Angular Extension Research Articles

The dipper population of Taurus seen with K2

Context. Dippers are typically low-mass, pre-main-sequence stars that display dips in their light curves. These dips have been attributed to dusty warps that form in the inner part of the disk.Aims. Our goal is to derive the characteristics of dipper stars in Taurus to assess the physical mechanisms that induce dipper light curves.Methods. We used the light curves of the fourth and thirteenth campaigns of K2 to select a dipper sample among 179 members and possible members of the Taurus star-forming region based on the light-curve morphology. We studied the periodicities by combining periodograms with wavelet analysis and derived the stellar parameters of the sample from the photometry. We also studied the morphology of the photometric dips.Results. We find a dipper occurrence of ~30% in disk-bearing stars observed with K2 that were identified visually by us. This represents a lower limit to their true occurrence, on the one hand because they are ephemeral, and on the other because there are detection limits. About half of the dippers are aperiodic, and most of these are dominated by another type of variability. The chosen sample is of late spectral type (K/M), low mass (mostly ⊙ ), and moderate mass accretion rates and has periods of a few days. We observed a transient dipper over a few rotation cycles and observed a dipper with a changing period. The structure of the dips can be complex and varies strongly over timescales of down to one stellar rotation. The corotation radii are located at a few stellar radii, and the temperatures at corotation allow dust survival. Many of the systems are seen at moderate to high inclination. We find that the angular extension of the dusty structure producing the dips is correlated with the stellar period.Conclusions. Magnetospheric accretion, which causes an accretion column and its base to occult the star, can explain most of the observed light curves. Although compatible with the model, many of the stellar inclination angles are moderate and do not exclude mechanisms other than the occultation by an inner disk warp to account for dipper light curves.

Design Methodology for a Novel Bending Pneumatic Soft Actuator for Kinematically Mirroring the Shape of Objects

In the landscape of Industry 4.0, advanced robotics awaits a growing use of bioinspired adaptive and flexible robots. Collaborative robotics meets this demand. Due to human–robot coexistence and interaction, the safety, the first requirement to be satisfied, also depends on the end effectors. End effectors made of soft actuators satisfy this requirement. A novel pneumatic bending soft actuator with high compliance, low cost, high versatility and easy production is here proposed. Conceived to be used as a finger of a collaborative robot, it is made of a hyper-elastic inner tube wrapped in a gauze. The bending is controlled by cuts in the gauze: the length and the angular extension of them, the pressure value and the dimensions of the inner tube determine the bending amplitude and avoid axial elongation. A design methodology, oriented to kinematically mirror the shape of the object to be grasped, was defined. Firstly, it consists of the development of a non-linear parametric numerical model of a bioinspired finger; then, the construction of a prototype for the experimental validation of the numerical model was performed. Hence, a campaign of simulations led to the definition of a qualitatively predictive formula, the basis for the design methodology. The effectiveness of the latter was evaluated for a real case: an actuator for the grasping of a light bulb was designed and experimentally tested.

Investigating the detection of dark matter subhalos as extended sources with Fermi -LAT

Cold dark matter (DM) models for structure formation predict that DM subhalos are present in the Galaxy. In the standard paradigm of DM as weakly interacting massive particle, subhalos are expected to shine in gamma rays and to provide a signal detectable with current instruments, notably with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard the Fermi~satellite. This is the main motivation behind searches for DM signals towards dwarf spheroidal galaxies and unidentified Fermi-LAT sources. A significant angular extension detected from unassociated sources located at relatively high latitudes is considered a "smoking gun" signature for identifying DM subhalos. In the present work, we systematically explore, by means of state-of-the-art models of cold DM halos in the Galaxy, the detectability of extended subhalos with Fermi-LAT. We simulate a DM signal exploring different assumptions of subhalos distribution in the Galaxy and DM profile, and reconstruct its flux through a realistic Fermi-LAT analysis pipeline. In the most optimistic case, we show that a detection of extended DM subhalos can be made for annihilation cross sections higher than $3 \times 10^{-26}$ cm$^3$/s (for a 100 GeV DM mass), still compatible with existing gamma-ray constraints, and that, in this case, the preference for extension of the source (vs point-like hypothesis) is significant. For fainter signals, instead, halos not only do not show significant extension, but they are not even detectable significantly as point-like sources.

On the gamma-ray signals from UCMH/mini-spike accompanying the DAMPE 1.4 TeV e+e− excess

ABSTRACT The tentative 1.4 TeV e+e− excess observed by DAMPE, if not a statistical fluctuation, may be explained by dark matter (DM) annihilation within a nearby subhalo with a distance of <0.3 kpc. The process of DM annihilating to e+e− is accompanied by the production of gamma-ray photons, which could lead to detectable signals of Fermi-LAT. In this work, we focus on the model that the tentative 1.4 TeV signal is from a nearby ultracompact mini halo (UCMH). Due to the small angular extension, the counterpart gamma-ray signal would be hidden among Fermi-LAT unassociated point sources. We examine the point sources in 4FGL systematically by analyzing the Fermi-LAT data, aiming to investigate whether there exist sources with gamma-ray properties consistent with the UCMH model of the 1.4 TeV excess. We find more than 10 sources could be the candidates. Furthermore, we test the possibility that the excess signal is from a DM mini-spike around the nearest BH, but our result does not favour such a scenario.

Load effects of thigh wearable resistance on angular and linear kinematics and kinetics during non-motorised treadmill sprint-running

The aim of this study was to investigate the load effects of thigh attached wearable resistance (WR) on linear and angular kinematics and linear kinetics during sprint-running. Fourteen recreational active subjects performed a series of maximal sprints with and without WR of 1%, 2%, and 3% body mass (BM) in a randomised order. Sprints were performed on a non-motorised treadmill that collected velocity, and linear step kinematics and kinetics. Angular kinematics of the thigh were collected from an inertial measurement unit attached to the left thigh. Trivial decreases were found in peak velocity with all WR loads (−0.9 to −.2.4%, effect size [ES] 0.09–0.17, p > .05). The WR conditions resulted in significantly decreased average step frequency (−2.0% to −3.0%, ES = 0.35–0.44, p < .05) with loads of ≥2% BM, whereas average step length was statistically unchanged (1.9–2.8%, ES = 0.20–0.33). Average angular displacement was significantly decreased (−7.0% to −10.3%, ES = 0.88–1.10, p = 0.00–0.03) with loads of ≥2% BM. Average angular flexion velocity (−10.2%, ES = 1.07, p = .02) and extension velocity (−12.0%, ES = 0.85, p = .01) were significantly decreased with 3% BM. Trivial to small ES changes (p > .05) were found in the linear kinetic measures of interest. Thigh WR provides a sprint-specific rotational form of resistance resulting in greater changes to angular kinematics than linear properties of sprint-running. For practitioners who wish to target thigh angular kinematics and step frequency without decreasing step length, thigh WR of ≥2% BM offers a sprint-specific resistance training tool.

Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes

Purpose: The intervention of 12 week gait retraining with minimalist shoes was established to examine its effect on impact forces, joint mechanics, and vertical stiffness during running. Methods: Thirty male recreational runners were randomly assigned to the gait retraining + minimalist shoe (n = 15, GR) and minimalist shoe (n = 15, MIN) groups. The ground reaction force and marker trajectories were collected before and after intervention at a speed of 3.33 ± 5% m/s. Results: A total of 17 participants (9 in the GR group and 8 in the MIN group) completed the training. After training, (1) the loading rate of both groups decreased significantly, and the loading rate of the GR group was lower than that of the MIN group. (2) The foot strike angle of the GR group decreased significantly after training, and the plantarflexion angle and hip joint angular extension velocity increased in both groups. (3) The moment of ankle joint increased in the GR group, and the stiffness of lower limbs was significantly improved in both groups. Conclusion: The 12 week gait retraining with minimalist shoes converted rearfoot strikers into forefoot strikers with a rate of 78% (7/9). More importantly, such a combined program, compared to the training with only minimalist shoes, can avoid the peak impact force and decrease the loading rate more effectively, thus providing a potential means of reducing risk of running injury caused by impact forces. Moreover, the increased vertical stiffness of lower extremity after gait retraining may improve running economy and corresponding energy utilization. However, these observations also suggest that the sole use of minimalist footwear may have limited effects on reducing running-related impacts.

Power Reduction Estimation of 5G Active Antenna Systems for Human Exposure Assessment in Realistic Scenarios

Maximum power extrapolation techniques from measured data are usually employed to assess the compliance with standards of average fields radiated by base stations. However, such techniques provide an upper bound, which is not reached in real scenarios. This is particularly true in 5G Communications, where Active Antenna Systems allow a decrease of the average power density according to the adopted scheduling strategy. This paper is focused on the power reduction estimation in realistic scenarios. In particular a deterministic model of a communication system is used to obtain simple formulas only requiring the knowledge of the served area angular extension and of the Envelope Radiation Pattern of the antenna. The model, developed for beam steering and grid of beams antennas, is also extended to analyze the case of Multi User massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU-mMIMO) antennas with single layer per user, showing that under proper hypothesis on the beams of the antenna it is possible to estimate the reduction parameter without the explicit knowledge of the number of layers of MU-mMIMO systems. In spite of the simplicity of the approach, comparison with stochastic models and results reported in recent literature show that the formulas obtained using the model proposed in this paper allow to obtain a useful approximation of the power reduction factor, making the formulas suitable for a preliminary fast estimation of the Electromagnetic Field in 5G cells for human exposure assessment.

Protective arm movements are modulated with fall height

Protective arm reactions were evoked in 14 younger adults to determine the effect of fall height on protective arm reaction biomechanics. Participants were supported in a forward-leaning position on top of an inverted pendulum that isolated arm reaction by preventing any fall arresting contribution that may come from the ankle, knees, or hip. At an unpredictable time, the pendulum was released requiring participants to rapidly orient their arms to protect the head and body. Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), arm kinematics, and electromyographic (EMG) measures of the biceps and triceps were compared at four initial lean angles. The time following perturbation onset and prior to impact consisted of two phases: rapid extension of the elbows and co-activation of the biceps and triceps in preparation for impact. The rapid orientation phase was modulated with fall height while the co-activation of the biceps and triceps in preparation for landing was minimally affected. Larger lean angles resulted in increased vGRF, increased elbow extension at impact, decreased elbow angular extension velocity at impact, and increased neck velocity at impact while hand velocity at impact was not significantly affected. The neuromuscular control strategy appears to optimize elbow extension angle/angular velocity prior to co-activation of the biceps and triceps that occurs about 100 ms prior to impact. Future work should investigate how the neuromuscular control strategy handles delayed deployment of protective arm reactions.

Resolving the Crab pulsar wind nebula at teraelectronvolt energies

The Crab nebula is one of the most studied cosmic particle accelerators, shining brightly across the entire electromagnetic spectrum up to very high-energy gamma rays. It is known from radio to gamma-ray observations that the nebula is powered by a pulsar, which converts most of its rotational energy losses into a highly relativistic outflow. This outflow powers a pulsar wind nebula (PWN), a region of up to 10~light-years across, filled with relativistic electrons and positrons. These particles emit synchrotron photons in the ambient magnetic field and produce very high-energy gamma rays by Compton up-scattering of ambient low-energy photons. While the synchrotron morphology of the nebula is well established, it was up to now not known in which region the very high-energy gamma rays are emitted. Here we report that the Crab nebula has an angular extension at gamma-ray energies of 52 arcseconds (assuming a Gaussian source width), significantly larger than at X-ray energies. This result closes a gap in the multi-wavelength coverage of the nebula, revealing the emission region of the highest energy gamma rays. These gamma rays are a new probe of a previously inaccessible electron and positron energy range. We find that simulations of the electromagnetic emission reproduce our new measurement, providing a non-trivial test of our understanding of particle acceleration in the Crab nebula.

Three-dimensional light scattering by a real liquid jet: VCRM simulation and experimental validation

This paper reports the first realization of an algorithm in the framework of the vectorial complex ray model (VCRM) to calculate the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the scattered intensity by a large nonspherical particle with smooth surface. The ray tracing, divergence factor, phase shifts due to focal lines and optical path, and cross polarization are dealt with by an elegant way using vectorial rays and the wavefront curvature. A triangulation-based bivariate data interpolation is also developed for the superposition of the scattered complex amplitudes. As an example, the algorithm is applied to the prediction of the 3D scattering diagram by a real liquid jet which has a varying cross section. The simulated 3D scattering patterns are compared with experimental results. Good agreements are found not only on the spatial separation of different scattering orders but also on the intensities and the angular extension ranges.

Primary Allograft ACL Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients-A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques, Outcomes, and Complications.

The purpose of this systematic review is to ascertain the risk profile of allografts in primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) of skeletally immature patients. Three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE) were searched for articles addressing primary ACLR in skeletally immature patients (i.e., open femoral and tibial physes). Inclusion criteria encompassed the use of allograft tissue with available postoperative outcomes data. The methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS) was used to assess all studies. Descriptive statistics such as means, 95% confidence intervals and standard deviations are presented where applicable. A total of 3,852 studies were screened, with 9 studies of a total of 406 skeletally immature patients (mean age 14.9 ± 1.2 years) satisfying inclusion criteria. The majority (98%) of included patients underwent complete transphyseal ACLR. Where specified, allograft options included Achilles tendon (AT) (66.5%), tibialis anterior tendon (7.6%), bone-patellar tendon (2.5%), and fascia lata (1.0%). The use of a bone block for the AT was reported in one patient (0.2%). Postoperatively, and where specified, patients achieved full range of motion (12.1%), had good Lysholm scores of 94 to 100 (8.1%), and a return to preinjury level athletic participation of 82.9% (8.4%). Complications (13.3%) included graft failures (7.9%), nonrevision reoperation (4.7%), and a combined leg length discrepancy and angular (valgus and extension) deformity (0.2%). There were no reported incidences of disease transmission. Although failure rates of primary allograft ACL reconstruction are acceptable compared with other studies of mainly autograft use in this young, high-risk population, there was a very low rate of clinically significant physeal damage. However, the relatively low quality of the included studies limits the ability to recommend routine use of allograft for ACLR in the skeletally immature patient. More robust studies with long-term follow-up data are necessary to better ascertain the influence of allograft choice on postoperative outcomes for these young patients. This is a Level IV study, systematic review of Levels III and IV studies.

An applied paradigm for simple analysis of the lower limb kinematic chain in explosive movements: an example using the fencing foil attacking lunge

A simple method to quantify the kinematic chain in a propulsive task would facilitate assessment of athlete effectiveness. The study’s aim was to assess if the kinematic chain distinguishes between skill levels. Fencers were separated into two groups based on attacking lunge ability (7 skilled; 8 novices). Rear leg 3D joint angular extension velocity magnitudes and timings, sword kinematics and rear leg kinetics were obtained in the propulsion phase of the attacking lunge. Skilled fencers obtained greater sword velocity (3.24 ± 0.24 m∙s−1 vs. 2.69 ± 0.29 m∙s−1; p = 0.02). The skilled group had a greater sequential kinematic chain of the hip, knee and ankle, demonstrated by significantly greater ankle angular velocity (9.1 ± 2.1 rad·s−1 skilled; 5.4 ± 2.9 rad·s−1 novice). Ankle plantarflexion velocity showed a strong positive correlation with horizontal peak force (r = 0.81; p < 0.01). The skilled group demonstrated greater horizontal impulse (1.85 ± 0.29 N·s·kg−1 skilled; 1.45 ± 0.32 N·s·kg−1 novice), suggesting greater effectiveness in applying the kinematic chain towards horizontal propulsion. Analysis of the kinematic chain, which was able to distinguish between skill levels in a propulsive task, is an effective and simple paradigm to assess whole limb contributions to propulsive movements.

Interplanetary coronal mass ejection observed at STEREO‐A, Mars, comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko, Saturn, and New Horizons en route to Pluto: Comparison of its Forbush decreases at 1.4, 3.1, and 9.9 AU

AbstractWe discuss observations of the journey throughout the Solar System of a large interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) that was ejected at the Sun on 14 October 2014. The ICME hit Mars on 17 October, as observed by the Mars Express, Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission (MAVEN), Mars Odyssey, and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) missions, 44 h before the encounter of the planet with the Siding‐Spring comet, for which the space weather context is provided. It reached comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko, which was perfectly aligned with the Sun and Mars at 3.1 AU, as observed by Rosetta on 22 October. The ICME was also detected by STEREO‐A on 16 October at 1 AU, and by Cassini in the solar wind around Saturn on the 12 November at 9.9 AU. Fortuitously, the New Horizons spacecraft was also aligned with the direction of the ICME at 31.6 AU. We investigate whether this ICME has a nonambiguous signature at New Horizons. A potential detection of this ICME by Voyager 2 at 110–111 AU is also discussed. The multispacecraft observations allow the derivation of certain properties of the ICME, such as its large angular extension of at least 116°, its speed as a function of distance, and its magnetic field structure at four locations from 1 to 10 AU. Observations of the speed data allow two different solar wind propagation models to be validated. Finally, we compare the Forbush decreases (transient decreases followed by gradual recoveries in the galactic cosmic ray intensity) due to the passage of this ICME at Mars, comet 67P, and Saturn.

A new methodology to compute the gravitational contribution of a spherical tesseroid based on the analytical solution of a sector of a spherical zonal band

A new methodology for computing the gravitational effect of a spherical tesseroid has been devised and implemented. The methodology is based on the rotation from the global Earth-Centred Rotational reference frame to the local Earth-Centred P-Rotational reference frame, referred to the computation point P, and it requires knowledge of the height and the angular extension of each topographic column. After rotation, the gravitational effect of the tesseroid is computed via the effect of a sector of the spherical zonal band. In this respect, two possible procedures for handling the rotated tesseroids have been proposed and tested. The results obtained with the devised methodology are in good agreement with those derived by applying other existing methodologies.

Feasibility of Three-Dimensional Placement of Human Therapeutic Stem Cells Using the Intracerebral Microinjection Instrument

The ability to safely place viable intracerebral grafts of human-derived therapeutic stem cells in three-dimensional (3D) space was assessed in a porcine model of human stereotactic surgery using the Intracerebral Microinjection Instrument (IMI) compared to a conventional straight cannula. Two groups of healthy minipigs received injections of the human stem cell line, NSI-566, into the right hemisphere and cell suspension carrier media into the left hemisphere. Group A received all injections using a straight, 21-gauge stainless steel cannula. Group B received all injections using the IMI, whereby radial distribution of injections was achieved via angular extension of a 196-micron diameter cannula from a single overlying penetration of the guide cannula. Each animal received six 20 µL intracerebral-injections within each hemisphere: three in a radial distribution, covering a 180° arc with each injection separated by a 60° arc distance, within both frontal cortex and basal ganglia. H&E and immunocytochemistry (HuNu and GFAP) were used to identify implanted cells and to assess tissue response. The presence of surviving cells in appropriate brain regions demonstrated that the IMI is capable of accurately delivering viable human-derived stem cells safely in a 3D array at predetermined sites within the pig brain. In addition, qualitative evaluation of the target tissue suggests efficient delivery with decreased surgical trauma. In contrast to traditional straight cannulas, the IMI enables the delivery of multiple precise cellular injection volumes in accurate 3D arrays. In this porcine large animal model of human neurosurgery, the IMI reduced surgical time and appeared to reduce neural trauma associated with multiple penetrations that would otherwise be required using a conventional straight delivery cannula.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE INLET ANGLE OVER THE RADIAL IMPELLER GEOMETRY DESIGN APPROACH WITH ANSYS

&lt;p&gt;This paper presents in brief an own application (numerical code) for quick design of the turbo machines impellers. Based on this numerical method, this paper analyses the influence of the blades’ angles on the radial impeller geometry from the centrifugal pumps: the influence of the inlet and outlet angles of the blades over the hydraulic channel size, over the number of the blades and over the blades’ angular extension. In centrifugal pumps design, a special attention must be given of the impeller inlet and outlet angles. These influences include also the pump efficiency, for 1-2 percent. &lt;br /&gt;The impeller design methods starting from the pump flow, the head, the rotation speed and ranging blades inlet and outlet angles, gives completely the impeller geometry - the suction and discharge diameters of the impeller, the number of blades and the size and shape of the hydraulic channel and estimates the efficiency for centrifugal pumps.&lt;br /&gt;Once the impeller geometry established, the dates were imported in ANSYS code, for graphical design and 3D visualization of the radial impeller, also for the streamlines flowing visualization.&lt;/p&gt;

X-ray polarimetric signatures induced by spectral variability in the framework of the receding torus model

Obscuring circumnuclear dust is a well-established constituent of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Traditionally referred to as the receding dusty torus, its inner radius and angular extension should depend on the photo-ionizing luminosity of the central source. Using a Monte Carlo approach, we simulate the radiative transfer between the multiple components of an AGN adopting model constraints from the bright Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. We compare our model results to the observed near-IR to UV polarization of the source and predict its X-ray polarization. We find that the 2-8 keV polarization fraction of a standard AGN model varies from less then a few percent along polar viewing angles up to tens of percent at equatorial inclinations. At viewing angles around the type-1/type-2 transition the X-ray polarization variability differs between a static or a receding torus scenario. In the former case, the expected 2-8 keV polarization of NGC 4151 is found to be 1.21% +/- 0.34% with a constant polarization position angle, while in the later scenario it varies from 0.1% to 6% depending on the photon index of the primary radiation. Additionally, an orthogonal rotation of the polarization position angle with photon energy appears for very soft primary spectra. Future X-ray polarimetry missions will be able to test if the receding model is valid for Seyfert galaxies seen at a viewing angle close to the torus horizon. The overall stability of the polarization position angle for photon indexes softer than {\Gamma} = 1.5 ensures that reliable measurements of X-ray polarization are possible. We derive a long-term observational strategy for NGC 4151 assuming observations with a small to medium-size X-ray polarimetry satellite.

Assessment of different spatial/angular agglomeration multigrid schemes for the acceleration of FVM radiative heat transfer computations

ABSTRACTThe development and comparison of different parallel spatial/angular agglomeration multigrid schemes to accelerate the finite volume method, for the prediction of radiative heat transfer, are reported in this study. The proposed multigrid methodologies are based on the solution of radiative transfer equation with the full approximation scheme coupled with the full multigrid method, considering different types of sequentially coarser spatial and angular resolutions as well as different V-cycle types. The encountered numerical tests, involving highly scattering media and reflecting boundaries, reveal the superiority of the nested scheme along with the V(2,0)-cycle-type strategy, while they highlight the significant contribution of the angular extension of the multigrid technique.

Transferability between Isolated Joint Torques and a Maximum Polyarticular Task: A Preliminary Study.

The aims of this study were to determine if isolated maximum joint torques and joint torques during a maximum polyarticular task (i.e. cycling at maximum power) are correlated despite joint angle and velocity discrepancies, and to assess if an isolated joint-specific torque production capability at slow angular velocity is related to cycling power. Nine cyclists completed two different evaluations of their lower limb maximum joint torques. Maximum Isolated Torques were assessed on isolated joint movements using an isokinetic ergometer and Maximum Pedalling Torques were calculated at the ankle, knee and hip for flexion and extension by inverse dynamics during cycling at maximum power. A correlation analysis was made between Maximum Isolated Torques and respective Maximum Pedalling Torques [3 joints x (flexion + extension)], showing no significant relationship. Only one significant relationship was found between cycling maximum power and knee extension Maximum Isolated Torque (r=0.68, p<0.05). Lack of correlations between isolated joint torques measured at slow angular velocity and the same joint torques involved in a polyarticular task shows that transfers between both are not direct due to differences in joint angular velocities and in mono-articular versus poly articular joint torque production capabilities. However, this study confirms that maximum power in cycling is correlated with slow angular velocity mono-articular maximum knee extension torque.

Biomechanical alterations of gait termination in middle-aged and elderly women.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanical changes and patterns of the lower extremities after gait termination in middle-aged and elderly women. [Subjects] The study population comprised an elderly group and middle-aged group. [Methods] To collect kinematic and kinetic data related to gait termination, six infrared cameras and one force platform were used, and variables were calculated by using Visual 3D. [Results] During the termination phase, the elderly group generated less braking force than the middle-aged group. During initiation of the termination phase and after the center of gravity completely stopped moving, there was a difference between the two groups in the hip joint angle. During the termination phase, the maximum angular velocity and extension moment of the ankle joint and those of the knee joint were higher in the elderly group than in the middle-aged group. [Conclusion] In contrast to the middle-aged group that showed a rapid increase and then decrease of the initial extension moment during gait termination, the maximum extension moment that was created during the early stage of the termination phase in the elderly group continued until the center of gravity completely stopped.