Angular Parameters Research Articles

Two sides of the same runner! The association between biomechanical and physiological markers of endurance performance in distance runners

BackgroundThe number of people who run to achieve competitive performance has increased, encouraging the scientific community to analyze the association of factors that can affect a runner performance. Research QuestionIs there association between running spatiotemporal and angular kinematics with the physiological markers of endurance performance during a cardiorespiratory exercise test? MethodsThis was an observational cross-sectional study with 40 distance runners simultaneously submitted to a running biomechanical analysis and cardiorespiratory exercise test on a treadmill. Mixed models were developed to verify the association between angular kinematic data obtained by the Movement Deviation Profile and the running spatiotemporal data with oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds. ResultsSpatiotemporal variables [.e., step frequency Odds Ratio 0.09 [0.06–0.12 95 % Confidence Interval], center of mass vertical displacement Odds Ratio 0.10 [0.07–0.14 95 % Confidence Interval], and step length [Odds Ratio −0.01 [-0.01 to −0.00 95 % Confidence Interval]] were associated with VO2. Also, step frequency Odds Ratio 1.03 [1.01–1.05 95 % Confidence Interval] was associated with the first ventilatory threshold, and angular running kinematics [Movement Deviation Profile analysis] Odds Ratio 1.47 [1.13–1.91 95 % Confidence Interval] was associated with peak of exercise during the cardiorespiratory exercise test. SignificanceOur findings demonstrated that: both higher step frequency and center of mass vertical displacement are associated with the increase of oxygen demand; step frequency is associated with the first ventilatory threshold, due to the entrainment mechanism and angular kinematic parameters are associated with peak aerobic speed. Future studies could also compare the biomechanical and physiological characteristics of different groups of distance runners. This could help identify the factors that contribute to oxygen demands during running and performance across different ages, genders, and levels of competition.

Cooper minima in high-Z atoms: effects of correlation and relativity on np photoionization

Photoionization dipole transition matrix elements pass through a zero or attain a minimum that leaves imprints on photoionization parameters like the cross-section, angular distribution asymmetry parameter, phase shift, and photoionization time delay. This minimum is commonly known as the ‘Cooper minimum’ (CM). The CM, in general, is strongly affected by relativistic and correlation effects. Previous works investigated CM in the 6p and 5p subshell photoionization up to Z = 100 using the single-particle Dirac-Slater (DS) method. The present work extends the earlier work to Z up to 120 using more accurate methods; Dirac–Hartree–Fock (DHF) which includes the relativistic effects and exchange correlations, and the relativistic random phase approximation (RRPA) which includes both initial and final state electron-electron correlations along with relativistic effects. In addition to the study of photoionization from the 6p and 5p subshells, the 4p subshell has also been investigated in the present work. To demonstrate the prominent effects in the high-Z atoms, Rn (Z = 86), Ra (Z = 88), No (Z = 102), Cn (Z = 112), Og (Z = 118), and Ubn (Z = 120) are investigated.

Relation between orthodontic malocculusion and maxillary sinus volume.

This study aimed to determine maxillary sinus volume (MSV) in different skeletal malocclusion classes and the correlation between MSV and craniofacial morphology on Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). The study was performed retrospectively on CBCT images of individuals aged 12-24 years. A total of 129 patients (70 females, 59 males) with a normal vertical growth pattern (27° ≤ SNGoMe ≤ 38°) were divided into three groups according to malocclusion. Group 1 consisted of Class I (1 ≤ ANB ≤ 4) (n = 46) patients, Group 2 consisted of Class II (ANB > 4) (n = 47) patients, and Group 3 consisted of Class III (ANB < 1) (n = 36) patients. Four angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SNGoMe) and linear (S-N, ANS-PNS, S-Ar, N-ANS) parameters were measured to evaluate craniofacial morphology. Right and left MSV were measured using Dolphin 11.0 (Dolphin Imaging, Chatsworth, CA, USA) Imaging software. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to assess statistical correlation. MSV was larger in males than females (male AMSV = 14244.1 ± 4735.8, female AMSV = 12778.2 ± 4606.9 p = 0.011) in the general population, but just the Class II group showed this (male AMSV = 16089.6 ± 4330.4, female AMSV= 12705.9 ± 3210.2, p = 0.008). RMSV and LMSV were similar (female p = 0.181 male p = 0.097), and MSV showed no significant differences between the different malocclusion classes in both sex (female p = 0.315, male p = 0.118). In the Class III group, SNB was positively correlated with RMSV (r = 416, p = 0.012). MSV showed significant positive correlation with N-ANS in all groups (Class I r = 0.359, p = 0.014, Class II r = 0.336, p = 0.021, Cl III r = 0.387, p = 0.02). In the Class II and Cl III groups, there is a statistically significant correlation between MSV and the S-N parameter (Class II r = 0.304, p = 0.038, Class III r = 0.412, p = 0.013). ANS-PNS parameter was measured at the lowest statistically significant level (female 43.1 ± 3.9a, p < 0.001, male 43.1 ± 4.3a, p < 0.001) in the Class III group but no correlation was found with MSV. Only Class II group showed a weak positive correlation between MSV and ANS-PNS (r = 0.314, p = 0.032). There was no difference regarding MSV between malocclusion classes. Class II males exhibit significantly larger MSV compared to females. There is a correlation between MSV and SNB, S-N, N-ANS and ANS-PNS parameters for various orthodontic skeletal patterns. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between MSV and different skeletal structures.

EXPLORATION OF THE INVERSE AND FORWARD KINEMATICS OF A TWO-LINK ROBOT ARM USING MATLAB

This contribution focuses on solving the inverse and forward kinematics in the kinematic analysis of a two-link manipulator model. It involves determining the trajectory of the end effector through fifth-degree polynomial interpolation. Furthermore, given initial and final arm angle values, it computes not only the end effector trajectory but also the angular parameters of individual actuators in both arms. Additionally, it calculates the variations of angular parameters such as rotation angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration in each kinematic pair. The direct kinematics task is utilized to define the manipulator's workspace. The task is carried out using Matlab software, and the results are presented in the form of graphs and tables.

Mathematical modelling of hanging rope problem subject to rotation

The hanging rope problem is considered. The rope is subject to rotation with the rotation axis being parallel to the rope. Using a continuum model and the basic principles of dynamics, the differential equation governing the motion is derived. The dynamic equilibrium case without vibrational motion is assumed in deriving the equation. The equation is cast into a dimensionless form first. It is shown that there are two dimensionless parameters affecting the motion, the dimensionless angular velocity parameter and the dimensionless radius of rotation. The differential equation is solved exactly as well as approximately and the effects of parameters on the motion are discussed in detail. The problem can be discussed in a mechanics or differential equation course at the undergraduate level within the context of applications of differential equations to real-world problems.

Perovskitizer Tuning Pb2+ 6s2 Lone Pair Effects in Hybrid Perovskite Halide Enables Multiaxial Self‐Powered X‐Ray Detection

AbstractThe stereochemical expression of the ns2 lone pair significantly impacts symmetry breaking and corresponding photoelectric properties. However, hindered by the symmetric octahedral configuration, the Pb2+ 6s2 lone pair in the well‐conductive lead halide hybrid perovskites (LHHP) are normally stereo‐inactive, new approaches to activate the 6s2 lone pair are still greatly desired. Herein, by exploiting a perovskitizer tuning Pb2+ lone pair method, the study successfully obtains a stereo‐active 6s2 in the polar perovskite PA2MHy2Pb3Br10 (PMPB, PA = n‐propylamine, MHy = methylhydrazine), and unprecedentedly performs a multiaxial self‐powered X‐ray detection. In detail, the stereo‐active 6s2 lone pair is caused by the coordination bond between the perovskitizer MHy and Pb atom. Emphatically, the N‐Pb bond induces a large angular distortion parameter (≈45 times larger than other LHHP) and the lowest‐symmetric space group (P1) crystallization. Therefore, PMPB natively contains multiaxial polarization, which acts as the driving force to separate and transport the X‐ray‐generated carriers, thus enabling multiaxial self‐powered X‐ray detection with a low detection limit (129 nGy s−1). This work reveals the relationship between stereo‐active lone pair and polarization and sheds light on future X‐ray detection.

Low-Complexity 2D-DOD and 2D-DOA Estimation in Bistatic MIMO Radar Systems: A Reduced-Dimension MUSIC Algorithm Approach.

This paper presents a new technique for estimating the two-dimensional direction of departure (2D-DOD) and direction of arrival (2D-DOA) in bistatic uniform planar array Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar systems. The method is based on the reduced-dimension (RD) MUSIC algorithm, aiming to achieve improved precision and computational efficiency. Primarily, this pioneering approach efficiently transforms the four-dimensional (4D) estimation problem into two-dimensional (2D) searches, thus reducing the computational complexity typically associated with conventional MUSIC algorithms. Then, exploits the spatial diversity of array response vectors to construct a 4D spatial spectrum function, which is crucial in resolving the complex angular parameters of multiple simultaneous targets. Finally, the objective is to simplify the spatial spectrum to a 2D search within a 4D measurement space to achieve an optimal balance between efficiency and accuracy. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm compared to several existing approaches, demonstrating its robustness in accurately estimating 2D-DOD and 2D-DOA across various scenarios. The proposed technique shows significant computational savings and high-resolution estimations and maintains high precision, setting a new benchmark for future explorations in the field.

High pressures studies on bis(L-alaninate)copper(II) by Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction

The crystal of bis(L-alaninate)copper(II) [Cu(C3H6NO2)2] was studied by Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction as a function of hydrostatic pressure, and its vibrational and structural behavior were investigated to analyze its stability at high pressures. The Raman spectra of bis(L-alaninate)copper(II) show changes in vibrational modes that are associated with deformations and stretching of units involving the copper atom. These results indicate that molecular fragments involving the copper atom undergo rotations and discontinuities in bond lengths. The lattice parameters of bis(L-alaninate)copper(II) obtained from Le Bail fits also exhibit changes in the same pressure ranges as the Raman spectra. The discontinuities in the angular parameter beta are compatible with the rotations of the molecular fragments. Bis(L-alaninate)copper(II) undergoes changes, but maintains monoclinic symmetry in the range of 0–20.1 GPa.

External Hoof Measurements of Untrimmed and Unshod Mules in Northern Thailand.

External hoof characteristics, balance, and conformation have been extensively studied in horses; however, mules remain understudied in these aspects. This study evaluated the size, shape, and symmetry of untrimmed and unshod forelimb hooves, compared the symmetry between forelimb hooves and stratified external forelimb hoof measurements based on the body condition score of mules raised in the foothill plains of northern Thailand. The forelimb hooves of 38 mules were photographed and 33 parameters, including angular and linear measurements, were analyzed. A multivariate analysis was used to explore the influence of sex, age, and body condition scores (BCS) on angular, linear, and area parameters. Additionally, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test was used to compare these parameters across different BCS groups. Despite the absence of shoeing and trimming, these mules exhibited optimal left-right forelimb hoof symmetry, with no significant (p < 0.05) differences in: outer wall length and inner wall length (OWL-IWL: Left 0.11 ± 0.66 cm; Right -0.12 ± 0.43 cm); sole length and sole width (SLS-SW: Left 1.65 ± 0.76 cm; Right 1.46 ± 0.89 cm); dorsal hoof wall length and heel length (DHWL-HL: Left 4.00 ± 0.80 cm; Right 3.81 ± 0.72 cm); and frog length and frog width (FL-FW: Left 3.88 ± 1.13 cm; Right 3.82 ± 0.18 cm). However, significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed within each body condition score group for forelimb hoof measurements for DHWL, IWL, heel separation (HS), heel bulb distance (HBD), SW, FW, and FL, while sex and age had no significant differences across the study variables. These findings provide valuable insights into mule welfare and management, contributing to understanding of the interplay between overall health and hoof conformation in the study area.

Prediction of Favorability of Maxillary Canine Impaction Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

Objective To test the accuracy of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm in predicting the favorability of maxillary canine impaction as compared to the conventional manual tracing method using orthopantomograms. Materials and Methods Orthopantomograms of 437 canine impactions were included in this study. Six parameters (sector classification, three angular, and two linear) on orthopantomograms were used to assess the severity of the maxillary canine impaction. The most advanced convolutional neural network model implemented using MATLAB program was used in assessing the favorability of maxillary canine impaction. The outcome of the parameters assessed by the implemented AI model and conventional manual tracing were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were used to assess the performance of AI model in comparison to manual tracing for the angular and sector parameters. Paired t-tests were used for linear measurements. Results The overall clinical performance exceeded 90% for all the angular parameters including sector classification except for the angle between long axis of canine with lateral incisor which had a specificity score of 55%. The value and the area under the ROC curve were more than 0.9 for all the parameters. The distance from the canine cusp tip to the occlusal plane and midline was statistically significant between the groups ( p = .000). Conclusion The proposed AI algorithm had higher accuracy in predicting the favorability of eruption in maxillary canine impactions compared to conventional manual tracing.

Evaluation of different approaches for sagittal skeletal discrepancy assessment

Introduction The accurate assessment of the sagittal jaw relationship between the maxilla and mandible plays a pivotal role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Researchers have introduced both linear and angular measurements to establish a precise method for evaluating sagittal base discrepancies. Aim The aim was to assess the different approaches for sagittal skeletal discrepancy assessment. Material and methods The study included 180 pretreated lateral cephalometric radiographs of Egyptian orthodontic patients of both sexes with varying skeletal malocclusion patterns from the Orthodontic Department clinic at Tanta University. These radiographs were meticulously traced onto lead acetate paper using a 0.5 mm lead pencil and an LED tracing screen for adequate illumination. A total of 60 cephalometric radiographs were grouped based on the ANB angle into three skeletal categories: group 1 (class I, ANB° 2°–4°), group 2 (class II, ANB° &gt;4°), and group 3 (class III, ANB° &lt;2°). To analyze the data, each linear and angular parameter (including ANB°, Wits appraisal, AF-BF distance, APDI angle, Beta angle, Yen angle, and W angle) was compared among these three skeletal groups using the F test (analysis of variance), to compare between more than two groups, for normally distributed quantitative variable. Additionally, the Spearman coefficient test was employed to examine the correlations between various linear and angular measurements studied. Results All the performed parameters ANB, Yen, W, Beta, Wits appraisal, and AF-BF distance showed significantly differences for skeletal classes I, II, III. APDI angle differed significantly between both classes I and III and also classes II and III, but did not differ significantly between classes I and II. Strong correlations were found among the studied parameters except between Wits appraisal and AF-BF distance which showed nonsignificant correlation. Conclusion The previous parameters are equally important in terms of diagnosis and reliability, allowing them to serve as alternative analyses under challenging circumstances.

Chiral Modulations in Non-Heisenberg Models of Non-Centrosymmetric Magnets Near the Ordering Temperatures

The structure of skyrmion and spiral solutions, investigated within the phenomenological Dzyaloshinskii model of chiral magnets near the ordering temperatures, is characterized by the strong interplay between longitudinal and angular order parameters, which may be responsible for experimentally observed precursor effects. Within the precursor regions, additional effects, such as pressure, electric fields, chemical doping, uniaxial strains and/or magnetocrystalline anisotropies, modify the energetic landscape and may even lead to the stability of such exotic phases as a square staggered lattice of half-skyrmions, the internal structure of which employs the concept of the “soft” modulus and contains points with zero modulus value. Here, we additionally alter the stiffness of the magnetization modulus to favor one- and two-dimensional modulated states with large modulations of the order parameter magnitude. The computed phase diagram, which omits any additional effects, exhibits stability pockets with a square half-skyrmion lattice, a hexagonal skyrmion lattice with the magnetization in the center of the cells parallel to the applied magnetic field, and helicoids with propagation transverse to the field, i.e., those phases in which the notion of localized defects is replaced by the picture of a smooth but more complex tiling of space. We note that the results can be adapted to metallic glasses, in which the energy contributions are the same and originate from the inherent frustration in the models, and chiral liquid crystals with a different ratio of elastic constants.

Molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the decomposition properties of methane hydrate under different thermodynamic conditions

Understanding the thermodynamic effect on methane hydrate decomposition is beneficial for designing controllable methane recovery processes under conditions of continental margins and oceanic sediments. In this work, we systematically examined the effects of varying temperatures and pressures on the natural gas hydrate decomposition in the presence of 20 mol% methanol through the molecular dynamics approach. Taking advantages of key parameters of angular order parameter (AOP), radial distribution function (RDF), mean square displacement (MSD), and potential energy, we mainly aimed to explore the impact of temperature and pressure on the decomposition of methane hydrate. It can be founded that high temperature is a positive factor for the methane hydrate decomposition, and as the temperature increases from 272.15 K to 277.15 K, the promotion effect becomes more obvious, resulting in a reduction of decomposition time by 3.93 ns. On the contrary, pressure has a negative effect on the methane hydrate decomposition, and as the pressure increases from 1 bar to 200 bar, the inhibitory effect becomes smaller. Additionally, the potential energy as a function of time can be used to evaluate the decomposition rates under different thermodynamic conditions. The obtained results underscore the significant dependence of methane hydrate decomposition rates on temperature and pressure, providing essential guidelines for optimizing gas hydrate decomposition processes.

Stable elastic nail application with poller K-wire for Irreducible distal radius metaphyseal-diaphyseal Junction fractures in preadolescents: a new operative technique

BackgroundSurgical treatment of irreducible distal radius diaphyseal- metaphyseal junction fractures involves difficulties as the fracture remains too proximal for K-wire fixation and too distal for the elastic stable intramedullary nail. Our study aims to present the clinical results of applying an elastic stable intramedullary nail with a poller K-wire to achieve both reduction and stable fixation.Patients and methodsA retrospective analysis was performed on 26 patients who underwent ESIN with a poller K-wire for distal radius diaphyseal-metaphyseal region fracture. Reduction parameters such as residual angulation and alignment were evaluated on postoperative follow-up radiographs. Changes in angular and alignment parameters on follow-up radiographs were recorded. Wrist and forearm functions were evaluated at the last follow-up.ResultThere were 17 male and nine female patients with an average age of 10.9. The residual angulation in coronal and sagittal planes on immediate postoperative radiographs was 4.0 ± 1.62° and 3.0 ± 1.26°, respectively. The mean translation rate on immediate postoperative radiographs was 6.0 ± 1.98% and 5.0 ± 2.02% in the coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. No change was observed in translation rates in the last follow-ups. The mean angulation in the coronal and sagittal planes measured on 6th-week radiographs was 4.0 ± 1.72°and 3.0 ± 1.16°, respectively. No significant difference was observed in angular changes in the sagittal and coronal planes at the last follow-up (p > 0.05). No tendon injury or neurovascular injury was observed in any of the patients.ConclusionIn the surgical treatment of pediatric DRDMJ fractures, applying ESIN with poller K-wire is an effective, safe, and novel method for achieving reduction and stable fixation.

Bloch sphere analog of qudits using Heisenberg-Weyl Operators

We study an analogous Bloch sphere representation of higher-level quantum systems using the Heisenberg-Weyl operator basis. We introduce a parametrization method that will allow us to identify a real-valued Bloch vector for an arbitrary density operator. Before going into arbitrary d-level (d ≥ 3) quantum systems (qudits), we start our analysis with three-level ones (qutrits). It is well known that we need at least eight real parameters in the Bloch vector to describe arbitrary three-level quantum systems (qutrits). However, using our method we can divide these parameters into four weight, and four angular parameters, and find that the weight parameters are inducing a unit sphere in four-dimension. And, the four angular parameters determine whether a Bloch vector is physical. Therefore, unlike its qubit counterpart, the qutrit Bloch sphere does not exhibit a solid structure. Importantly, this construction allows us to define different properties of qutrits in terms of Bloch vector components. We also examine the two and three-dimensional sections of the sphere, which reveal a non-convex yet closed structure for physical qutrit states. Further, we apply our representation to derive mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), characterize unital maps for qutrits, and assess ensembles using the Hilbert-Schmidt and Bures metrics. Moreover, we extend this construction to qudits, showcasing its potential applicability beyond the qutrit scenario.

STUDY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM POSITION OF THE MECHANISMS&#x0D; OF THE WORKING CHAMBER OF A CHAIN UNIT

The object of study in the article is the working chamber of the chain unit. We consider its previously proposed threerod&#x0D; model in the equilibrium position under the influence of gravity, the shape of which was determined using the angular&#x0D; parameters αл and αп borrowed from experience. Here, in a new study, a variant of the analytical determination of these&#x0D; parameters is proposed. To achieve the goal, transcendental equations are obtained and an algorithm for the successive&#x0D; approximation method is developed to solve them. An algorithm used for numerical studies of the nature of changes in angles&#x0D; αл, αп depending on the ratio of gravity forces applied in kinematic pairs and the crank rotation angle. The corresponding&#x0D; graphs have been built. It has been established that the inclination of the plane of movement of the working parts of the&#x0D; chamber does not affect the angular parameters obtained for the equilibrium position in the vertical plane.

Morphometric analysis of posterior cranial fossa and foramen magnum and it’s clinical implications in craniovertebral junction malformations: a computed tomography based institutional study in a tertiary care hospital of northern part of India

BackgroundThe posterior cranial fossa (PCF) and the foramen magnum (FM) are the critical anatomical components of the craniovertebral junction region, which comprise and transmit numerous vital neurovascular structures. So, a fundamental knowledge of the basic radiological anatomy of PCF and FM is of paramount importance in the evaluation of associated pathologies and approaching these areas surgically. The aim of this study is to describe different linear and angular craniometric parameters of PCF, FM and surrounding territory based on reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images.Material and methodsThis study was conducted in our tertiary care hospital in northern India from the period of January 2023 to June 2023 on 120 patients, and CT screening was done for the head and spine region following a history of head injury.ResultsIn this study, 120 patients were included, of whom 50.83% (n = 61) were females and 49.17% (n = 59) were males. Age ranged from 18 to 70 years with mean age of 43.5 ± 14.08 years. The mean values for linear craniometric parameters of PCF were statistically nonsignificant for different age groups. Statistically significant differences were found for twinning line (TL) (p < 0.0001), McRae’s line (< 0.0001), clivus length (< p < 0.0001), internal occipital protuberence -opisthion line (p = 0.01), Klaus’ index (p < 0.0001), height of posterior fossa (h) (p < 0.0001), h/TL (p = 0.028), when these values were compared for the genders. The measurements of FM transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameter and area were 27.12 ± 1.42 mm (range 23.6–30.1 mm), 30.99 ± 2.23 mm (range 27.6–35.8 mm) and 691.32 ± 30.35 mm2 (range 632.7–777.7 mm2). The values of clivus canal angle (p = 0.038) and clivoodontoid angle (p = 0.012) were statistically significant when compared for different age groups. The values of Boogard’s angle (p = 0.021) and tentorial slope (p = 0.031) were statistically significant when these were compared for the genders.ConclusionsThis study described almost all the linear and angular craniometric parameters used in the morphometric analysis of PCF and FM. The findings of this study provide valuable data regarding linear and angular craniometric parameters of PCF and FM which can redefine reference values.

Facial Analysis of Patients with Unilateral or Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using 3D Stereophotogrammetry.

To evaluate the quantitative values of linear and angular facial anthropometrics in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and compare them with those of patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) using three-dimensional (3D) facial imaging. Retrospective, observational, and cross-sectional study. Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies/USP (HRAC/USP). In total, 61 non-syndromic patients with CLP who underwent multidisciplinary treatment and rehabilitated with a prosthesis were enrolled and divided into those with UCLP (G1; n = 31) and those with BCLP (G2; n = 30). Facial images were captured using a 3D camera after landmarks were marked on each patient's face. The software evaluated linear and angular parameters. Statistical tests were applied. Significance was determined as P < 0.05. Overall, 22 linear and 13 angular measurements were evaluated. The nasal length (P = 0.08), middle third of the face (P = 0.06), base nose width (P < 0.001), nasal root width (P < 0.001), nasal tip angle (P = 0.018), philtrum width (P < 0.001), lower face width (P = 0.039) and midfacial depth (P = 0.040) were significantly higher in G2; the upper cutaneous lip height was significantly higher in G1. Sexual dimorphism was observed except for linear measurements (linear distance between the labiale superius and labiale inferius landmarks, nasal root width, and upper cutaneous lip length) and angular measurements. G2 had a greater length and width of nose and nasal root, nasal tip angle, philtrum width, and lower face width, midfacial depth, and midface third than G1. These findings also revealed the presence of sexual dimorphism.

Pre-operative Planning of High Tibial Osteotomy With ChatGPT: Are We There Yet?

ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer), developed by OpenAI (San Francisco, CA, USA), has gained attention in the medical field. It has the potential to enhance and simplify tasks, such as preoperative planning in orthopedic surgery. We aimed to test ChatGPT's accuracy in measuring the angle of correction for high tibial osteotomy for cases planned and performed at a tertiary teaching hospital in Singapore. Peri-operative angular parameters from 114 consecutive patients who underwent medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) were used to query ChatGPT 3.0. First ChatGPT 3.0 was queried on what information it required to plan a MOWHTO. Based on its response, pre-operative medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) and joint line congruence angle (JLCA) were provided. ChatGPT 3.0 then responded with its recommended angle of correction. This was compared against the manually planned surgical correction by our fellowship-trained surgeon. A root mean square analysis was then performed to compare ChatGPT 3.0 and manual planning. The root mean square error (RMSE) of ChatGPT 3.0 in predicting correction angle in MWHTO was 2.96, suggesting a very poor model fit. Although ChatGPT 3.0 represents a significant breakthrough in large language models with extensive capabilities, it is not currently optimized to effectively perform complex pre-operative planning in orthopedic surgery, specifically in the context of MOWHTO. Further refinement and consideration of specific factors are necessary to enhance its accuracy and suitability for such applications.

Upper Extremity Motion-Based Telemanipulation with Component-Wise Rescaling of Spatial Twist and Parameter-Invariant Skeletal Kinematics

This study introduces a framework to improve upper extremity motion-based telemanipulation by component-wise rescaling (CWR) of spatial twist. This method allows for separate adjustments of linear and angular scaling parameters, significantly improving precision and dexterity even when the operator’s heading direction changes. By finely controlling both the linear and angular velocities independently, the CWR method enables more accurate telemanipulation in tasks requiring diverse speed and accuracy based on personal preferences or task-specific demands. The study conducted experiments confirming that operators could precisely control the robot gripper with a steady, controlled motion even in confined spaces, irrespective of changes in the subject’s body-heading direction. The performance evaluation of the proposed motion-scaling-based telemanipulation leveraged Optitrack’s motion-capture system, comparing the trajectories of the operator’s hand and the manipulator’s end effector (EEF). This verification process solidified the efficacy of the developed framework in enhancing telemanipulation performance.