Angular Oscillations Research Articles

Lunar influence on equatorial atmospheric angular momentum

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between the equatorial atmospheric angular momentum oscillation in the nonrotating frame and the quasi‐diurnal lunar tidal potential. Between 2 and 30 days, the corresponding equatorial component, called Celestial Atmospheric Angular Momentum (CEAM), is mostly constituted of prograde circular motions, especially of a harmonic at 13.66 days, a sidelobe at 13.63 days, and of a weekly broadband variation. A simple equilibrium tide model explains the 13.66 day pressure term as a result of the O1 lunar tide. The powerful episodic fluctuations between 5 and 8 days possibly reflect an atmospheric normal mode excited by the tidal waves Q1 (6.86 days) and σ1 (7.095 days). The lunar tidal influence on the spectral band from 2 to 30 days is confirmed by two specific features, not occurring for seasonal band dominated by the solar thermal effect. First, Northern and Southern Hemispheres contribute equally and synchronously to the CEAM wind term. Second, the pressure and wind terms are proportional, which follows from angular momentum budget considerations where the topographic and friction torques on the solid Earth are much smaller than the one resulting from the equatorial bulge. Such a configuration is expected for the case of tidally induced circulation, where the surface pressure variation is tesseral and cannot contribute to the topographic torque, and tidal winds blow only at high altitudes. The likely effects of the lunar‐driven atmospheric circulation on Earth's nutation are estimated and discussed in light of the present‐day capabilities of space geodetic techniques.

Absorption and scattering by fractal aggregates and by their equivalent coated spheres

This paper demonstrates that the absorption and scattering cross-sections and the asymmetry factor of randomly oriented fractal aggregates of spherical monomers can be rapidly estimated as those of coated spheres with equivalent volume and average projected area. This was established for fractal aggregates with fractal dimension ranging from 2.0 to 3.0 and composed of up to 1000 monodisperse or polydisperse monomers with a wide range of size parameter and relative complex index of refraction. This equivalent coated sphere approximation was able to capture the effects of both multiple scattering and shading among constituent monomers on the integral radiation characteristics of the aggregates. It was shown to be superior to the Rayleigh–Debye–Gans approximation and to the equivalent coated sphere approximation proposed by Latimer. However, the scattering matrix element ratios of equivalent coated spheres featured large angular oscillations caused by internal reflection in the coating which were not observed in those of the corresponding fractal aggregates. Finally, the scattering phase function and the scattering matrix elements of aggregates with large monomer size parameter were found to have unique features that could be used in remote sensing applications.

Valley-polarized interlayer conduction of anisotropic Dirac fermions in SrMnBi2.

We report the valley-selective interlayer conduction of SrMnBi(2) under in-plane magnetic fields. The c-axis resistivity of SrMnBi(2) shows clear angular magnetoresistance oscillations indicating coherent interlayer conduction. Strong fourfold variation of the coherent peak in the c-axis resistivity reveals that the contribution of each Dirac valley is significantly modulated by the in-plane field orientation. This originates from anisotropic Dirac Fermi surfaces with strong disparity in the momentum-dependent interlayer coupling. Furthermore, we found a signature of broken valley symmetry at high magnetic fields. These findings demonstrate that a quasi-two-dimensional anisotropic Dirac system can host a valley-polarized interlayer current through magnetic valley control.

Angular dependence of magnetoresistance in strongly anisotropic quasi-two-dimensional metals: Influence of Landau-level shape

We present the quantum-mechanical calculations of the angular dependence of interlayer conductivity $\sigma _{zz}(\theta )$ in a tilted magnetic field in quasi-2D layered metals. Our calculation shows that the LL shape is important for this angular dependence. In particular, the amplitude of angular magnetoresistance oscillations (AMRO) is much stronger for the Gaussian LL shape than for the Lorentzian. The ratio $\sigma_{zz}(\theta =0)/ \sigma_{zz}(\theta ->\pm 90^{\circ})$ is also several times larger for the Gaussian LL shape. AMRO and Zeeman energy splitting lead to a spin current. For typical organic metals and for a medium magnetic field 10T this spin current is only a few percent of the charge current, but its value may almost reach the charge current for special tilt angles of magnetic field. The spin current has strong angular oscillations, which are phase-shifted as compared to the usual AMRO.

Estimating the Error of an Asymptotic Solution Describing the Angular Oscillations of the Axis of Symmetry of a Rotating Rigid Body

The error of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin solution of the equations describing the angular motion of the axis of symmetry of rotation of a rigid body (projectile) is estimated. It is established that order of this estimate does not depend on whether the low-frequency oscillations of the axis of symmetry are damped or not

Measurement and analysis of instantaneous torque and angular velocity variations of a low speed two stroke diesel engine

This paper presents an investigation into the potential of using direct measurement of engine torque for diagnostic purposes in large engines – in this case applied to power generation. The procedures for measuring and analyzing the instantaneous torque, the angular displacement on the generator output end and the angular displacement on its free end for a ten-cylinder, low speed two stroke diesel engine are presented. Angular speed oscillations are frequently used for combustion engine diagnostics although they cannot be used to measure engine power directly. In addition, and for engines with huge inertia generators such as those used in power plants, speed oscillations are very low and this reduces the signal to noise ratio and makes the evaluation of the instantaneous angular speed very noisy. In the work described here, torque and angular displacement measurements carried out at the same point and with the same engine conditions are compared and the superior performance of torque is demonstrated. Harmonic analysis of instantaneous torque allowed the identification of the dynamic characteristics of the power train of the diesel group and clearly suggests that this signal can be used as a diagnostic tool for excitation, combustion malfunctions, or for the mechanical characteristics of the system and crankshaft stiffness. The torque distortion introduced by the generator due to the discontinuity imposed by the pole pairs is also observed in the torque signal, suggesting that the torque signal can be used to identify generator malfunction.

A new spin on vection in depth.

Previous research has shown that adding lateral viewpoint changes to visual displays simulating self-motion in depth can increase the strength of linear vection. We performed experiments to determine whether these vection increases are caused by reduced adaptation to retinal motion, rather than increased motion parallax in the visual display. In Experiment 1, we added increasing amplitudes of sinusoidal angular viewpoint oscillation around the viewing axis (up to 94.2°/s) to radial flow simulating self-motion in depth. We found that angular viewpoint oscillation systematically reduced the onset latencies and increased the overall strength of vection in depth, compared with pure radial flow. In Experiment 2, we compared vection strength between radial flow displays with either added angular oscillation or continuous spiral rotation of equivalent peak velocity around the viewing axis (62.8°/s), and found that angular viewpoint oscillation generated the strongest vection. In Experiment 3, we found that pure radial flow with or without continuous spiral rotation produced radial motion aftereffects that lasted longer than that produced by radial flow with angular viewpoint oscillation. These findings support the view that the way viewpoint oscillation increases vection does not critically depend on motion parallax, but rather, on a changing pattern of retinal motion that serves to reduce visual adaptation and sustain sensitivity to optic flow.

Investigations of the Safety of Flight of WIG craft

The paper presents motion simulations in time domain of a WIG craft with a Lippisch configuration under wind and wave perturbations. The aerodynamic characteristics were obtained using the vortex lattice method. The motion is considered in the longitudinal plane. A novel approach is proposed to generate artificial wind turbulence with prescribed kinetic energy and spectra. The wave surface is modeled by a plane performing linear and angular oscillations. Motion simulations were performed to show the limitations of flight safety analysis based on the classic stability theory. Simulation of the take-off motion was carried out to determine the conditions for safe transition from the skimming to flare mode. It was shown that the application of the flight control is necessary for safe flight in the proximity of the ground.

Automation of performance calculation of horizontal load stabilizers for machine and tractor units

Mathematical model determining parameters of tractor longitudinal and angular oscillations based on known design parameters of tractor and driving tires is considered. It permits to determine parameters of horizontal load stabilizers of machine and tractor unit without field tests.

Generalizations of the Faraday problem in mechanical system "reservoir–liquid with a free surface"

Two generalizations of the classical Faraday problem on development of parametric resonance in mechanical system "reservoir – liquid with free surface", namely, the effect of supplementary degree of freedom, i.e., possibility of horizontal motion of reservoir due to transversal motion of free surface of liquid, and effect of supplementary degree of freedom, i.e., possibility of angular oscillations of reservoir, which is suspended as pendulum, due to transversal oscillations of a free surface of liquid. Investigation is done on the basis of efficient nonlinear multimodal model, which considers combined motion of reservoir and free surface of the liquid. It was shown that, in contrast to the classical Faraday problem, dynamical processes in the system are developed as aggregate of parametric and forced mechanisms of oscillations. For the considered generalizations of the Faraday problem transition of oscillations of free surface of the liquid into nonlinear range of excitations is possible for any frequency of external vertical excitation of reservoir.

The importance of timescale for hydrogen bonding in imidazolium chloride ionic liquids

Hydrogen bond (H-bond) dynamics have been investigated for "hot" 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and "cold" 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids (IL). While the average number of H-bonds remains constant for a ≈100 °C temperature change we show that the underlying dynamics of the H-bonding changes dramatically. H-bond dynamics are investigated based on distance and angle criteria, and on the H-bond state (zero, single or bifurcated H-bonds). Temperature effects on the cation ring reorientational dynamics are also examined. Angle deformations are found to be more important than bond stretching in determining the lifetime of individual H-bonds, and decay occurs on two time scales related to the magnitude of the deviation from linearity. Rapid angular oscillation of the anion breaks the H-bond (for the first time) and minimal temperature effects indicate that H-bonds are readily reformed even near the melting point. Intermittent H-bonds repeatedly break and reform over a longer timescale, and exhibit very strong temperature effects. In the hot IL H-bonding with ring and alkyl chain H-atoms occurs, ring reorientational dynamics is anisotropic and the corresponding lifetimes are similar to the intermittent H-bond lifetimes. In the cold IL ring H-atoms dominate the H-bonding and intermittent H-bonds last for ≈5 ns, ring reorientation occurs on a much slower timescale. The hot IL favours single H-bonds, but the individual ions often change, while the cold IL favours bifurcated H-bonds with the same co-located ions.

Use of nonlinear asymmetrical shock absorber to improve comfort on passenger vehicles

Abstract In this study the behaviour of two different types of shock absorbers, symmetrical (linear) and asymmetrical (nonlinear) is compared for use on passenger vehicles. The analyses use different standard road inputs and include variation of the severity parameter, the asymmetry ratio and the velocity of the vehicle. Performance indices and acceleration values are used to assess the efficacy of the asymmetrical systems. The comparisons show that the asymmetrical system, with nonlinear characteristics, tends to have a smoother and more progressive performance, both for vertical and angular movements. The half-car front asymmetrical system was introduced, and the simulation results show that the use of the asymmetrical system only at the front of the vehicle can further diminish the angular oscillations. As lower levels of acceleration are essential for improved ride comfort, the use of asymmetrical systems for vibrations and impact absorption can be a more advantageous choice for passenger vehicles.

Estimating nonmeasurable coordinates of elastic oscillations for large space constructions with a gyroforce engine

We develop a mathematical model for the angular motion dynamics of a large-scale space construction with a gyroforce engine, in which coordinates of the construction's elastic oscillations are fully observable. This lets us design a joint estimation algorithm for angular motion coordinates and elastic oscillations for orientation control and angular stabilization of the construction in question. We show mathematical modeling results for the synthesized estimation algorithm that support its high accuracy, convergence, and stability.

Angular magnetic breakdown oscillations in organic conductors

The dependence of the magnetoresistance oscillations in layered organic conductors with a multisheet Fermi surface on the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the layers is studied theoretically in the condition of possible magnetic breakdown between different sheets of the Fermi surface. It is shown that the distance between separate cavities of the Fermi surface in momentum space can be determined from the periods of magnetic breakdown oscillations.

Apparatus for measurement of pitch and yaw damping derivatives in high Reynolds number blowdown wind tunnel

The pitch/yaw apparatus designed for the measurement of the moment derivative due to an aircraft or missile model angular oscillatory motion in a wind tunnel test section is presented. A model is forced to oscillate with the primary angular oscillation around its transversal axis (pitch or yaw). Damping derivatives are obtained as a difference between total damping measured in the presence of aerodynamic load and mechanical damping measured in the absence of aerodynamic load. The main requirements for a new apparatus were: high load capacity, high structural rigidity, high range of the experimental frequencies and high sensors sensitivity. The choice of the hydraulic drive is made considering these requirements. Amplitude of the excitation moment is measured either by internal wind tunnel balance or by a specially designed excitation moment sensor. The T-38 wind tunnel data for the Modified Basic Finner Model and Basic Finner Model obtained using the pitch/yaw apparatus are shown.

From pendulum to DNA

In the review the results on the modeling of angular oscillations of the nitrous bases in short and long (in the limit - infinite) fragments of polynucleotide DNA chains are collected and systematized. The material is arranged so to represent the results of investigations in the course of development beginning from those obtained first for elementary models as the pendulum or a pair of coupled unequal pendulums, and then for more complex DNA models. The description of dynamic behavior features of all considered model systems is executed in the uniform mathematical language representing a state of model system as a point, moving along a certain trajectory in the phase space.

Test rig for measuring the center of gravity coordinates and inertia tensor of spacecrafts: Data acquisition and control system

We consider data acquisition and control system used in the test rig for measuring the center of gravity coordinates and inertia tensor of spacecrafts. Structure of the system is described. Technical specifications and metrological parameters are presented for the module which measures static and dynamic signals of strain gauge dynamometers and for the module which measures the signals of angular oscillation sensor installed on the test rig measuring platform; these oscillations are generated using electric motors and special control hardware. Finally, we describe the system software used to acquire and process the data and to display the measurement results.

Model of the dynamics of ion propagation through dielectric capillaries

In this paper, a model explanation for the angular oscillations of an ion beam transmitted through a capillary in the case of a nonzero ion entry angle into it is proposed. A “jet” model for charging capillary walls is developed; it is a good tool for the numerical solution of problems involving the Monte Carlo simulation of ion trajectories in the study of ion propagation through macrocapillaries in the case in which it is impossible to trace the number of trajectories equivalent to that of ions in experiments.

Anomalous Field-Angle Dependence of the Specific Heat of Heavy-Fermion Superconductor UPt3

We have investigated the field-angle variation of the specific heat C(H, phi, theta) of the heavy-fermion superconductor UPt3 at low temperatures T down to 50 mK, where phi and theta denote the azimuthal and polar angles of the magnetic field H, respectively. For T = 88 mK, C(H, theta=90) increases proportionally to H^{1/2} up to nearly the upper critical field Hc2, indicating the presence of line nodes. By contrast, C(H, theta=0) deviates upward from the H^{1/2} dependence for (H/Hc2)^{1/2} > 0.5. This behavior can be related to the suppression of Hc2 along the c direction, whose origin has not been resolved yet. Our data show that the unusual Hc2 limit becomes marked only when theta is smaller than 30. In order to explore the possible vertical line nodes in the gap structure, we measured the phi dependence of C in wide T and H ranges. However, we did not observe any in-plane angular oscillation of C within the accuracy of dC/C~0.5%. This result implies that field-induced excitations of the heavy quasiparticles occur isotropically with respect to phi, which is apparently contrary to the recent finding of a twofold thermal-conductivity oscillation.

Optimal control of vibrationally excited locomotion systems

Optimal controls are constructed for two types of mobile systems propelling themselves due to relative oscillatory motions of their parts. The system of the first type is modelled by a rigid body (main body) to which two links are attached by revolute joints. All three bodies interact with the environment with the forces depending on the velocity of motion of these bodies relative to the environment. The system is controlled by high-frequency periodic angular oscillations of the links relative to the main body. The system of the other type consists of two bodies, one of which (the main body) interacts with the environment and with the other body (internal body), which interacts with the main body but does not interact with the environment. The system is controlled by periodic oscillations of the internal body relative to the main body. For both systems, the motions with the main body moving along a horizontal straight line are considered. Optimal control laws that maximize the average velocity of the main body are found.