Circular Motion Research Articles

Assessing the validity of a wearable shoulder motion tracking system through comparison with dartfish in patients undergoing shoulder joint replacement surgery

Objective assessments of shoulder motion are paramount for effective rehabilitation and evaluation of surgical outcomes. Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) have demonstrated promise in providing unbiased movement data. This study is dedicated to evaluating the concurrent construct validity and accuracy of a wearable IMU-based sensor system, called 'Motion Shirt', for the assessment of humero-thoracic motion arcs in patients awaiting shoulder replacement surgery. This evaluation was conducted by comparing Motion Shirt data with the Dartfish Motion Analyzer software during the Functional Impairment Test-Hand and Neck/Shoulder/Arm (FIT-HaNSA) test. Thirteen patients (age > 50), who were awaiting shoulder replacement surgery, were recruited. The Motion Shirt was employed to measure angular humero-thoracic movements in two planes during the FIT-HaNSA test. Simultaneously, two cameras recorded the participants' movements to provide reference data. Bland-Altman plots were generated to visualize agreement between the Motion Shirt and the reference data obtained from the Dartfish Motion Analyzer software. The data analysis on Bland-Altman plots revealed a substantial level of agreement between the Motion Shirt and Dartfish analysis in measuring humero-thoracic motion. In Task-1, no significant systematic errors were exhibited, with only 3.27% and 2.18% of points exceeding the limits of agreement (LOA) in both elevation and the Plane of Elevation (POE), signifying a high level of concordance. In Task-2, a high level of agreement was also observed in Elevation, with only 3.8% of points exceeding the LOA. However, 5.98% of points exceeded LOA in POE for Task-2. In Task-3, focused on sustained overhead activity, the Motion Shirt showed strong agreement with Dartfish in Elevation (2.44% points exceeded LOA), but in POE, 7.32% points exceeded LOA. The Motion Shirt demonstrated a robust concordance with Dartfish Motion Analyzer system in assessing humerothoracic motion during the FIT-HaNSA test. These results affirm the Motion Shirt's suitability for objective motion analysis in patients awaiting shoulder replacement surgery.

Asymmetry in the Onset of Paraspinal Muscles Activity Differs in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis Compared With Those With a Symmetrical Spine.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is characterized by an asymmetrical formation of the spine and ribcage. Recent work provides evidence of asymmetrical (right versus left side) paraspinal muscle size, composition, and activation amplitude in adolescents with AIS. Each of these factors influences muscle force generation. The timing of paraspinal muscle activation may also contribute to an asymmetry in the timing of forces applied to the spine. The main objectives were to determine (1) whether the timing and asymmetry of erector spinae muscle activation during a rapid bilateral arm raise task differs between adolescents with AIS and those without AIS and (2) whether the magnitude of erector spinae activation asymmetry in AIS is associated with scoliosis curve severity (Cobb angle) or skeletal development level (Risser stage). Finally, (3) we investigated potential kinematic confounders to determine whether symmetry of bilateral rapid arm movements differed between those with and without AIS, and whether any asymmetry in arm movement was associated with erector spinae activation asymmetry. All patients were made aware of the project through flyers at one outpatient spine clinic and a scoliosis rehabilitation clinic in Brisbane, Australia. They were invited between August 2022 and September 2023 to contribute if they met the selection criteria. This cross-sectional study included females with AIS who agreed to participate (n = 24, mean ± SD age of 14 ± 2 years). They all had a primary right-thoracic curve, diagnosed by an orthopaedic specialist. Twenty age- and sex-matched controls (age 13 ± 2 years) who did not have AIS were recruited from the local community. Volunteers (from either group) were excluded if they had any history of spinal surgery, neurological disorders, or musculoskeletal disorders (other than AIS). The experimental task required participants to perform a bilateral rapid arm flexion in response to a visual cue. Muscle activation was recorded using surface electrodes, placed bilaterally on the anterior deltoid and erector spinae adjacent to the C7, T9 (the curve apex for AIS), T12, and L5 vertebrae. Muscle activation onsets were determined from 6 of 10 trials with the quickest deltoid onset for each participant. A linear mixed model (with fixed factors) was used to determine whether activation asymmetry (left-right onset difference) differed between groups (AIS, control) and vertebral level (C7, T9/apex, T12, and L5). Where a group difference in onset asymmetry was identified, the relation of the Cobb angle and Risser stage with the magnitude of asymmetry was evaluated in the AIS cohort using a linear mixed model. Task kinematics, including peak angular arm movement velocity and deltoid onset relative to the light signal, were analyzed using a linear mixed model with group and side as fixed factors. Erector spinae activation timing asymmetry differed between groups at the T9/apex (mean difference 14 ± 23 ms; p < 0.01). In the AIS group, muscle activation was 6 ± 17 ms earlier on the right (convex) relative to the left side of the spine, whereas in controls, activation was 8 ± 19 ms earlier on the left relative to the right side. This difference in activation timing asymmetry between groups was explained by later activation of the T9 level erector spinae muscles on the left (concave) side of the spine in AIS compared with controls (mean group difference of left T9/apex erector spinae onset 13 ± 26 ms; p = 0.01). There were no between-group differences at other vertebral levels. Within the AIS group, no association was observed between the magnitude of the erector spinae activation asymmetry measured at T9/apex and Cobb angle or Risser stage. There were no differences between groups in either the bilateral deltoid onset relative to light or arm peak velocity. Erector spinae muscle activation is asymmetrical at the T9/apex vertebral level during a rapid bilateral arm raise task. This asymmetry was opposite between the AIS and control cohorts, with left-side activation delayed in AIS. It is well established in conditions such as cerebral palsy that muscles forces can influence bone development in children. In children with AIS, there is growing evidence of asymmetrical paraspinal muscle size, composition, and activation amplitude. Each of these factors contribute to paraspinal muscle force generation. Our findings add to what we know by identifying an asymmetry in the timing of erector spinae activation during a well-controlled, bilateral movement task. Combined with previous research, these results support further investigation into whether asymmetrical paraspinal muscle forces might contribute to the curve progression and asymmetrical bony development in AIS. This is important as muscle forces are modifiable through targeted rehabilitation.

Artisanal Longline Fishing for Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) Operated Under Sea Ice Using a Metal Plate Kite in Northwest Greenland

Understanding the deployment ranges and behavior of fishing gear in relation to fishery efficiency will help us grasp the potential impact of future shifts in the fishery on resources and fishing activities. Fisheries for Greenland halibut are conducted by boat in open water during the summer. However, in winter, fishermen travel to fishing grounds on the sea ice using dog sleds, drill holes in the ice, and deploy longlines using metal plate kites. While the scale of deployment varies between boat and ice longlining, the movement of kites used in ice longlining and their effect on the deployment range of the line is not well understood. We conducted experiments using an accelerometer to determine the underwater movement of kites and their effect on the horizontal range of longline deployment. This is the first report describing specific operational information on longline fishing under sea ice, specifically on the effects of the kite on longline deployment. The kite is attached to the leading end of the mainline and deploys the longlines horizontally as it moves downward towards the sea floor. When the kite and mainline are dropped into the sea, the kite extends the line horizontally while shifting forward-facing long side, and forward-aligned short side. The motion resembles a fluttering action primarily influenced by the Reynolds number and moment of inertia. When the mainline is held, the kite descends in a circular motion. With repeated fishing operations and the passage of time, the kite's movement is expected to decrease in both range and speed due to the buoyancy and tension of the mainline. These kite movements suggest that the deployment range of longlines could extend several hundred meters. Conversely, it can be inferred that the impact of winter ice fishing on the Greenland halibut stock is relatively low due to the limited deployment range of the longline when using the kite.

Control of a quasi-static MEMS Mirror for raster scanning projection applications

The angular motion of quasi-static micromirrors used for raster scanning projection applications is typically affected by undesired oscillations related to high-frequency resonant modes triggered by the sawtooth-like driving signal. This paper proposes a novel closed-loop tracking controller for improving the linearity of the trace motion, and hence the image brightness. It includes a feedforward action to achieve the required tracking performance under nominal conditions, and a feedback control for robustness against disturbances and other nonidealities. Notch filtering prevents resonance-induced ringing. The simplicity of the architecture enables an easy implementation on FPGA or ASIC. Experimental tests carried out on two different micromirrors with Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) piezoelectric actuation and piezoresistive sensing demonstrate an average linearity of 0.12 % and reproducibility of 15 mdeg for sawtooth reference trajectories with up to 8 deg amplitude and 120 Hz frequency, thus meeting the performance requirements mandated by the standards for high-resolutions projection applications.

Problem of low-frequency motion cueing along roll on flight simulators

An innovative approach to improve the fidelity of low-frequency lateral motion cueing within full-flight simulators for non-maneuvering aircraft is presented. On the basis of the perception peculiarities by the human vestibular system of movement along the roll, the problem of low-frequency motion cueing of lateral movement by motion systems of flight simulators was formulated and solved. The critical challenge of simulating the set of angular motion cues that pilots perceive during flights is decided. This research highlights two key outcomes. The fourth-order low-pass filter effectively extracts low-frequency motion cues from aircraft motion kinematic parameters, enhancing simulation accuracy. Secondly, proposed method significantly expands the range of simulated motion cues while ensuring their synchronization with high-frequency motion cues along relevant degrees of freedom. This formulation of the problem increases the range of simulated motion cues to ±0,3nz, which practically corresponds to the range of simulated motion cues of a transport aircraft, and thus increases the quality of motion cueing. The implementation of the developed method on the An-72TK-200 full flight simulator confirmed its effectiveness. In conclusion, this study introduces a promising methodology that enhances the quality of motion cueing, thus rendering flight simulations more realistic and beneficial for both pilots and aerospace engineering researchers in the real of non-maneuvering aircraft flight simulators

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROTOTYPING OF THE EXECUTIVE PART OF THE ANGULAR MANIPULATOR ROBOT

In today's conditions of total digitization and informatization of all spheres of activity, more and more agro-industrial enterprises direct their resources to the development and implementation of modern technical and technological solutions, to modernize their own production capacities, with the prospect of ensuring competitiveness on domestic and foreign markets. In turn, such technological renewal of the agricultural sector of the economy is usually based on the use of high-tech systems of management, monitoring, control, management and automation of production processes, with the use of highly integrated SMART systems and the involvement of artificial intelligence technologies. Taking into account the significant volumes of cargo processing, agricultural enterprises, in particular in warehouses, a promising direction and reserve for ensuring high labor productivity is the use of robotic manipulators, and research is devoted to increasing their functionality and maneuverability, including through the use of intelligent control systems and optimization of the structure of executive mechanisms. relevant and will have practical value. The article substantiates the conditions for ensuring functional and structural similarity and proposes criterion equations of similarity for a large-scale transition from a natural sample of an industrial manipulator to a physical model-prototype. On the basis of the obtained criteria and using the scaling factors, the design parameters of the prototype were determined, a computer 3D model was developed, and based on the analysis of the trajectories, corrections were made to the linear dimensions of the manipulator and the ranges of angular movements of the links, as well as the compliance of the created prototype with the conditions of physical modeling was checked, according to the criteria of similarity. Also, the article presents the process of manufacturing an angular manipulator by using additive technologies of layer-by-layer build-up of parts on a 3D printer.

Complex Flow Patterns in Compressible Viscoelastic Liquids: Blood Flow Through a Compliant Aorta

Abstract In viscoelastic liquids, molecules are prone to spatial and temporal ordering. At equilibrium, the collective motions are rare events and their timespan is short. In flowing liquids, the propensity for ordering increases, and once molecular assemblies are formed, they trap a measurable amount of energy. The working hypothesis here is that the ordering phenomena are linked to microinertia forces, where the angular motion enables the collective response of molecules, pure shear supports the irrotational flow, and pressure perturbations aid the thermal fluctuations. The study is solely focused on the mechanistic aspect of the liquid's behavior. In the second part of the article, the model is implemented into a numerical code, where Lagrangian cells are subjected to Eulerian motions. The concept is applied to a medically relevant problem of the blood flow through a compliant aorta decorated with a plaque deposit. We have shown that the flow compressibility and the aorta viscoelasticity are among the key factors responsible for the plaque rupture. It should be stated that plaque rupture is the cause of most heart attacks worldwide.

Application of IgH EtherCAT Master for Ultra-Precision Motion Control of Precision Axes.

The EtherCAT fieldbus system is widely applied in different types of computerized numerical control (CNC) machine tools due to its outstanding communication performance. In the field of ultra-precision CNC, some machine tools employ controllers that integrate EtherCAT master functionality to achieve real-time communication with other devices; however, the open-source IgH EtherCAT master has rarely been applied to the CNC systems of ultra-precision machine tools. The feasibility of using the IgH EtherCAT master to meet the communication performance requirements of ultra-precision machine tools remains uncertain; therefore, it is necessary to validate the control effect on precision axes under the application of the IgH EtherCAT master. In this work, EtherCAT applications were developed on a personal computer (PC) to alter it to a bus-type controller with the IgH EtherCAT master function. To provide the EtherCAT master with real-time and accurate motion data of the axes, an interpolation algorithm tailored for control experiments was designed, and a G-code data processing method was proposed. Moreover, precision aerostatic linear axes and servo drivers were chosen as EtherCAT slaves for single-axis motion and dual-axis linkage control experiments. The experimental results showed that the motion controller based on IgH can effectively control the precision axes to execute ultra-precision linear and circular interpolation motion.

Analysis of unsteady heat and mass transfer in rotating MHD convection flow over a porous vertical plate

The aim of this research paper is to investigate the rotational flow of an unsteady magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer flow due to convection over a vertical porous semi-infinite plate. The plate undergoes continuous circular motion, maintaining a constant velocity. To achieve this, we worked on both numerical methods and analytical techniques, particularly utilizing perturbation methods to solve the governing partial differential equations. Consequently, we derive an expression for the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. We delve into the analysis of the velocity profile, temperature distribution, and concentration variation, exploring their behaviour under different physical parameters, including the magnetic field parameter, Grashof num-ber, Soret number and Schmidt number, as well as the Prandtl number. Our findings reveal that the velocity increases with rising values of Grashof, modified Grashof and Soret numbers, whereas it decreases with declining values of the magnetic field parameter, Prandtl number and Schmidt number. Additionally, as rotation gradually intensifies, the fluid velocity closely follows the boundary and becomes negligible as it moves away from it. To facilitate a comprehensive examination of the fluid flow and heat and mass transfer characteristics, we employ graphical representations. Furthermore, this paper offers an in-depth discussion of the underlying physical aspects and their implications.

Transition from random self-propulsion to rotational motion in a non-Markovian microswimmer

Abstract We study the motion of an inertial microswimmer in a non-Newtonian environment with a finite memory and present the theoretical realization of an unexpected transition from its random self-propulsion to rotational (circular or elliptical) motion. Further, the rotational motion of the swimmer is followed by spontaneous local direction reversals yet with a steady state angular diffusion. Moreover, the advent of this behaviour is observed in the oscillatory regime of the inertia-memory parameter space of the dynamics. We quantify this unconventional rotational motion of microswimmer by measuring the time evolution of direction of its instantaneous velocity or orientation. By solving the generalized Langevin model of non-Markovian dynamics of an inertial active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle, we show that the emergence of the rotational (circular or elliptical) trajectory is due to the presence of both inertial motion and memory in the environment.

What Radiographic and Spinopelvic Parameters do Spine Surgeons Consider in Decision-Making for Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis?

Cross-sectional survey. Surgical treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is remarkably varied due to heterogeneity of clinical-radiological presentations. This study aimed to assess which spinopelvic radiological parameters were considered for decision-making. Survey distributed to International AO Spine members to analyze surgeons' considerations for treatment. Data collected includes demographics, training background, years of experience, and treatment decisions based on various radiographical findings, including segmental and global spinopelvic parameters. From 479 responses, the most frequently radiological parameter considered was slippage on dynamic X-rays (79.1%), followed by disc height (78.9%), global sagittal balance SVA (71.4%), and PI-LL mismatch (69.7%), while the least important was absolute spondylolisthesis on static lateral radiograph (22.8%). Fellowship-trained surgeons were likelier to use SVA (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.02-2.99, P = 0.049), and disc height (2.13, 1.14-3.98, P < 0.05). There was no difference between orthopedics and neurosurgery in applying SVA and PI-LL mismatch. Surgeons from Asia Pacific emphasizes segmental lordosis (2.39, 1.11-5.15, P = 0.026) as from Latin America (2.55, 1.09-5.95, P = 0.030) and Middle East (4.33, 1.66-11.28, P = 0.003). However, surgeons from Latin America and Middle East also significant consider disc height (2.95, 1.07-8.15, P = 0.037) and (3.03, 1.04-8.83, P = 0.043), respectively. Additionally, the surgeons' age was associated with using angular motion on flexion-extension radiographs, and volume of treated cases yearly with consideration for disc height. Treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis was influenced by slippage on dynamic radiographs, disc height, global alignment, and PI-LL mismatch. Surgeons' age and Region, fellowship-trained, and volume of treated cases were significantly associated to apply these radiological parameters.

Increased light scatter in simulated cataracts degrades speed perception.

Changes in contrast and blur affect speed perception, raising the question of whether natural changes in the eye (e.g., cataract) that induce light scatter may affect motion perception. This study investigated whether light scatter, similar to that present in a cataractous eye, could have deleterious effects on speed perception. Experiment 1: Participants (n = 14) completed a speed discrimination task using random dot kinematograms. The just-noticeable difference was calculated for two reference speeds (slow; fast) and two directions (translational; radial). Light scatter was induced with filters across four levels: baseline, mild, moderate, severe. Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) found significant main effects of scatter on speed discrimination for radial motion (slow F(3, 39) = 7.33, p < 0.01; fast F(3, 39) = 4.80, p < 0.01). Discrimination was attenuated for moderate (slow p = 0.021) and severe (slow p = 0.024; fast p = 0.017) scatter. No effect was found for translational motion. Experiment 2: Participants (n = 14) completed a time-to-contact experiment for three speeds (slow, moderate, fast). Light scatter was induced as Experiment 1. Results show increasing scatter led to perceptual slowing. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that moderate (F(3, 39) = 3.57, p = 0.023) and fast (F(1.42, 18.48) = 5.63, p = 0.020) speeds were affected by the increasing light scatter. Overall, speed discrimination is attenuated by increasing light scatter, which seems to be driven by a perceptual slowing of stimuli.

Safe controller design for circular motion of a bicycle robot using control Lyapunov function and control barrier function.

This paper investigates the safety control problem of a bicycle robot with front-wheel drive and without a trail or mechanical regulator during circular motion. Constraints on the drive angular speed necessary for the bicycle to achieve circular motion are proposed. In practical robot systems, bounded input disturbances are inevitable. To address this, we propose a safe controller that integrates the control Lyapunov function (CLF) constraints for input-to-state stability (ISS) and the control barrier function (CBF) constraints for input-to-state safety (ISSf), implemented using quadratic programming (QP). Our controller achieves enhanced safety in control while reducing control effort. The effectiveness of this controller is verified through simulation comparative experiments. Furthermore, circular motion is achieved through physical experiments with a real robot, and the effectiveness of the ISS-CLF-ISSf-CBF-QP controller is validated through comparative experiments.

The Effects of AR-Based Physics Homework on Learning Circular Motion

Abstract In this study, we compared the effectiveness of AR-based homework, traditional homework, and mixed-approach homework in learning about circular motion. To that end, we conducted a pretest-posttest quasi-experiment involving 135 first-year students enrolled in an introductory physics course at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Croatia. The students in the experimental group completed augmented reality (AR)-based homework assignments. In these assignments, their learning about circular motion was supported by a meticulously designed worksheet that included four AR-supported activities. In the mixed-approach group, students were given a homework assignment that included three AR-supported activities and one quantitative textbook problem, whereas the traditional group’s homework consisted of four quantitative textbook problems covering the same content. Findings from our study suggest that the post-treatment scores for all groups were significantly higher than the pretreatment scores, with the largest pre-post gains observed in the mixed-approach group. We conclude that combining carefully selected quantitative problems with key AR activities is the most promising approach.

Circular motion and particle collisions in ergoregion of rotating and twisting charged black holes

The presence of clouds of strings, quintessential fields, and NUT charges has significant consequences for spacetime geometry, and their study is much more important from an observational and theoretical perspective. Hence, in this article, we aim to explore the rotating and twisting charged black holes with the cloud of strings and quintessential field through horizons, ergoregions, photon regions, circular motion, and energy efficiency. First, we derive the equation of motion and the expressions for studying the photon region. To investigate circular motion, we derive the mathematical expressions of energy and angular momentum. The cloud of stings reduces the stability of angular momentum and energy in prograde particle motions and shifts their minima from the black hole’s center to the right. Static black holes with clouds of strings have the greatest angular momentum in prograde orbital motion, while rotating ones without clouds of strings have the least. Furthermore, we examine the efficiency of energy extraction through the Penrose process. The known energy extraction efficiency of the Penrose process for an extreme Kerr black hole is about 21%, but in the presence of clouds of strings, it exceeds 100%.

Creation of two-dimensional circular motion of charge qubit

We suggest a nanoelectromechanical setup which generates a particular type of motion—the circular motion of mesoscopic superconducting grain, where motion is described by entangled nanomechanical coherent states. The setup is based on mesoscopic terminal utilizing the ac Josephson effect between the superconducting electrodes and the grain, operating in the regime of the Cooper pair box controlled by the gate voltage. The grain is placed on the free end of the suspended cantilever, performing controlled two-dimensional mechanical vibrations. Required functionality is achieved by operating two external parameters, bias voltage between the superconducting electrodes and voltage between gate electrodes, by which the nanomechanical coherent states are formed and organized in a pair of entangled cat-states in two perpendicular spatial directions, which evolve in time in the way to provide a circular motion.

Design and development of knee rehabilitation robot

This research presents a comprehensive design and analysis of a knee rehabilitation platform aimed at aiding individuals with knee dysfunction. Dysfunction in the knee joint can lead to an imbalance in gait and posture during activities of daily living (ADLs) such as standing, walking, and running. This study focuses on developing a 2-degree-of-freedom (2-DoF) knee rehabilitation device capable of mimicking linear and angular movements. A slider mechanism-based knee rehabilitation device is developed and simulated alongside various other mechanisms. The proposed mechanism achieves 32.5° of flexion for a linear movement of 0.45 m within 6 seconds, outperforming other mechanisms. To validate simulation results, a 3D-printed model is fabricated, and experimental studies are conducted under no-load conditions, showing close alignment with simulation outcomes with a deviation of ±5%. The device’s key features include portability, compliance, compactness, and enhanced stiffness. Future research will involve conducting pilot studies to further evaluate the practical efficacy and potential enhancements of the proposed knee rehabilitation platform.

Adjusted linear quadratic regulator-proportional-derivative control of Quanser’s three degrees of freedom helicopter based on flower pollination algorithm under external disturbances

External disturbances, saturation of actuator motors, and limits of certain angular movements are commonly encountered in robotic systems, particularly those involving flight, and they present the most common and influential factors affecting the stability and performance of these systems. In this paper, a hybrid controller for a three-degree-of-freedom (3-DoF) helicopter is designed and applied to this flying robot system, taking into account the previously mentioned constraints. The proposed hybrid controller integrates proportional-derivative (PD) control with an adjusted linear quadratic regulator (ALQR) using the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) optimization method. Simulation results of travel (λ), elevation (ε), and pitch (ρ) responses, as well as experimental results of elevation and travel tracking responses under external disturbances using the bench-top Quanser’s (3-DoF) helicopter, demonstrate the robustness and good performance of the controlled system using the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared to several methods in the literature.

Trajectory tracking controller design for quadcopter under disturbances environment: using a hybrid approach

The development of a robust tracking controller for autonomous aerial vehicles to reach the desired point has become extremely important, especially when flying in the ground region. This paper proposes a hybrid controller (proportional fractional-order integral derivative sliding surface based on sliding mode control with backstepping (PFOIDSMCBS)) to control the quadcopter to flow the predefined trajectory. The proposed controller is designed to control the attitude, altitude, and angular motion with payload in the presence of external disturbances, wind, and ground effects. The performances of the proposed controller have been compared with the existing SMCBS controller. The simulation results show that the system satisfies the stability condition and is efficient in path tracking. As the vehicle approaches the ground, the simulation indicates a consistent linear increase in the total thrust generated by the rotors. In the landing, the proposed controller reduces settling time by 6.12% compared to SMCBS for the system without load. With a load, it reduces settling time by 5.17% compared to SMCBS. PFOIDSMCBS controller exhibits superior performance over SMCBS in terms of minimizing chattering effects and reducing control effort.

Motion resistance in peripheral oxygen saturation monitoring using Biolight Analog SpO2 compared to Masimo SpO2: a non-inferiority study

BackgroundPulse oximeters are vital for assessing blood oxygen levels but can produce inaccurate readings during patient motion, leading to false alarms and alarm fatigue. Analog SpO2 Technology, which uses analog waveforms to filter motion artifacts, may improve accuracy compared to digital sensors. However, the effectiveness of this technology in reducing false alarms in clinical settings remains unclear. This study assesses and compares the motion resistance of Analog SpO2 Technology of two devices in the market.MethodsThirty healthy adults underwent controlled experiments (Control, Linear Motion, Angular Motion) using two pulse oximeters. Linear Motion tested hand displacement impact, while Angular Motion involved rhythmic hand motions at 120 bpm and 160 bpm.ResultsBoth devices performed similarly in Control, with no disruptions. In Linear Motion, mild disruptions occurred, but no significant differences in SpO2 readings or alarms. Angular Motion at 120 bpm showed stability with no alarms. At 160 bpm, Device B (Biolight Analog SpO2) had fewer technical alarms but more SpO2 alarms than Device A (Masimo Analog SpO2).ConclusionsAnalog SpO2 exhibited motion resistance under static, linear and continuous waving angular motion up to 120 bpm and 160 bpm, but alarms occurred at 160 bpm with continuous tapping angular motion. These findings signify non-inferiority of either device in clinical settings. Further studies should include patients with cardiovascular and/or respiratory diseases.Trial RegistrationThe study was submitted to and approved by the Biolight Ethics Committee (S0723), and written informed consent from all participants was obtained.