Animal-derived Foods Research Articles

Spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in animal-derived foods in Beijing, China

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common bacterium occurred in nosocomial infections and is also an important indicator of food spoilage. The worldwide spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa is threatening public health. However, the prevalence and spread of MDR P. aeruginosa through the food chain is little referred under the One Health perspective. Here, we collected a total of 259 animal-derived foods (168 chicken and 91 pork) from 16 supermarkets and farmer's markets in six regions of Beijing, China. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in chicken and pork was 42.1 %. The phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 69.7 % of isolates were MDR, and isolates from Chaoyang district exhibited a higher resistance rate compared to that from Xicheng district (p < 0.05). P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited high levels of resistance against β-lactams (91.7 %), cephalosporins (29.4 %), and carbapenems (22.9 %). Interestingly, none of strains showed resistance to amikacin. Whole-genome sequencing showed that all isolates carried various kinds of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes (VGs), especially for blaOXA genes and phz genes. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis indicated that ST111 (12.8 %) was the most predominant ST. Notably, the emergence of ST697 clones in food-borne P. aeruginosa was firstly reported. In addition, the toxin pyocyanin was detected in 79.8 % of P. aeruginosa strains. These findings help to decipher the prevalence and the strong toxigenic ability of MDR P. aeruginosa from animal-derived foods and highlight the effective supervision of animal-derived food hygiene should be strengthened to prevent the spread of ARGs in a One Health strategy.

Urinary antibiotic concentrations in preschool children from eastern China and health risk assessment.

Despite limited biomonitoring studies suggesting extensive antibiotic exposure in general population, the body burden of antibiotics in young children and their potential health risks remain unclear. To assess the antibiotic exposure levels in young children, 508 preschoolers aged 3-6 years were recruited from eastern China in 2022, and a total of 50 representative antibiotics from 8 categories, including 17 human antibiotics (HAs), 4 antibiotics preferred as HAs (PHAs), 16 veterinary antibiotics (VAs), and 13 antibiotics preferred as VAs (PVAs), were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were calculated to evaluate the health risks, and multivariate logistic regression was applied to examine diet with antibiotic exposure. Our results showed that there were 41 antibiotics detected in children's urine, and the overall detection frequency was as high as 100%. Sulfonamides, macrolides, β-lactams, quinolones, and azoles were the predominant categories of antibiotic detected. Among the studied children, 6.5% had a sum of estimated daily intake (EDI) of all VAs and PVAs larger than 1 μg/kg/day. Notably, 10.0% of the children had a microbiological HI value exceeding 1, primarily contributed by ciprofloxacin. Children with higher consumption of seafood had a relatively increased exposure to multiple categories of antibiotics, including HAs, VAs, quinolones, azoles, and others. Principal component analysis suggested that "Aquatic products and viscera preferred dietary pattern" scores were positively correlated with the exposure levels of ciprofloxacin (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02-1.47) and carbadox (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.10-1.59), and a relatively increased exposure of PHAs was realized in children with higher "Meat-egg preferred dietary pattern" scores (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.03-1.50). In conclusion, there was a widespread exposure to antibiotics among preschool children from eastern China, and children who consumed more animal-derived foods may had an increased exposure to antibiotics.

Spatiotemporal Variation of Residual Cortisol Obstructs Nutrient Acquisition in Animal-Derived Foods by Perturbing Glycerophospholipid Metabolism.

Cortisol is inevitably secreted by pigs due to the physical and psychological stressors produced by mixed group transportation and preslaughter handling. Accumulated cortisol in animal tissues enters the human body through the food chain and entails potential risks to human health. An integrated lipidome and proteome analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the spatiotemporal variation of residual cortisol on nutrient acquisition in pork. A total of 55 crucial lipid molecules associated with cortisol residue were identified based on debiased sparse partial correlation analysis. Label-free proteomics was applied to screen 58 differentially abundant proteins (including phospholipase A2, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase), indicating that cortisol residue perturbed the glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process and glycerophospholipid metabolic process. Cortisol induced downregulations of cPLA2 encoding genes and decreased phospholipase A2 activity, resulting in the bioaccumulation of phosphatidylethanolamine (from 36.86 to 43.18 mg kg-1). Cortisol increased the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase by improving the availability of fatty acids and aggregating the inactive L-form (lipid-independent form) to the active H-form (lipid-associated form). The metabolic pathways perturbed by cortisol resulted in phosphatidylcholine degradation (from 93.73 to 58.28 mg kg-1) and lysophosphatidylcholine accumulation (from 3.39 to 5.16 mg kg-1). These findings indicated that cortisol residue deteriorated meat quality and obstructed nutrient acquisition in animal-origin foods.

Determination of 15 halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic products by stable isotope dilution coupled with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (H-PAHs), including chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Br-PAHs), are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine or bromine atoms. These compounds are not only difficult to degrade but also highly fat soluble and toxic. They are a new type of high-risk organic pollutants with structures similar to those of dioxins, and their toxicity is even higher than that of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The bioaccumulation of H-PAHs can be predicted by their octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow); in general, higher bioaccumulation capacity and Kow values indicate greater fat solubility. Therefore, animal-derived foods with higher fat contents, such as animal meat, milk, aquatic products, and their processed forms, are more likely to be contaminated with higher contents of H-PAHs than those with lower fat contents. In this work, a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method coupled with stable isotope dilution was established to determine 15 H-PAHs in aquatic products. The instrument and pretreatment methods were systematically optimized. The GC-MS/MS used in this method can effectively eliminate matrix interferences and features high sensitivity and low analytical cost; thus, it has good application prospects. The samples were added with an isotope internal standard before extraction to calibrate the loss of the tested substance during the pretreatment process, extracted by accelerated solvent extraction, purified using gel permeation chromatography and PRiME HLB columns, and then analyzed by GC-MS/MS. The use of two DB-5MS chromatographic columns (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) and microplate fluidics technology to connect chromatographic columns 1 and 2 in series led to better separation effects, good peak shapes, and high target compound responses. The 15 H-PAHs demonstrated good linearities in the range of 1-50 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r) greater than or equal to 0.993. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the relative response factor (RRF) of the H-PAHs were less than 9%, the method detection limit (MDL) was 0.009-0.072 μg/kg, and the method quantification limit (MQL) was 0.031-0.240 μg/kg. Three spiked levels of 0.25, 1.0, 2.5 μg/kg were added to the blank samples to determine the recovery and precision. The recoveries for these spiked levels were 74.6%-116.8%, 77.8%-123.2%, and 71.9%-124.8%, respectively, and the corresponding RSDs were 0.6%-8.2%, 0.6%-9.0%, and 0.4%-10.6%, respectively. The total actual content of H-PAHs in aquatic product samples was 0.60-3.54 μg/kg. Among the H-PAHs investigated, 9-chlorophenanthrene (9-ClPhe) showed the greatest detection rate (100%) and highest content (1.15 μg/kg), indicating that H-PAHs widely exist in aquatic products. Thus, further assessment of the dietary exposure risk of these compounds is necessary. The developed method simplifies the pretreatment step, and has the advantages of simplicity, rapid analysis, high recoveries, and good stability. It is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of H-PAHs in actual aquatic product samples and provides reliable technical support for the residue status and risk assessment of H-PAHs in aquatic products.

Fulfilling the Promises of Fermentation-Derived Foods

Fermentation-derived foods (FDFs) such as cultured animal cells, edible microbial biomass, and recombinant food proteins have recently seen a notable surge in both investment and public interest. FDFs have been promoted as a more ethical, resilient, and environmentally sustainable food alternative to animal-derived foods such as meat, eggs, and dairy. However, some of the manufacturing process choices and sociopolitical assumptions made by actors in this space could risk undermining the goals of the technology as stated above. This article highlights five aspects of FDFs that should be carefully considered if they are to assist human society successfully transition to a more ethical, sustainable, and resilient food production system: (1) sustainable nitrogen fixation and management, (2) transitioning away from sugar feedstocks, (3) realistic expectations of consumer adoption rate, (4) careful consideration of the role of intellectual property, and (5) greater emphasis on food products that do not require cold or frozen storage.

Transmission of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus isolates carrying optrA and poxtA genes in slaughterhouses

IntroductionThe presence of linezolid-resistant enterococci found in animal-derived food has attracted attention for possible transmission to human-derived enterococci through the food chain. Linezolid-resistant enterococci in farms have been widely reported, but enterococci carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes poxtA, optrA, or cfr(D) in slaughterhouse environments have not been well addressed.MethodsEnterococcus was isolated from the samples collected from two slaughterhouses in Hangzhou, and the Enterococcus carrying linezolidin-resistant genes was identified by PCR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the Enterococcus carrying linezolidin-resistant genes was determined by microbroth dilution method. Finally, the whole genome of strains carrying two or more linezoline resistance genes was sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore TechnologyResultsHere, 291 enterococci strains were isolated from 309 samples (94.17%). A total of 4 poxtA-positive enterococci and 42 optrA-positive enterococci were identified based on PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the highest rate of florfenicol resistance was 97.82% and the rate of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 95.65%. Two strains carried multiple linezolid resistance genes, among which Enterococcus casseliflavus CQFYY22-063 cocarrying optrA, poxtA, and cfr(D) was isolated from the duck cecum, and Enterococcus faecium CQFYH22-006 cocarrying optrA and poxtA was isolated from slaughterhouse sewage for the first time. Furthermore, Oxford Nanopore Technology revealed that the optrA gene of strain CQFYY22-063 was located on the Inc18-type plasmid pFYY063-optrA-70K, and the poxtA and cfr(D) genes were located on the Inc18-type plasmid pFYY063- poxtA-12K. Meanwhile, the poxtA gene of strain CQFYH22-006 was located on the Rep3-type plasmid pFYH006-poxtA-25K, and the optrA gene was located on the chromosome.DiscussionTogether, linezolid resistance in slaughterhouses deserves extensive attention, indicating the need to strengthen the monitoring of different links in the food production chain within the One Health concept.

Amino-functionalized Al-MOF modulated TpTt-COF with dual-emission for fluorescent and optosmart detecting tetracycline in food samples

Tetracycline residues in animal-derived food pose serious harm to human health, making it demanded to develop simple and sensitive method for detecting tetracycline. Herein, a dual-emission synchronous response fluorescence probe is reported based on amino-functionalized Al-MOF modulated TpTt-COF (donate as NMT). NMT exhibits excellent dual-emission at 455 and 575 nm under single excitation. Tetracycline is sensitively detected through quenching the dual-emission of NMT. NMT specifically recognizes tetracycline through intermolecular hydrogen bonding between –OH/−NH2 of tetracycline and deprotonated O−/−NH−/CN of NMT. A calibration curve is built between the fluorescence ratio and the tetracycline concentration with a detection limit of 0.014 μmol/L. NMT is employed to detect tetracycline in milk, pork and chicken, and displays satisfactory recoveries of 94.39–105.67%, respectively. The optosmart sensor based on NMT and smartphone has been constructed for visually detecting tetracycline. This method provides routes to construct MOF-COF fluorescence probes and has good prospects in food analysis.

Isotope Fingerprinting as a Backup for Modern Safety and Traceability Systems in the Animal-Derived Food Chain.

In recent years, due to the globalization of food trade and certified agro-food products, the authenticity and traceability of food have received increasing attention. As a result, opportunities for fraudulent practices arise, highlighting the need to protect consumers from economic and health damages. In this regard, specific analytical techniques have been optimized and implemented to support the integrity of the food chain, such as those targeting different isotopes and their ratios. This review article explores the scientific progress of the last decade in the study of the isotopic identity card of food of animal origin, provides the reader with an overview of its application, and focuses on whether the combination of isotopes with other markers increases confidence and robustness in food authenticity testing. To this purpose, a total of 135 studies analyzing fish and seafood, meat, eggs, milk, and dairy products, and aiming to examine the relation between isotopic ratios and the geographical provenance, feeding regime, production method, and seasonality were reviewed. Current trends and major research achievements in the field were discussed and commented on in detail, pointing out advantages and drawbacks typically associated with this analytical approach and arguing future improvements and changes that need to be made to recognize it as a standard and validated method for fraud mitigation and safety control in the sector of food of animal origin.

Bacterial extracellular electron transfer in plant and animal ecosystems.

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a bioelectrochemical process performed by electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) found in host-associated environments, including plant and animal ecosystems and fermenting plant- and animal-derived foods. Through direct or mediated electron transfer pathways, certain bacteria use EET to enhance ecological fitness with host-impacting effects. In the plant rhizosphere, electron acceptors support the growth of EAB such as Geobacter, cable bacteria, and some clostridia that can result changing iron and heavy metal uptake by plants. In animal microbiomes, EET is associated with diet-derived iron in the intestines of soil-dwelling termites, earthworms, and beetle larvae. EET is also associated with the colonization and metabolism of some bacteria in human and animal microbiomes, such as Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes in the intestine, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs. During the fermentation of plant tissues and bovine milk, lactic acid bacteria like Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis may use EET to increase their growth and food acidification, as well as decrease environmental oxidation-reduction potential. Thus, EET is likely an important metabolic pathway for host-associated bacteria and has implications for ecosystem function, health and disease, and biotechnological applications.

Egg residue and depletion of meloxicam in Jing Hong laying hens following multiple oral doses

Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used in an extra-label manner in commercial laying hens for the treatment of foot lesions, which are a common issue in this species. The present study aimed to determine the depletion profiles of meloxicam in eggs with multiple oral administration under 2 different dosing regimens and to further recommend reasonable withdrawal intervals (WDIs). Meloxicam (1 mg/kg) was administered orally to laying hens under 2 dosing schedules: 10 doses at 24-h intervals and 15 doses at 12-h intervals. Eggs were collected daily after the first dosing, and meloxicam concentrations in both yolk and white were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The weight ratio of white to yolk in the whole egg was 1.54 (the mean of 20 eggs with repeated tests), and this value combined with the meloxicam concentrations in white and yolk were used to calculate the drug concentrations in whole eggs. Meloxicam was quickly eliminated from egg white, and its concentrations could only be quantified at 2 time points during the elimination phase. The elimination half-lives in yolk and whole egg were 3.07 ± 1.00 and 2.98 ± 0.88 d, respectively, after 10 repeated doses. And the corresponding elimination half-lives were 2.30 ± 0.83 and 2.18 ± 0.67 d, respectively, after repeated 15 doses. Considering the time when meloxicam was not detectable in eggs with the time of ovum development and maturation, a withdrawal interval (WDI) was suggested as 17 d for both dosing schedules. The current results enriched the study on the residue of meloxicam in domestic Jing Hong laying hens and provided WDIs to help ensure animal-derived food safety.

Strong antibacterial effects in animal-derived food detected via non-target planar bioassays

Screening for antibiotic residues in animal-derived food is largely done by in vitro assays. However, a non-negligible number of positive screening results (sum values) remains with no confirmation by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-sophisticated mass spectrometers. To investigate this inconsistency, a hyphenated strategy was sought that combines on the same surface planar chromatography−multi-imaging with antibacterial planar bioassays. Strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was revealed in four animal-derived food extracts (pig muscle, cow milk, chicken eggs, and honey), which, however, were previously proven to be veterinary drug residue-free. This antibacterial effect was strong, extremely exceeding the effect from a mixture of 81 veterinary drugs spiked at 300 µg/kg, which is about 3 times the maximum residue limit of most of these veterinary drugs. The unknown antibacterial zones were online-eluted to high-resolution mass spectrometry to obtain molecular formulas. Endogenous fatty acids and lipids were identified to be responsible for the strong antibacterial effects, confirmed by co-analyzed reference compounds. These results resolved the methodological inconsistency but also question the prevailing understanding: Current food safety only based on target analysis of regulated antibiotic residues neglects consumer protection when the much stronger antibacterial impact of food on the human microbiome is overlooked.

The dietary source of trimethylamine N-oxide and clinical outcomes: an unexpected liaison.

The profile of gut microbiota can vary according to host genetic and dietary characteristics, and be influenced by disease state and environmental stressors. The uremic dysbiosis results in a loss of biodiversity and overgrowth of microorganisms that may cause elevation of metabolic solutes such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), inducing pathogenic effects on its host. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), TMAO levels are elevated because of a decreased clearance and an increased production from the uremic gut dysbiosis with a disrupted intestinal barrier and elevated enzymatic hepatic activity. Dietary precursors of TMAO are abundant in animal-derived foods such as red meat, egg yolk and other full-fat dietary products. TMAO is also found naturally in fish and certain types of seafood, with the TMAO content highly variable according to the depth of the sea where the fish is caught, as well as processing and storage. Although evidence points towards TMAO as being an important link to vascular damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, the evidence in CKD patients has not been consistent. In this review we discuss the potential dietary sources of TMAO and its actions on the intestinal microbiome as an explanation for the divergent results. We further highlight the potential of a healthy diet as one feasible therapeutic opportunity to prevent gut dysbiosis and reduce uremic toxin levels in patients with CKD.

Chitin and omega-3 fatty acids in edible insects have underexplored benefits for the gut microbiome and human health.

A healthy gut microbiome is critical for nutrient metabolism, pathogen inhibition and immune regulation, and is highly influenced by diet. Edible insects are good sources of protein and micronutrients, but unlike other animal-derived foods, they also contain both dietary fibre and omega-3 fatty acids that can modulate gut microbiota. Here we explore the potential impacts of insect consumption on the microbiome. Laboratory, animal and human studies indicate that insect fibre in the form of chitin and its derivatives can modify gut microbiota with beneficial outcomes. Some insects also contain favourable omega-3/omega-6 ratios. We identify gaps in the literature-especially a dearth of human studies-that must be addressed to better understand health impacts of entomophagy. Insects, already eaten across the globe, can be farmed using fewer resources than conventional livestock. Widening the research scope offers an opportunity to advance use of edible insects to address interconnected environmental and health challenges.

Biomonitoring of 19 Mycotoxins in Plasma from Food-Producing Animals (Cattle, Poultry, Pigs, and Sheep).

Mycotoxins are of great concern in relation to food safety. When animals are exposed to them, health problems, economic losses in farms and related industries, and the carryover of these compounds to animal-derived foods can occur. Therefore, control of animal exposure is of great importance. This control may be carried out by analyzing raw material and/or feed or through the analysis of biomarkers of exposure in biological matrixes. This second approach has been chosen in the present study. Firstly, a methodology capable of analyzing mycotoxins and some derivatives (AFB1, OTA, ZEA, DON, 3- and 15-ADON, DOM-1, T-2, HT-2, AFM1, STER, NEO, DAS, FUS-X, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTB, and NIV) by LC-MS/MS in human plasma, has been revalidated to be applied in animal plasma. Secondly, this methodology was used in 80 plasma samples obtained from animals dedicated to food production: cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep (20 samples of each), with and without being treated with a mixture of β-glucuronidase-arylsulfatase to determine possible glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Without enzymatic treatment, no mycotoxin was detected in any of the samples. Only one sample from poultry presented levels of DON and 3- and 15-ADON. With enzymatic treatment, only DON (1 sample) and STER were detected. The prevalence of STER was 100% of the samples, without significant differences among the four species; however, the prevalence and levels of this mycotoxin in the previously analyzed feed were low. This could be explained by the contamination of the farm environment. Animal biomonitoring can be a useful tool to assess animal exposure to mycotoxins. However, for these studies to be carried out and to be useful, knowledge must be increased on appropriate biomarkers for each mycotoxin in different animal species. In addition, adequate and validated analytical methods are needed, as well as knowledge of the relationships between the levels found in biological matrices and mycotoxin intake and toxicity.

Affinity-Based Analysis Methods for the Detection of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: A Review.

With the increasingly serious problem of aminoglycoside antibiotic residues, it is imperative to develop rapid, sensitive and efficient detection methods. This article reviews the detection methods of aminoglycoside antibiotics in animal-derived foods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescent immunoassay, chemical immunoassay, affinity sensing assay, lateral flow immunochromatography and molecular imprinted immunoassay. After evaluating the performance of these methods, the advantages and disadvantages were analyzed and compared. Furthermore, development prospects and research trends were proposed and summarized. This review can serve as a basis for further research and provide helpful references and new insights for the analysis of aminoglycoside residues. Accordingly, the in-depth investigation and analysis will certainly make great contributions to food safety, public hygiene and human health.

A Robust Homogeneous Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Rapid Determination of Erythromycin in Milk.

Erythromycin (ERY) is one of the most common macrolides applied in veterinary medicine to treat diseases or as a feed additive for animal growth promotion. Long-term irrational use of ERY could lead to residues in animal-derived food and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, posing potential threats to human health. In this study, a highly sensitive, specific, robust, and rapid fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the determination of ERY in milk has been described. Herein, to achieve high sensitivity, five tracers of ERY with different fluorescein structures were synthesized and paired with three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Under the optimized conditions, the combination of mAb 5B2 and tracer ERM-FITC achieved the lowest IC50 value in the FPIA with 7.39 μg/L for ERM. The established FPIA was used to detect ERY in milk, revealing a limit of detection (LOD) of 14.08 μg/L with recoveries of 96.08-107.77% and coefficients of variations (CVs) of 3.41-10.97%. The total detection time of the developed FPIA was less than 5 min from the addition of samples to the result readout. All the above results showed that the proposed FPIA in this study was a rapid, accurate, and simple method for the screening of ERY in milk samples.

Is a plant-based diet effective to maintain a good psycho-affective status in old age? Results of a survey of a long-lived population from Sardinia

ABSTRACT Background Depression is common among the elderly, resulting in poor quality of life and elevated healthcare expenditure. Among other factors, dietary habits could also affect this condition, although the specific food patterns involved remain to be established. The present study aimed to assess the role of plant- versus animal-dominant foods consumption on the affective state of nonagenarians from a Sardinian population, Italy, well known for its longevity (Blue Zone). Methods Data, including demographic, education, anthropometric parameters, monthly income, and comorbidity were recorded and analyzed. Symptomatic depression was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) during a comprehensive home geriatric assessment; nutritional status was evaluated by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results A total of 200 elderly subjects living in the Sardinian Blue Zone (mean age 93.9 ± 3.9 years) participated in the study; symptomatic depression was present in 51% of the whole cohort and was more common among women. Multivariable logistic regression showed a significantly greater risk of depression in people consuming plantbased foods (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04–1.93), whereas moderate animal-derived foods consumption was associated with a better affective state (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.62–0.98). Conclusions These findings indicate that a more balanced diet, including animal-derived foods, instead of an exclusive plant-dominant diet, may be more appropriate in the elderly, and abstention from animal-based food intake should not be recommended in advanced age to prevent depression.

Structural properties and gastrointestinal digestion fate of collagen fibrils covalently connected with fucosylated chondroitin sulfate derived from sea cucumber

Collagens, being the abundant structural proteins in many animal-derived food materials, generally assemble in the hierarchical level of collagen fibrils. Our previous study found that sea cucumber collagen fibrils are covalently connected with fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fCS), giving an indication of one special molecular form of collagen fibrils in food materials. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the structural properties and gastrointestinal digestion fate of the collagen fibrils with fCS. The presence of covalent fCS could regulate the rheological properties and change collagen fibrils with more ordered secondary structures after thermal treatment at 80℃. The cooperation of covalent fCS delayed the degradation of collagen fibrils from fibrillar to punctate structures with reduced digest rate in the gastric digestion stage and accelerated the formation of peptide aggregates with high molecular weight during the intestinal digestion process, which contributed to deep understanding of the digestion fate of different types of collagen fibrils.

Rapid and Visual Detection of Oxytetracycline Using Mesoporous Silica Nanochannels Modified Interdigital Electrode

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the widely used antibiotics in veterinary practices because of its broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and low cost. However, drug abuse has triggered adverse effects on human health, which brings a growing demand for on-site diagnosis of OTC residues in animal-derived foods. In this study, we demonstrated the combined use of interdigital electrode microarray and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging for parallel multiplex measurement of OTC. Well-ordered and vertically aligned mesoporous silica nanochannels modified on microarray substrate could exert a strong electrostatic attraction to the ECL luminophores and accelerate their mass transport to generate enhanced ECL signal. The performance of the integrated ECL microarray sensor was fully validated with respect to linearity (0.5 μM to 50 μM), sensitivity (limit of detection 0.26 μM), accuracy (recovery rate between 96.78% and 106.1%), low operating sample volume (480 nL), short assay time (1.5 min), and antifouling ability toward complex media. The multiplex microarray platform can serve as a simple, fast, and low-cost tool for the detection of a wide spectrum of antibiotics in the field of food safety.

Kajian Review Resistensi Escherichia coli Terhadap Antibiotik Β-Laktam dan Aminoglikosida pada Ternak Ayam Dan Produk Olahannya di Indonesia

Antibiotic resistance is a problem of animal health and public health. Antibiotics used in the livestock industry generally aim to treat livestock to reduce the risk of death and restore the health condition of the livestock. However, the use of antibiotics in animals that are not as recommended and not according to the prescribed dose can increase the emergence of resistance. The aim of this literature study is to see the level of antibiotic resistance of the β-lactam and aminoglycosides against Escherichia coli in poultry in Indonesia. This research is a type of literature research related to the resistance of Escherichia coli to β-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics in poultry and their processed products. The data used comes from articles, scientific journals and ebooks sourced from Google Scholar with the help of Mendeley application for reference arrangement. The data obtained from the literature were reviewed by looking at the year of research that came from the latest literature and reading the abstracts of each study first to assess whether the problems in the literature were in accordance with the research objectives. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the Escherichia coli isolates found in chicken farms and animal-derived food from chicken farms have experienced a fairly high resistance with the range of Escherichia coli resistance in chicken farms to B-lactam antibiotics starting from 21.7%. to 100% with an average prevalence of 60.85% and the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics ranging from 12.5% to 100% with an average prevalence of 56.25%. While the percentage of Escherichia coli resistance in animal products to B-lactam antibiotics ranges from 12% to 100% with an average prevalence of 56% and the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics ranges from 10.5% to 100% with an average prevalence of 55.25%.