feed units for milk production (VEM) at the level of 1192–1189 g/kg of dry matter, the amount of protein absorbed in the intestine (DVE) — 95–96 g/kg of dry matter and organic matter fermented in the rumen (FOS) — 771–769 g/kg of dry matter.

DIETARY IMPACT ON GUT MICROBIOTA, COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE, AND HIPPOCAMPAL MARKERS IN AGING RATS

Abstract Many patients with mild cognitive impairment have alterations in gut microbiota composition and dietary consumption directly modulates gut microbiota; therefore, the quality of a diet may impact cognitive function. Twelve-month-old male Fischer 344 rats (n=10/group) were assigned to a Mediterranean diet (MeDi), Western diet (WD), or Chow for three months to determine the effect of diet in aged animals. Animals underwent neurobehavioral assessments including the Morris water maze (MWM), and radial arm water maze (RAWM). Fecal samples were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Markers of barrier and immune function in the hippocampus were measured via qPCR. The MeDi (p=0.06) and Chow (p=0.003) groups had a trend to or swam a shorter distance compared to the WD in the MWM. There was no difference in RAWM total errors between Diets (p=0.43). Microbiota analyses exhibited differences in alpha- and beta-diversity. Chow diet had a higher Simpson and Shannon index compared to MeDi (p&amp;lt; 0.02) and WD (p&amp;lt; 0.001). The MeDi (p=0.03) and Chow (p&amp;lt; 0.001) groups had a higher Chao1 index compared to the WD group. Beta-diversity differed by Diet for weighted UniFrac (p&amp;lt; 0.03), and unweighted UniFrac (p&amp;lt; 0.001). For barrier integrity, there was a trend for Occludin expression to differ by Diet (p=0.07) but Claudin-5 did not differ (p=0.81). For immune function, the WD group had a trend to have a higher expression of GFAP compared to the MeDi (p=0.05) but a lower Iba-1 expression (p=0.009). A short-term diet had a subtle effect on cognitive performance but modulated microbiota compositions and hippocampal immune marker expression.

The Mediterranean archive of isotopic data, a dataset to explore lifeways from the Neolithic to the Iron Age

We present the open-access Mediterranean Archive of Isotopic dAta (MAIA) dataset, which includes over 48,000 isotopic measurements from prehistoric human, animal and plant samples from archaeological sites in the Mediterranean basin dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age (ca. 6000 – 600 BCE). MAIA collates isotopic measurements (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr) alongside supporting information (e.g. chronology, location and bibliographic reference). MAIA can be used to explore past human and animal diets and mobility, reconstruct paleo-ecological and -climatic phenomena and investigate human-environment interaction throughout later prehistory in the Mediterranean. MAIA has multiple research applications and here we show how it can be used to evaluate sample preservation and identify data gaps to be addressed in future research. MAIA is available in an open-access format and can be employed in archaeological, anthropological, and paleo-ecological research.

Beneficial Microorganisms as Bioprotectants against Foliar Diseases of Cereals: A Review.

Cereal production plays a major role in both animal and human diets throughout the world. However, cereal crops are vulnerable to attacks by fungal pathogens on the foliage, disrupting their biological cycle and photosynthesis, which can reduce yields by 15-20% or even 60%. Consumers are concerned about the excessive use of synthetic pesticides given their harmful effects on human health and the environment. As a result, the search for alternative solutions to protect crops has attracted the interest of scientists around the world. Among these solutions, biological control using beneficial microorganisms has taken on considerable importance, and several biological control agents (BCAs) have been studied, including species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Epicoccum, most of which include plants of growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). Bacillus has proved to be a broad-spectrum agent against these leaf cereal diseases. Interaction between plant and beneficial agents occurs as direct mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism by a mixed pathway via the secretion of lytic enzymes, growth enzymes, and antibiotics, or by an indirect interaction involving competition for nutrients or space and the induction of host resistance (systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway). We mainly demonstrate the role of BCAs in the defense against fungal diseases of cereal leaves. To enhance a solution-based crop protection approach, it is also important to understand the mechanism of action of BCAs/molecules/plants. Research in the field of preventing cereal diseases is still ongoing.

Dose-response association between animal protein sources and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

There are contradictory findings about the relationship between various animal protein sources and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The purpose of our study was to understand better the associations between total protein, animal protein, and animal protein sources and the risk of developing GDM. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science encompassing the literature up until August 2022. A random-effects model was used to combine the data. For estimating the dose-response curves, a one-stage linear mixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted. Data related to the association between animal protein consumption and the risk of GDM in the general population was extracted from prospective cohort studies. It was determined that 17 prospective cohort studies with a total of 49 120 participants met the eligibility criteria. It was concluded with high certainty of evidence that there was a significant association between dietary animal protein intake and GDM risk (1.94, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.65, n = 6). Moreover, a higher intake of total protein, total meat, and red meat was positively and significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM. The pooled relative risks of GDM were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.94; n = 3) for a 30 g/d increment in processed meat, 1.68 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.24; n = 2) and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.67; n = 4) for a 100 g/d increment in total and red meat, and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.33; n = 4) and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.52; n = 3) for a 5% increment in total protein and animal protein, respectively. GDM had a positive linear association with total protein, animal protein, total meat consumption, and red meat consumption, based on non-linear dose-response analysis. Overall, consuming more animal protein-rich foods can increase the risk of GDM. The results from the current study need to be validated by other, well-designed prospective studies. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022352303.

Functional characterisation of Euglena gracilis following growth medium enrichment

In recent years, microalgae, particularly Euglena gracilis, have been candidates for the food/feed industry thanks to their nutritional and functional properties. However, the inclusion of E. gracilis in the diet of livestock animals is little studied, especially regarding its antioxidant activity. Furthermore, microalgae are known for their variability in nutritional quality and functional properties, mainly due to cultivation conditions. For this reason, the aim of the present work was to investigate the nutritional and functional aspects (total phenolic content TPC, Folin-Ciocalteu assay); antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP assays) of E. gracilis, grown in three different media, following chemical extraction (H2O:EtOH) and ex vivo digestion method. The microalgae growth media were characterised as follows: EgM (standard medium); ETX (standard medium + aminoacidic-extract); DOE-ETX (ETX + microelements). The results showed an interesting nutritional profile for all the microalgae analysed, although the values were modulated by media nutrients. Although EgM (6.94 ± 0.25 g/L) was characterised by a significant higher growth yield than ETX (5.75 ± 0.14 g/L) and DOE-ETX (4.72 ± 0.17 g/L), results also confirmed by the paramylon content (4.35 ± 0.13; 3.16 ± 0.08; 2.25 ± 0.05 g/L, respectively) (p < 0.05), it did not show a high functional profile. More specifically, DOE-ETX showed higher values for TPC, ABTS, and FRAP, following chemical extraction, in particular 50 and 75% EtOH and ex vivo digestion. These results confirmed the potential of E. gracilis as a valuable source of functional feed ingredients. Further investigations will be crucial to optimise the formulation of the culture medium to obtain a high yield of algae with improved functional characteristics.HIGHLIGHTSConstant population growth has prompted scientific research to investigate new protein alternatives. Euglena gracilis represents a valid candidate.The type of growth medium influences the nutritional and functional profile (total phenolic content and antioxidant activity) of E. gracilis.The addition of microelements to the E. gracilis medium resulted in a higher phenolic content and more marked antioxidant activity.

Content of proline and heavy metals in beekeeping prod ucts of different agro-ecological conditions of Ukraine

The production of beekeeping plays a crucial role in the population's nutrition. Bees yield valuable dietary products, such as honey, and provide raw materials for the food industry, such as beeswax. In addition to these primary products, bees produce royal jelly, flower pollen, propolis, homogenate of drone larvae, and bee venom. In regions with advanced agriculture, bees are utilized to pollinate entomophilous crops. Bee pollination enhances plants' similarity and yield, improving agricultural product quality. Honey-producing bees consume pollen, with flower pollen from nectariferous plants serving as the raw material, followed by bee bread, which is brought into the hive. However, the agroclimatic conditions in various regions of Ukraine only sometimes provide sufficient diversity of nectariferous plants to adequately meet the protein and mineral nutrition needs of bees. Minerals in animal organisms perform crucial functions, providing structural integrity to the skeleton and constituting essential components of organic compounds, vitamins, and enzymatic systems. In contemporary animal production, heavy metals threaten the health of both humans and animals. According to established norms, many of these metals are vital elements that must be included in the animal diet. Inadequate or excessive levels of these elements in the animal body can lead to the inactivation of enzymatic systems, impaired reproduction, decreased productivity, and reduced product quality. Heavy metals, especially mercury, lead, chromium, and nickel, are more dangerous toxins in living organisms at elevated concentrations. The chemical composition of living organisms and their impact on geochemical processes varies. To ensure normal vitality and the production of high-quality animal products, animals must be provided with a balanced diet and an optimal content of minerals that contribute to increased productivity and production efficiency. Therefore, studying the content of heavy metals such as iron, copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, and cadmium in honey obtained under different agroecological conditions in Ukraine is of significant economic importance. The research results indicate that the content of heavy metals in honey from the Western region, except iron and zinc, was higher than in the Southern region. Specifically, for copper, this advantage amounted to 86.725 mg/kg or 1.4 times, for lead – 50.203 mg/kg or 2.8 times, for cobalt – 57.865 mg/kg or 24.2 times, and for cadmium – 4.663 mg/kg or 2.7 times. Honey from the Southern region had a higher iron content of 0.237 mg/kg or 1.1 times, and zinc by 4.412 mg/kg or 5.5 times compared to honey from the Western region. Based on the obtained data, it is established that honey from the Western region has a higher content of heavy metals than honey from the Southern region, indicating more significant contamination of nectariferous plants in the Western region.

FEED INTAKE, GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY IN RED SOKOTO BUCKS FED GUINEA GRASS (Panicum maximum) HAY SUPPLEMENTED WITH CONCENTRATES.

For profitability in livestock production, there is a need for reduction in production cost, which is achievable by increasing the forage inclusion in the diet of ruminant animals. A feeding trial was conducted for one hundred and fifteen (115) days to determine the total feed intake, live weight gain, and digestibility coefficient in Red Sokoto bucks fed a basal diet of Panicum maximum hay supplemented with concentrate in the ratio 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 for treatments 2, 3 and 4, respectively, while bucks in treatment 1 were fed 50:50 ratio of Digitaria smutsi hay and concentrate, all at 3% body weight. The animals were allotted to four dietary treatments with three animals per treatment in a complete randomized design. Feed intake, live weight gain, and digestibility coefficients were determined. The results showed that the growth rate and coefficient of digestibility were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in bucks fed 50:50 Panicum maximum and concentrate than all other treatments. It was concluded that bucks fed Panicum maximum hay and concentrate had higher feed intake, digestibility, and better weight gain. Panicum maximum and Concentrate should be fed to growing red Sokoto goats (bucks) for better growth and digestibility.

Bacteroides: From a Fecal Pollutant to a Useful Tool in Solving Water Pollution

Bacteroides spp. are Gram-negative bacilli, non-endospore-forming and obligate anaerobes, belonging to Phylum Bacteroidetes, Class Bacteroidia, Order Bacteroidales, Family Bacteroidaceae, with 40 taxonomically recognized species. They are anaerobes, and hence, commonly found in warm-blooded animals’ guts and fecal microbiome, where they are the most dominant bacteria, having either mutually or commensally co-evolved with their host. However, they are also disease-causing and carriers of antibiotic resistance genes. Hence, release of Bacteroides-dominated feces by hosts causes fecal pollution, especially in water bodies. Despite being anaerobes, Bacteroides have a short lifespan. They leave their genetic materials behind as environmental DNA, which remain viable for PCR. DNA isolation can determine the feces’ source—a technique known as microbial source tracking (MST). There are two types of MST: library-dependent (LDM) and -independent (LIM). Bacteroides use falls under LIM, wherein animal associated Bacteroides markers determine the fecal contamination’s source. Due to extensive co-evolution between Bacteroides and hosts, most LIM-MST biomarkers are Bacteroides-based [PigBac (pigs), CowBac (cows), ChickenBac (chicken)] and human-based (HF183, HumBac), etc. MST also effectively determines fecal pollution extent from anthropogenic and agricultural sources. Therefore, MST can directly determine a definitive fecal pollutant source. The main limitation of LIM-MST is the lack of markers for other animals. Most available MST markers are directed toward domesticated animals (chickens, cows, pigs). Moreover, even existing markers are affected by geography and animal diet. These limitations warrant continued efforts to fill the gaps by designing more specific and sensitive MST animal markers. This review aims to initiate interest in the use of Bacteroides for efficient water quality monitoring.

A Systematic Review of Butterfly Pea Flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) in Reducing Body Weight and Improving Lipid Profile in Rodents with Obesity

Background: Butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) are edible plants found in Asian countries that have several phytochemical compounds thathave potential anti-obesity and anti-dyslipidemia. From several in vivo studies, the administration of various extracts of butterfly pea flowers has different effects to reduce body weight (BW) or body mass index (BMI), and lipid profiles. Objectives: To analyze systematically the effects of butterfly pea flowers on BW or BMI and lipid profiles in rodents with or without obesity. Methods: This study used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and bias risk using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SyRCLEs).Original articles were from Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Science-Direct with criteria: randomized control trial (RCT), published from 2019 to 2023, rodents, and research outcomes (BW and lipid profiles). Results: Four original articles met the research criteria. Giving 1,000 mg/kg BW of the aqueous extract of butterfly pea flower for seven days reduced BW. Another study reported that giving 130 mg/kg BW butterfly pea flowers kombucha inhibited weight gain. Doses of 0.25 and 0.50% of the aqueous extracts of butterfly pea flowers for 15 weeks did not affect BW butthe dose of 2% prevented weight gain. Conclusions: Butterfly pea flowers have beneficial effects on reducing BW and improving lipid profiles in rodents with severaldiets although vary in animal models, diet types, extraction methods, and research design. This study becomes important evidence for further study.

Influence of lipid fraction of Black Soldier fly larvae on productivity, resistance and metabolic processes in milk-fed period calves

Relevance. There is evidence of increased immunity in animals when they are fed components from insect larvae. The research objectives are to study some aspects of the composition and bactericidal properties of the lipid fraction obtained from the biomass of Black Lion larvae (LCL-lf); to establish the effectiveness of using LCL-lf as an additive to the diet of calves of the dairy growing period.Methodology. Scientific and economic experience in studying the effect of various levels of use of the lipid fraction obtained from the biomass of Black Lion larvae in the diets of dairy calves (from the 59th to the 123rd day) of the growing period was carried out in JSC «Molodi» of the Moscow region. The animals of the control group were fed a balanced diet in terms of energy and nutrients, the 1st experimental in addition to the main diet daily (individually) in the morning feeding was fed 5 g of LCHL-lf, the 2nd experimental – 10 g of LCHL-lf.Results. Fatty acid composition of LCHL-lf: the sum of saturated LC – 85.9%, lauric acid – 55.6%. The antimicrobial properties of the extract from LCL-lf are largely noted in relation to gram-positive bacteria. It was noted that feeding larvae in the diets of young animals improved the bactericidal properties of the blood serum of experimental animals – from 31.4 to 42.9–48.6% (p &lt; 0.05). The content of erythrocytes (11.6% vs. 10.3 × 1012/l in the control, p = 0.08) and hematocrit (40.9 vs. 37.1% in the control, p = 0.02) was higher in the blood of group 2 animals, which indicates an increase in the redox capacity of the blood of experimental animals. In the blood of animals of the experimental groups, the content of free water–soluble antioxidants increased – from 14.8 mg/l in the control to 17.8 mg/l (p = 0.08) and to 15.7 mg/l (p = 0.39) in the blood of animals of the experimental groups, 1st and 2nd, respectively. In general, over the two-month period of the experiment, the increase in SSP was: in group 1 – 8.4%, in group 2 – 18.7% compared with the control (703.1–769.5 g vs. 648.4 g, p &lt; 0.05).

Exogenous Enzymes as Zootechnical Additives in Monogastric Animal Feed: A Review

Feed enzymes have been extensively used in livestock diets to enhance nutrient digestion and promote their growth performance. Indeed, recent research has indicated that feed enzymes, notably phytase, protease, and xylanase, function as catalysts, facilitating the breakdown of phytic acid, proteins, and β-1,4-xylan bonds and offering prospective advantages linked to the intestinal well-being and microbiota of young pigs and chickens. Various feed enzymes are currently being added to the diets of swine and broiler chickens. The potential enzymes used in the feed industry include cellulase, β-mannanase, β-glucanases, xylanases, phytases, proteases, lipases, and galactosidases. Though significant research has been conducted on phytase, protease, and xylanase, consistent findings, particularly in terms of improving nutrient digestibility and promoting growth performance of monogastric animals, are still limited. Also, the outcome of recent studies raises the question whether phytase and xylanase could play functional roles beyond increasing nutrient digestibility and intestinal health, such as positively modulating the intestinal microbiota and reducing environmental problems. Therefore, in this review we aimed to address the functional roles of exogenous enzyme activities in monogastric animal diets. Also, we sought to explore the advantages of these enzymes in enhancing the nutritional value of both alternative and conventional feedstuffs.

Natural resistance and immunological response of young Volyn meat breed to the action of probiotics

To investigate the response of natural resistance and immunological reactions of newborn young animals of the Volyn beef breed to the use of probiotic preparations. To conduct experimental research, three groups were formed from young Volyn meat breeds: the control group was fed only on mother's milk, the first group received a probiotic preparation with Bacillus Subtilis strain in addition to cow's milk, the second experimental group –– Lactobacillus spp. The activity of natural resistance and the body's immune response were studied on the 5th, 10th, and 30th day of the experiment. The level of nonspecific natural resistance was determined by indicators of bactericidal, lysozyme, phagocytic, and complementary activity of blood serum, and the immunological response was determined by the concentration of immunoglobulins of classes G, M, and A in the blood. It was established that starting from the 5th day of life, a difference in the nonspecific resistance of control and experimental animals was noted groups In separate age periods, probiotic supplements had a different degree of influence on the natural resistance of young animals. The greatest difference in the direction of growth in such indicators of non-specific resistance as bactericidal and complementary activity of blood serum was noted under the influence of the probiotic supplement Bacillus Subtilis (I experimental group), and indicators of lysozyme and phagocytic activity of blood serum were greater under the action of Lactobacillus spp. (II experimental group). The difference between indicators of bactericidal activity of blood under the action of Lactobacillus spp. in comparison with the control was at the age of 30 days (16.85 %, Р&lt;0.01), and under the action of Bacillus Subtilis –– at the age of 60 days (25.49 %, Р&lt;0.001). The level of phagocytic and complementary blood activity was the highest at the age of 60 days in the I experimental group –– by 17.17 % (Р&lt;0.001) and 32.57 % (Р&lt;0.001), in the II experimental group –– by 23.20 % (Р &lt;0.001) and 36.34 % (Р&lt;0.001), respectively. Regarding the concentration of immunoglobulins, the largest changes in their indicators were noted in the group that received Lactobacillus spp. Addition of probiotic strains of bacteria to the diet of young animals has a positive effect on the natural resistance and immune response of the body, which in the future will contribute to reducing the level of morbidity in young animals. Key words: calves, probiotics, bacterial strains, microorganisms, immunoglobulins, non-specific resistance of the organism, T-lymphocytes, phagocytic activity, bactericidal activity of blood serum.

The Results of Biochemical and Pathomorphological Studies of The Internal Organs of White Rats on The Model of Experimental Glomerulonephritis

Objective: to study the effect of bread with the addition of 5 and 10% soy flour on the body of rats and to assess biochemical and pathological changes in animal organs in experimental glomerulonephritis. Material and methods: The glomerulonephritis model was reproduced by injecting 5 ml of isolated adopted lymphocytes intravenously through the tail vein to intact white mongrel rats. Results: the introduction of bread enriched with 5% and 10% soy flour into the diet of animals with experimental glomerulonephritis is safe, does not cause additional pathologies and death of animals and slightly improves the course of the disease. The improvement of the condition is confirmed by the results of biochemical studies of blood serum and histomorphological studies of the internal organs of white rats with experimental glomerulonephritis. Conclusions: the effectiveness of a low-protein diet based on the appointment of bakery products from wheat-soy flour in experimental glomerulonephritis is substantiated.

Dietary total, plant, and animal protein intake in relation to cardiovascular outcomes and inflammatory factors in elderly men: A cross-sectional study.

The source and amount of protein intake may influence cardiovascular and inflammatory risk, especially in elders who are often more vulnerable. However, findings on elders have been contradictory. Therefore, we examined the association between dietary total, plant, and animal protein intake in relation to cardiovascular outcomes and inflammatory factors in elderly men. The present cross-sectional study included 357 elderly men. A validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake. All biochemical factors including triglycerides (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were also assessed. A significant inverse association was found between animal protein intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP; OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.91; ptrend = .014). There were significant inverse associations between plant protein intake and WC (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.68; ptrend < .001), FBS (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.89; ptrend = .018) and Hs-CRP (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.70; ptrend = .002). Moreover, significant inverse associations were also found between total protein intake and SBP (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.86; ptrend = .010) and total protein and Hs-CRP (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.88; ptrend = .015). In elderly men, a high dietary intake of plant protein was associated with lower odds of having high WC, FBS, and Hs-CRP. In addition, high dietary intake of animal protein was associated with higher odds of having a high SBP level, which was explained by higher intake of dairy products.