Anguillospora Longissima Research Articles

Aquatic fungi growing on dead fragments of submerged plants

The authors investigated the dead fragments of 22 species of submerged plants in the water from three limnological and trophical different water bodies (spring, river and pond). A total of 184 species of aquatic fungi, including 119 zoosporic and 65 conidial species were found on the fragments investigated plants. The most common fungus species were Aphanomyces laevis, Saprolegnia litoralis, Pythium rostratum (zoosporic fungi) and Acrodictys elaeidicola, Anguillospora longissima, Angulospora aquatica, Lemonniera aquatica, Mirandina corticola, Tetracladium marchalianum, Tetracladium maxiliformis, Trinacrium subtile (conidial fungi). Most fungus species were observed on the specimens of Elodea canadensis (33 fungus species), Hippuris vulgaris f. submersa (33), Myriophyllum spicatum (34) and Potamogeton crispus (33), fewest on Ceratophyllum demersum (24), Fontinalis dalicarlica and Potamogeton nitens (each 25). The most fungi were growing in the water from River Supraśl (107), the fewest in the water from Pond Dojlidy (99). Some aquatic fungus species were observed in the water of only one of the three water bodies – in Pond Dojlidy (30), in Spring Jaroszówka (32) and in the River Supraśl (39) species. Seventy-five species growing only on fragments of single submerged plants. A number of zoosporic and conidial species (22 and four, respectively) appeared new to Polish waters. Out of these 119 zoosporic species, some are known as parasites or necrotrophs of fish.

Diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes in the aquatic ecosystems of the Western Ghats of India

Relationships between physico-chemical factors of waters, riparian vegetation, altitude and species richness of the hyphomycete communities in six rivers and a sulfur spring in the Western Ghats of Karnataka were analysed statistically. Linear regression and correlation between log fungal species and riparian vegetation was highly significant. The similarity in the fungal diversity between different rivers and the sulphur spring was evaluated by Sorensen's index. Generally, the indices of similarity in the mycoflora between the streams were high. However, in the streams of Lakya, Bhadra, Ranganathittu bird sanctuary and the sulfur spring the indices of similarity were low compared with the rest of the water systems. The low pH, low oxygen concentration, hardness, high iron, high temperature and sulfide contents of the waters of these streams are thought to be the reasons for the differences in these streams. Anguillospora longissima, Helicomyces roseus, Lunulospora curvula, Triscelophorus monosporus and Wiesneriomyces laurinus were found to be the most abundant species.

Changes in concentration of aquatic hyphomycete conidia in water passing through a concrete pipe

Changes in conidial numbers of aquatic hyphomycetes in water passing through a concrete pipe were investigated by water filtration. Retention in the pipe was low and concentrations of conidia of Alatospora acuminata, Anguillospora longissima, Clavariopsis aquatica, Clavatospora longibrachiata, Heliscella stellata, Lemonniera terrestris, Lunulospora curvula, Pyricularia submersa, Tetrachaetum elegans and Tetracladium marchalianum were unchanged after 1.8 km drift. Only one species, Articulospora tetracladia , showed significant decrease, resulting in part from fragmentation of the conidia. These results suggest that studies of communities of aquatic hyphomycetes in natural environments by sampling conidia by water filtration need to account for differences in stream retention as well as species specific differences in conidial fragmentation.

The autumn communities of freshwater hyphomycetes in the tributaries of the River Neelum

Freshwater hyphomycete communities of autumn, based on data generated by three techniques used simultaneously, were richer than those detected by these techniques used singly. The fungal communities in the acidic streams were poorer (28–32 species) than in the circumneutral streams (39–64 species). No significant correlation was found between number of fungal species and pH of the stream water. Combining the data from this study with those of studies by other authors using the same techniques, linear correlation and regression analyses revealed the significant negative correlation between species composition of communities in a stream and its pH. The number of fungal species in assemblages detected by different techniques used singly (e.g., filtration of stream water or examination of foam concentrate) or communities based on data generated by these techniques used simultaneously versus pH values formed a unimodal curve with a maximum at a pH between 6 and 7, mostly at 6.7. The conidial dynamics were influenced by the riparian vegetation. Conidium production from submerged deciduous and conifer litter was determined under laboratory conditions. Generally conidium production per disc was higher for Anguillospora longissima (Sacc. & Syd) Ingold, Flagellospora cumula Ingold, Lunulospora curvula Ingold, and Tetracladium marchalianum de Wildeman in deciduous leaves than conifer leaves. Heliscus lugdunensis Sacc. & Therry, Alatospora acuminata Ingold, and Articulospora tetracladia Ingold produced more conidia per disc in conifer than in deciduous leaves. Percentage similarity between spora produced by submerged substrate and stream spora was higher for deciduous substratum than for coniferous substratum in five circumneutral streams with a riparian vegetation dominated by deciduous trees. This index was higher for coniferous substratum in three acidic streams in which coniferous and deciduous trees were evenly distributed. The fungal communities in the Nosehri, Pathika, and Jabbar Camp streams showed higher values of species diversity than in other streams. Key words: freshwater, hyphomycetes, species diversity.

Use of Immunoassays for the Study of Natural Assemblages of Aquatic Hyphomycetes

Specific monoclonal antibodies raised in previous studies were used in a quantitative ELISA to determine the biomass of three species of aquatic hyphomycetes: Tetracladium marchalianum de Wild, Anguillospora longissima Ingold, and Alatospora acuminata Ingold. The use of these methods for the study of mixed assemblages was assessed in the laboratory. The presence of nontarget fungi did not interfere with specific recognition by antibodies in the ELISA assay. The immunoassays indicated that lower biomass was attained by individual species colonizing field-incubated leaf material compared to laboratory-inoculated material. Alatospora acuminata attained the highest relative biomass on field-incubated leaf material, and T. marchalianum the lowest. These results contrast sharply with those obtained using more conventional methods based on conidial abundance. Conidia of T. marchaliamum were recorded more frequently than conidia of A. acuminata, and are, therefore, assumed to have had a higher relative abundance. The implications of these apparently conflicting results are discussed.

Anguillosporal, a new antibacterial and antifungal metabolite from the freshwater fungus Anguillospora longissima.

Anguillosporal [1], a new antifungal and antibacterial metabolite, has been isolated from the freshwater fungus Anguillospora longissima (CS-869-1A). Its structure was determined as 2,4-dihydroxy-3-ethyl-6-(1'-methylpentyl)-benzaldehyde on the basis of ms, 1H-nmr, and 13C-nmr data.

Development of a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the detection and quantification of Anguillospora longissima colonizing leaf material.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the aquatic hyphomycete Anguillospora longissima were raised in mice by using a coimmunization program. A cell line was raised that produced a MAb of the immunoglobulin M class that was specific for A. longissima both in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by immunofluorescence but that did not recognize other members of the aquatic hyphomycetes. This MAb (AL-HH8c) was used to develop a quantitative ELISA in vitro. The antigen recognized by AL-HH8c is produced throughout the mycelium, irrespective of mycelial age and culture conditions. By using this MAb, mycelium of A. longissima colonizing leaf material can be detected by ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoenzymatic staining methods.

Freshwater hyphomycete communities in a canal. 1. Endophytic hyphomycetes of submerged roots of trees sheltering a canal bank

Seventeen species of freshwater hyphomycetes were found as endophytes of roots of Mangifera indica, Populus hybrida, and Salix babylonica extending into the water from crevices in the brick wall of a canal in Lahore, Pakistan. More species were recovered by aerating than by plating bark and xylem segments on malt extract agar. Endophytic species of bark outnumbered those of xylem detected by aeration and plating methods. Anguillospora longissima, Articulospora proliferata, Bacillispora aquatica, Flagellospora curvula, Flagellospora fusarioides, Flagellospora penicillioides, Fusarium sp., and Tetracladium marchalianum were produced in abundance on aerated root segments. Fusarium sp. dominated other endophytic species of three tree species. Fifteen, 14, and 12 species were recovered from Salix babylonica, Mangifera indica, and Populus hybrida, respectively. Campylospora chaetocladia was confined on the bark and Heliscus lugdunensis on the bark as well as xylem segments of Salix babylonica. Clavariopsis azlanii and Tricellula aquatica were recovered from roots of Mangifera indica. Key words: endophytic freshwater hyphomycetes, submerged roots, canal water.

Comparative ecology of Gammarus pulex (L.) and Asellus aquaticus (L.) II: fungal preferences

This paper continues to explore niche differentiation in Gammarus pulex and Asellus aquaticus by analysis of their food preferences. Individuals from both species discriminated between leaf discs colonized by different fungal species and exhibited strong preferences for Anguillospora longissima and Heliscus lugdunensis. Fungal preferences were not correlated with the relative abundance of fungi in the field and there was considerable intra-population variability in food preferences — both between individuals and for the same individual through time. Niche overlap between animals from all four study populations was high and there was no evidence of differences in the potential trophic niches of animals from sympatric and allopatric populations.

An experimental study of the breakdown of submerged leaves by hyphomycetes and invertebrates in Morocco

SUMMARY. 1. Mechanisms of the breakdown of submerged leaves under the warm and dry Moroccan climate, including the interaction between hyphomycetes and invertebrates, were investigated.2. Laboratory experiments were performed on dried leaves of Salix sp. and Nerium oleander.3. During the first month under the experimental conditions, Melanopsis praemorsa, Physa acula (Gastropoda) and Hydropsyche maroccana (Trichoptera), respectively, were responsible for a loss of weight of 38, 21 and 13% in willow leaves, and 40, 15 and 8% in oleander leaves.4. The weight lost by willow leaves inoculated with the fungi Alatospora acuminata, Anguillospora longissima, Lemonniera aquatica and Tetracladium marchalianum increased with time, but varied according to the fungal species. Loss of weight and increase in nitrate and phosphate content of the leaves were greatest with Lemonniera and smallest with Tetracladium.5. When the leaves thus colonized by each of the four fungal species were exposed to each of the three invertebrates, the amount of material consumed increased with the time of fungal conditioning and varied according to the fungus and to the invertebrate. Greatest consumption was by Melanopsis feeding on leaves conditioned by Lemonniera, in which case assimilation percentage by the gastropod was as high as 75%.6. Owing to their numbers in the field, and to the quantity of leaf material they ingest, gastropods appear as the main shredders in the streams considered, thus replacing the Crustacea that often play this part under temperate climates. Breakdown seems faster in Morocco than in France, mainly because of a shorter initial time lag in weight loss.

Hyphomycetes in the stream at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh and notes on their distribution in Scotland

Summary The hyphomycete spora of the stream in the Rock Garden of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, was sampled during the winter of 1983/84. Eighteen species were found, the three most common being Anguillospora pseudolongissima, Tetracladium setigerum and Anguillospora longissima. The spores were most numerous in December and although still present in February and March had decreased quite considerably in number. Comparisons are made between the samples and also with other similar studies conducted elsewhere.

磐梯山周辺の湖沼の微生物学的研究

The distribution of aquatic Hyphomycetes was studied in the lakes of Volcano Bandai, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.According to the physico-chemical characters, the lakes are divided into acidotrophic and harmonic types. The lake waters of the former type contain large amounts of mineral acids, while those of the latter contain relatively few acids.The aquatic Hyphomycetes are more prevalent as well as better in quality in the harmonic lakes than the acidotrophic ones. Tricladium gracile var. oxyphilum is distributed only in the acidotrophic lakes, but never in the harmonic ones. Lemonniera aquatica and Anguillospora longissima seem to adapt to the acidotrophic lakes containing large amounts of mineral acids. On the other hand, Articulospora tetracladia, Lunulospora curvula, Tetrachaetum elegans and Triscelophorus monosporus are distributed only in the harmonic lakes.The experiments were carried out in the laboratory on the resistance of the aquatic Hyphomycetes against the acidotrophic water. Tricladium gracile, Lemonniera aquatica and Anguillospora longissima have a high resistibility to the acidotrophic water. These results are in accordance with the observations by the writers in natural lakes.

Aquatic hyphomycetes of decaying alder leaves

An account is given of a flora of submerged aquatic Hyphomycetes growing on decaying leaves of alder and willow in a stream. The flora consists of sixteen species belonging to thirteen genera. The majority of these fungi produce conidia which are branched, and in most of these species the conidium consists of four divergent arms. In three species, belonging to different genera, an elongated spore with a three-dimensional curvature is produced. Only in one species is the spore more or less spherical. The following fungi, already known to science, are members of the flora: Lemonniera aquatica De Wild., Clavariopsis aquatica De Wild., Varicosporium Elodeae Kegel, and Tetracladium Marchalianum De Wild., although a more restricted definition is proposed for the last species. Tridentaria setigera Grove is reported, but it is suggested that this species should be removed to the genus Tetracladium and the binomial T. setigerum (Grove) n.comb. is suggested. The relationship between the genera Titaea and Tetracladium is discussed, and it is pointed out that Titaea maxilliformis Rostr. should be regarded as a species of Tetracladium . Of the three species with elongated spores the only one which seems to be referable to a known species is Fusarium longissimum Sacc. & Syd. (= F. elongatum De Wild.). It is pointed out that this species cannot be regarded as belonging to Fusarium , and the name Anguillospora longissima (Sacc. & Syd.) n.comb., is proposed. The remaining ten species belonging to seven genera appear to be new to science. These are as follows: Margaritispora aquatica , n.gen., n.sp., Articulospora tetracladia n.gen., n.sp., Tetrachaetum elegans n.gen., n.sp., Tricladium splendens n.gen., n.sp., T. angulatum n.sp., Heliscus aquaticus n.sp., H. longibrachiatus n.sp., Alatospora acuminata n.gen., n.sp., Lunulospora curvula n.gen., n.sp., and Flagellospora curvula n.gen., n.sp. Of the sixteen alder-leaf Hyphomycetes, all except three ( Tetracladium setigerum, Heliscus longibrachiatus and Flagellospora curvula ) have been grown in pure culture on malt agar and oatmeal agar. In some genera ( Clavariopsis, Tetracladium, Articulospora, Tetrachaetum, Tricladium, Lunulospora and Anguillospora ) the spore form on which the genus is based is an aleuriospore, while in others ( Lemonniera, Margaritispora, Heliscus, Alatospora and Flagellospora ) it is a phialospore. In Varicosporium the spore is probably best regarded as a radulaspore. The possible biological value of the branched spore and of the long, curved spore is discussed, and it is suggested that this value may lie in the ease with which these spores become entangled in the decaying leaves of the stream-bed. It is suggested that in fitting these fungi into the recent scheme of classification of Hyphomycetes proposed by Wakefield and Bisby (1941) , the best plan is to place them in the Gloiosporae, and to extend the definition of that group to include not only genera based on śslime spores’ but also genera founded on ‘aquatic spores’ produced, liberated and normally dispersed below water.