Anguilla Bicolor Bicolor Research Articles

Characterization and Effect of Processing on Parvalbumin Content in Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla Bicolor-bicolor)

Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) is a high economic value fish and a high nutritional content. However, their utilization can be limited because of hypersensitivity cases in individuals allergic to fish. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the fish major allergenic protein, parvalbumin in different parts of the eel fillet and the effects of boiling technique on the content of this protein. The samples were boiled with 100 mL of water in an Erlenmeyer flask at 95°C for 10 min. The eel fillet was divided into three parts: the front, middle, and rear part of the body. Protein profiles from each part were identified using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Bradford assays. Parvalbumin was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The concentration of protein in the different parts of the eel was not significantly different, whereas the processing treatments (meat with water (F1 extract) and meat without water (F2 extract)) affected protein concentration. Eel meat contained proteins with molecular weights ranging from 10 to 186 kDa. Parvalbumins are highly water-soluble, as their content was reduced in the fillet, but were observed at a high concentration in the water after boiling. Parvalbumins of eel were purified by ammonium sulfate 70-90% with high purity. Interestingly, two different bands were observed in SDS-PAGE, suggesting the presence of a protein variant. The molecular weight of parvalbumin obtained from purification ranged from 10 to 11 kDa, similar to that of other fish.

Effects of Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor) By-Product Oil Supplementation on HOMA-IR and Lipid Profile in Obese Male Wistar Rats.

The prevalence of people being overweight and obese has increased globally over the past decades. The use of omega-3 fatty acids-a compound usually primarily found in fish oil-has been known to improve the metabolic profile of obese patients. As the demand for eels increases, the number of waste products from the eels increases and creates environmental problems. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a newly discovered Indonesian Shortfin eel by-product oil supplementation on the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Estimated Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and lipid profiles of obese male (Lee index ≥ 0.3) Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). The oil was extracted from waste products (heads). Fifteen obese rats were divided into three groups and were administered NaCl (C), commercial fish oil (CO), and Indonesian shortfin eel by-product oil (EO). All groups had statistically significant differences in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels (p < 0.05). The CO and EO group showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride after treatment. However, no significant difference was found in HDL levels and HOMA-IR. The supplementation of Indonesian shortfin eel by-product oil significantly improved lipid profile while effectively mitigating environmental challenges.

Feeding frequency on survival, growth, blood glucose of glass eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system

Indonesian shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor is one of the eel species that high market demand both for local and export. Feeding frequency is an important that related to production for culture. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the optimal feeding frequencies on survival and growth of shortfin eel at glass eel to elver stages cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system. Four treatments of different feeding frequencies and three replicates each were performed. The treatments were as followed A) 1 time a day; B) 2 times a day; C) 3 times a day; and D) 4 times a day. The result showed that the feeding frequency affect the survival, length and weight growths, and glucose value. The best of survival rate (82.61±3.15%), weight (1.91±0.28 g) and length (10.64±0.45cm) found at feeding frequency 3 times a day compared to the others (P<.0.05). Blood glucose value increases with increasing feeding frequency. Water quality such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and pH were within the optimal range. Three times a day of feeding frequency is recommended for applying on glass eel culture in a recirculating aquaculture system.

Configuration of gut bacterial community profile and their potential functionality in the digestive tract of the wild and cultivated Indonesian shortfin elver-phase eels (Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1844).

This study aimed to explore the bacteria present in the digestive tracts of wild and cultivated Indonesian shortfin eel during the elver phase. The eel has high export potential due to its vitamin and micronutrient content, but slow growth and vulnerability to collapse in farm conditions hinder its cultivation. The microbiota in the eel's digestive tract is crucial for its health, particularly during the elver phase. This study used Next Generation Sequencing to analyze the community structure and diversity of bacteria in the eels' digestive tracts, focusing on the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Mothur software was used for data analysis and PAST v.3.26 was used to calculate alpha diversity. The results showed that Proteobacteria (64.18%) and Firmicutes (33.55%) were the predominant phyla in the digestive tract of cultivated eels, while Bacteroidetes (54.16%), Firmicutes (14.71%), and Fusobacteria (10.56%) were predominant in wild eels. The most prevalent genera in cultivated and wild elver were Plesiomonas and Cetobacterium, respectively. The microbiota in the digestive tract of cultivated eels was diverse despite uneven distribution. The KEGG database analysis revealed that the primary function of the microbiome was to facilitate the eel's absorption of nutrients by contributing significantly to the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. This study's findings can aid in assessing eel health and improving eel farming conditions.

Contribution of migratory types to the reproduction of migrating silver eels in a tropical eel, Anguilla bicolorbicolor

The recent noticeable depletion of the catadromous eel populations has created global concerns for the eel stocks. Thus, the demand for tropical catadromous eels, which are a major alternate target species to compensate temperate species, is sharply increasing. However, eminently little is known regarding the biology and ecology of tropical eels across the Indo-Pacific region. To elucidate the contribution to reproduction among migratory types in a tropical eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor, which is currently considered a major commercial target species, the otolith microchemistry was examined in silver (matured) stage eels. The broad range of otolith Sr:Ca ratios indicated that the habitat use was opportunistic among sea, brackish and fresh waters after recruitment to the continental habitats. Two migratory types, estuarine resident and marine resident eels, were found, but no freshwater resident eel, which is considered as the typical catadromous migration, was found. The lack of freshwater resident eels among all silver eels suggests that the estuarine and marine migrants colonizing adjacent to coastal areas might facilitate a substantial contribution to reproduction for the following generation in this area.

Life-stage dependent histological characterization of liver HIF-1α expression in the Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1884)

The Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1884) is catadromous fish. The developmental phase of the fish is influenced by the availability and type of feed, and dissolved oxygen levels (DO). Oxygen level fluctuations during migration from sea to fresh waters can cause hypoxia and trigger activation of the Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha gene (HIF-1α). Therefore, undertanding HIF-1α expression is very important in understanding the life cycle and physiology of this organism. This study aimed to perform a histological comparison between the liver structure of eel in the elver eel phase to silver eel and compared the expression of HIF-1α in the liver. The eels were collected from Kulon Progo Regency, Segara Anakan in Cilacap, and Cangkringan in Sleman, respectively. The eel livers were prepared with standard paraffin method. The samples were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin, Mallory Acid Fuchsin and Periodic Acid-Schiff Alcian Blue for histological observation. The HIF-1α protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the structure of liver elver, yellow, and silver eel shared similar tubular hepatocytes. Moreover, there was no significant differences in the parenchymal structure of liver of all stage of eel. Mucin levels were different in each life cycle phase. HIF-1α expression varied by eel phase, with the elver eel showing weak expression, yellow stage showing moderate expression, and silver eels displaying the highest levels of expression. We conclude that the highest expression of HIF-1α was found in the silver eel, which resides in freshwater environments and is found in freshwater while returning to the sea for reproduction.

Amino acid profiles and consumer acceptance of Indonesian shortfin eels meat (Anguilla bicolor sp.)

The genera Anguilla is economically important to Indonesia and on increasing demand in the global market. Providing nutritional information and consumer acceptance may favour its better application in research and functional food development. Thus, the objectives of this research were to study the proximate nutritional composition, amino acid profile, followed by consumer acceptance of short fin eel. This research used proximate analysis for the determination of nutritional composition, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the amino acids profile, and hedonic analysis using 30 panellists for consumer acceptance. Proximate composition analysis showed that Indonesian shortfin eel contained 58% water, 1.53% ash, 10.15% protein, 8.89% lipid and 21.42% carbohydrate on wet basis. From the amino acids profile analysis, the highest amino acid found in Indonesian shortfin eel was glutamic acid. Acceptance of Indonesian shortfin eel is lower than trout fish. It may be due to the harder texture of the Indonesian shortfin eel fish.

Comparative Study of Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Acceptance of Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor) and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

The aim of this study was to examine the fatty acid composition and sensory acceptance of Indonesian shortfin eels meat (Anguilla bicolor) in two consumable sizes (small and large) as compared to farmed Atlantic salmon meat (Salmo salar) that are commonly consumed by Indonesian consumers as a source of nutrient and omega-3. Fatty acid analysis was carried out by fat extraction and gas chromatography. Data obtained was analyzed by ANOVA. Results revealed that the highest total fat content was found in small eels (23.75 / 100 gr), followed by large eels (18.52 / 100 gr) and salmon (15.98 / 100 gr). Meanwhile, the highest total fatty acid content was found in salmon (88.07% w/w), followed by large eel (81.88% w/w) and the small eels (75.68% w/w). Saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found more abundant in eels of both sizes whereas salmon contains a higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Both small eel and large eel contain 25 types of fatty acids, while salmon contains 24 types of fatty acids with heneicosanoic acid being the fatty acid absent in salmon. Sensory evaluation using hedonic scale demonstrated panelists’ preferences for texture (firmness, juiciness), aroma, taste, and overall of boiled salmon were not significantly different from boiled eel. The panelists’ preference for the aroma, taste, and overall of boiled eel with dipping sauce was also not significantly different from steamed salmon with dipping sauce. In conclusion, our study suggests that Indonesian shortfin eels present a commensurable if not greater fatty acid composition and palatability compared to Salmon.

Indonesian short fin eel Anguilla bicolor (Mclelland, 1844) swim bladder as important organ for reflecting acoustic wave

Indonesian shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor (McClelland, 1844) is one of fish that have swim bladder to assist swim and doing migration. Every fish has different shape, gas volume, dimension, and length ratio of swim bladder, which can play role in the difference in backscattering of acoustic energy. This study aims to determine the shape, dimensions and ratio of Anguilla bicolor’s swim bladder and their effect on target strength (TS) values. The research was conducted in two places, in the Acoustic lab, Department of Marine Science and Technology, Bogor University and Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Retrieving data using the EK-15, Frequency 200 KHz tool and also the X-ray photo. The results show the shape of the swim bladder of Anguilla bicolor is elongated and consists of 1 room which is generally called a closed swim bladder. Acoustic detection results show that fish with large swim bladder volumes have large TS values and conversely fish with small swim bladder volumes have a small TS value.

Retention of albumin in Indonesian shortfin eel meat (Anguilla bicolor) by freeze-drying encapsulation using maltodextrin and gum Arabic as coating materials

Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor) or locally known as sidat eel is one of Indonesia’s important export commodity owing to its nutritional value such as albumin. In this study, encapsulation of freeze-dried sidat eel meat (EM) by biopolymers such as maltodextrin (MD) and and gum Arabic (GA) was examined to find the most effective method to retain its albumin content. Emulsion of biopolymers with a constant weight ratio percentage of 8.00% (w/w, coating material/sidat eel meat) and four different proportions of MD and GA were prepared using a homogenizer, followed by freeze-drying. The 4 different proportions were named T1 (EM 92% + GA 5.33% + MD 2.67%), T2 (EM 92% + GA 2.91% + MD 5.09%), T3 (EM 92% + GA 2.00% + MD 6.00%) and T4 (EM 92% + GA 1.52% + MD 6.46%), respectively. Powders were characterized for its physico-chemical characteristics including colour measurements, moisture content, water solubility, and retention of albumin content. It was observed that T4 consisting of EM with addition of GA (1.52%) and MD (6.46%) as coating materials retained the highest amount of albumin. The encapsulation efficiency were positively influenced by moisture content, solubility and colour measurement differences. To conclude, a mixture of gum Arabic and maltodextrin as coating materials was efficient to retain albumin in EM freeze-drying encapsulation. This necessary information may be valuable to researchers working on food supplements or functional food development.

Growth of stunted elver of the Indonesian shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor McClelland, 1844 rearing in semi-natural media

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of stunted elver Anguilla bicolor from three different periods of stunting process. Prior to experiment, the stunting process of elver was carried out by limiting the feeding rate at 2% of the fish biomass and temperature media with 24 oC for 2, 4, and 6 months period. The study used a completely randomized design with three different sources of stunted elvers (i.e., A = 2 months; B = 4 months; C = 6 months) as treatments with three replications. Measurement of RNA:DNA ratio, protein content, profile blood description and elver otolith growth was carried out at the beginning and end of rearing process. Post-stunting elvers were reared on artificial media designed according to elver habitat and controlled. Elver was stocked with 15 individuals in the artificial semi-natural media with a temperature of 28 oC and fed with 1 kg media-1 day-1 tubifex worm for three months. The results showed that the compensatory growth of stunted elvers increased two to three times with 100% of survival rate after three months of rearing process. Stunting has a significant effect on treatment B, indicated by the value of weight specific growth rates, RNA : DNA ratio, protein content, blood glucose levels and otolith growth of elvers. This study revealed that the growth performance of stunted elver reared in semi-natural media for four months is better than other treatments.

Optimization of salinity range for rearing glass eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Fasting is one of a method that used for measured growth of fish in a shorter period of time. This study was aimed to determine the optimum range of salinity for improve the survival and growth of glass eel &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;. It used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four salinity treatments and three replications, namely (A) 0 g/L, (B) 10 g/L, (C) 20 g/L, and (D) 30 g/L. The fish used were of glass eel &lt;em&gt;A. bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt; with 0.15–0.23 g of weight. The experiment was conducted in an aquarium of 60×30×30 cm with a volume of 30 Liters and at a stocking density of 2 g/L for 14 days. During the maintenance, glass eels were fasted for have a significantly of biomass decline. Data collection was done at the start and the end of maintenance. Parameters measured included survival (%) and the rate of decline in absolute biomass (g). Physical and chemical parameters included temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH which were measured daily, while ammonia and alkalinity were measured every seven days. Result showed that survival was not significantly different between treatments (P&amp;gt;0.05), while the rate of decline in absolute biomass was significantly different between treatments (P&amp;lt;0.05). Treatments of 0 g/L salinity was the lowest survival than the others. While treatment of 10 g/L salinity was the lowest rate of decline in absolute biomass. According to research, the optimum salinity was 10 g/L, and after analysis with quadratic regression analysis, the optimum range of salinity were 5.00–13.40 g/L.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Keywords: optimum salinity, survival, growth, glass eel, &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Pemuasaan merupakan salah satu metode pengukuran perubahan bobot ikan yang dipelihara dalam waktu singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kisaran salinitas optimum untuk meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan glass eel &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), dengan empat perlakuan salinitas dan tiga ulangan, yaitu (A) 0 g/L, (B) 10 g/L, (C) 20 g/L, dan (D) 30 g/L. Penelitian dilakukan selama 14 hari. Ikan yang digunakan adalah glass eel &lt;em&gt;A. bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt; dengan bobot 0,15–0,23 g dengan padat tebar 2 g/L. Pemeliharaan dilakukan di akuarium berukuran 60×30×30 cm dengan volume air 30 Liter/akuarium. Selama pemeliharaan glass eel dipuasakan sehingga diperoleh penurunan biomassa yang signifikan. Pengambilan sampel data dilakukan setiap tujuh hari berupa kelangsungan hidup (%) dan laju penurunan biomassa mutlak (g). Parameter fisika kimia air berupa ammonia dan alkalinitas dilakukan setiap tujuh hari, sedangkan suhu, oksigen terlarut (DO), dan pH dilakukan setiap hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelangsungan hidup tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan (P&amp;gt;0,05) sedangkan laju penurunan biomassa mutlak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan (P&amp;lt;0,05). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, salinitas 10 g/L, 20 g/L, dan 30 g/L menunjukkan kelangsungan hidup 100%, sedangkan salinitas 0 g/L memberikan kelangsungan hidup terendah. Salinitas 10 g/L menunjukkan pemakaian energi terendah untuk metabolisme tubuh sehingga memberikan penurunan bobot biomassa terendah dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan salinitas optimum adalah 10 g/L, dan setelah dihitung menggunakan analisis regresi kuadratik, maka kisaran salinitas optimum adalah 5,00–13,40 g/L. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci: salinitas optimum, kelangsungan hidup, pertumbuhan, glass eel, &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The Use of Water Exchange for Feeding Rate and Growth Promotion of Shortfin Eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor In Recirculating Water System

The shortage of eel’s seed Anguilla spp. and it’s consumption size will induce the hunting of this species. Thus, stocks are critically endangered. Central Java have two indigenious species i.e. A. marmorata and A. bicolor bicolor. These two species will be endanger if management of stock do not conduct properly. The use of water exchange by replacing water volume for feeding rate and growth promotion of Indonesian shortfin eel A. bicolor bicolor in RWS will at least give a basic information in appropriate aquaculture systems and as a part of disaster mitigation of indegenious species extinction. The study used 3 replications and 3 treatments of water exchange, i.e. T1: 50, T2: 100, and T3: 200 % of water removed d-1. The fish were fed with approx. 2.2% dry basis of formulated feed. Tanks with volume of 1 m3 contain a density of approx. 20 kg seed stock of shortfin eel fingerlink size per m3 water in RSW. The result shows that feeding rate among treatments are significantly different (α < 0.001), where T1= 1.62±0.23% d-1, T2 = 1.89±0.06% d-1 and T3 = 1.99±0.06% d-1. Individual and Biomass weight gain increase (IWG: T1= 0.039±0.003, T2= 0.050±0.001, T3= 0.076±0.002 kg and BWG: T1= 7.087±0.443, T2 = 11.051±0.894, T3= 19.722±0.831 kg respectively) by increasing water exchange (α < 0.001). Meanwhile the absolute growth was found higher in individual (IAG) compare to biomass (BAG) and both of them increase by increasing water exchange (α < 0.001). Where for IAG: T1= 55.42±3.69, T2= 71.02±2.40, T3= 106.12±1.98% and BAG: T1= 35.11±1.13, T2= 52.94±6.17, T3= 90.77±3.14% respectively.

Production performance of eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor with the addition of calsium carbonat

ABSTRACT Eel have high enough prospects to cultivated. The sustainability of eel culture and overcome slowly growth arising in this cultivation was needed enough information on their biology at growth. One of the aspects that needs to be examined in an effort to increase the growth is the water quality of culture media. In addition to regulate salinity may also be convened by arranging levels of calcium and alkalinity. Calcium is an essential mineral essential required in considerable amount. The objective of the study was to determining the optimal media levels of calcium and alkalinity that can support the survival and growth of eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor and evaluate the role of calcium and alkalinity. The study was conducted with an experimental method with four treatments, the addition of dose CaCO 3 on the culture media were (0, 50, 100, 150 mg/L) and repeated three times. Aquariums for fish maintenance were insulated form in the size of 100×50×40 cm 3 and with recirculation system. Insulation serves to separate the filter and maintenance parts. The filter used as a physical, chemical, and biology filters. The parameters measured were the survival rate, growth rate on biomass, feed convertion ratio, oxygen consumption rate, and the employment rate of osmotic. The results of this study showed treatment with 50 mg/L calcium carbonate addition into the culture media was the best treatment for growth rate of 1.77 g/day and optimal feed convertion ratio of 2.27, oxygen comsumption rate of 0.41 mg O 2 /g/h and osmotic work rate of 0.269 mOsm/L H 2 O. Keywords: eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor , calcium, growth, resirculation ABSTRAK Ikan sidat memiliki prospek yang cukup besar untuk dibudidayakan. Untuk menjaga usaha budidaya ikan sidat yang berkelanjutan dan mengatasi pertumbuhan yang lambat, maka diperlukan informasi yang memadai tentang aspek biologinya yakni pertumbuhan. Salah satu aspek yang perlu dikaji dalam upaya meningkatkan pertumbuhan tersebut adalah kualitas air media pemeliharaan. Selain dengan mengatur salinitas dapat juga dilakukan dengan mengatur kadar kalsium. Kalsium merupakan mineral esensial yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kadar kalsium karbonat yang dapat mendukung kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan ikan sidat Anguilla bicolor bicolor . Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu penambahan CaCO 3 dengan dosis (0, 50, 100, 150 mg/L) dan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Wadah yang digunakan berupa akuarium bersekat berukuran 100×50×40 cm 3 dengan sistem resirkulasi. Sekat berfungsi untuk memisahkan bagian filter dan bagian pemeliharaan. Filter yang digunakan adalah satu unit filter yang berfungsi sebagai filter fisik, kimia, dan biologi. Parameter yang diamati adalah tingkat kelangsungan hidup, laju pertumbuhan mutlak biomassa, konversi pakan, tingkat konsumsi oksigen dan tingkat kerja osmotik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media pemeliharaan ikan sidat dengan penambahan kalsium karbonat sejumlah 50 mg/L merupakan perlakuan terbaik yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan bobot ikan sidat sebesar 1,77 g/hari serta meminimalkan konversi pakan yaitu 2,27, tingkat konsumsi oksigen sebesar 0,41 mg O 2 /g/jam dan tingkat kerja osmotik sebesar 0,269 mOsm/L H 2 O. Kata kunci: ikan sidat Anguilla bicolor bicolor , kalsium, pertumbuhan, resirkulasi

The gonad growth of Anguilla bicolor bicolor induced by hormone combination of HCG, MT, E2, and antidopamine

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;The aim of the study was to stimulate eel gonad growth by intramuscularly injection with a hormonal combination of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), methyltestosterone (T), estradiol (E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and antidopamine (A) meanwhile 0.9% NaCl solution was used as control. Estradiol concentration in the blood serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Stimulation with hCG 20 IU/kg in combination with MT 3 mg/kg and 10 μg/kg antidopamine (hTA treatment) very effective for increased the growth of gonads with indicators gonadosomatic index (GSI) of 4.80%, hepatosomatic index 1.01% and concentration of E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 2.49±0.67 ng/mL were significantly different (P&amp;lt;0.05) than others treatment after ten weeks of application.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Key words: hormone, gonad growth, maturation, Indonesian short finned eel&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt;Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan gonad yang distimulasi oleh kombinasi &lt;em&gt;human chorionic gonadotropin&lt;/em&gt; (hCG), metiltestosteron (MT), estradiol (E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) dan antidopamin (A). Ikan sidat disuntik dengan hormon dan 0,9% NaCl sebagai kontrol secara intramuskular. Pengukuran konsentrasi hormon E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; dalam serum darah dengan &lt;em&gt;enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay &lt;/em&gt;(ELISA). Stimulasi dengan hCG 20 IU/kg dikombinasi dengan MT 3 mg/kg dan antidopamin 10 μg/kg (perlakuan hTA) sangat efektif untuk feminisasi dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan gonad dengan indikator indeks gonadosomatik (GSI) 4,80%, indeks hepatosomatik 1,01% dan konsentrasi E&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;2,49±0,67 ng/mL, secara signifikan berbeda pada taraf P&amp;lt;0,05 dibandingkan perlakuan lain setelah sepuluh minggu aplikasi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci: hormon, pertumbuhan gonad, maturasi, sidat&lt;/p&gt;

Fish oil supplementation in commercial diet on growth of Anguilla bicolor bicolor

&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study was aimed to determine the effect of fish oil addition on growth performance and fatty acid composition of eel &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;. Freswater eel at an initial body weight of 9.90± 0.05 g were maintained in aquarium with volume of 120 L at stocking density of 1 g/L for 40 days. This research applied complete randomized design with four treatments addition of fish oil, i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. All treatments were carried out in triplicate. Feed given as much as 3% of the fish biomass a day for four times at 06:00, 11:00, 16:00, and 21:00. The results showed that the addition of fish oil in the diet have different effects (P&amp;lt;0.05) on specific growth (0.88–1.36%), feed efficiency (30.18–48.53%), protein retention (14.57–20.24%), fat retention (16.77–52.49%), energy retention (12.38–20.20%), and hepatosomatic index (1.72–2.72%) whereas the survival showed no difference (P&amp;gt;0.05) at 100%. In the fatty acid composition total of unsaturated fatty acid composition was 30.91–40.95%, n-3 fatty acids was 6.10–8.19%, and n-6 fatty acids were 6.18–8.19%. In conclusion, the addition of fish oil in the diet of freshwater eel &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor &lt;/em&gt;can be done up to 5% (13% fat content of diet).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;, fish oil, growth performance, fatty acid composition&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh penambahan minyak ikan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan komposisi asam lemak ikan sidat &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;. Ikan sidat dengan bobot 9,90±0,05 g dipelihara dalam akuarium dengan volume 120 L pada padat tebar 1 g/L selama 40 hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap terdiri atas empat perlakuan penambahan minyak ikan pada pakan sebesar 0%, 5%, 15%, dan 15%. Semua perlakuan terdiri atas tiga ulangan. Pakan diberikan sebanyak 3% dari biomassa ikan dan diberikan sebanyak empat kali sehari yaitu pukul 06.00, 11.00, 16.00 dan 21.00. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan minyak ikan dalam pakan memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda (P&amp;lt;0,05) terhadap &lt;em&gt;spesific growth rate &lt;/em&gt;(0,88– 1,36%), efisiensi pakan (30,18–48,53%), retensi protein (14,57–20,24%), retensi lemak (16,77–52,49%), retensi energi (12,38–20,10%), dan indeks hepatosomatik (1,72–2,72%). Sintasan tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan (P&amp;gt;0,05) yaitu 100%. Pada komposisi asam lemak dihasilkan total komposisi asam lemak tidak jenuh 30,91– 40,95%, asam lemak n-3 6,10–8,19%, dan asam lemak n-6 6,18–8,19%. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan minyak ikan dalam pakan ikan sidat &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor &lt;/em&gt;dapat dilakukan sampai dengan 5% (kadar lemak pakan 13%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci: &lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;, minyak ikan, kinerja pertumbuhan, komposisi asam lemak&lt;/p&gt;

Feeding rate of freshwater eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor: at the body weight of 1–2 g

&lt;p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Pa3"&gt;The aim of the research was to determine feed requirement for the maintenance, optimum, and maximum growth of freshwater eel (&lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;) seed (1–2 g body weight). Feed used in this research was KRA feed with 46% protein content, with different feeding level (FR) at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of fish biomass. The experiment was conducted in 30 days. Parameters measured were survival and &lt;em&gt;s&lt;/em&gt;pecific growth (SGR). The results showed that survival of fish in all treatments were 100%, except in fish fed on 15% of biomass (only 96). Fish growth with feeding of 0%, 5%,10%, and 15%, were -1.06%; 0.42%; 0.73%; and 0.19%, respectively. Based on the analysis of the relationship between feeding level and growth, the feed requirement for maintenance, optimum, and maximum growth in 1–2 g freshwater eel seed were 3.3%; 7.0%; and 9.5% of the biomass, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: eel seed, feed requirement, growth&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="BasicParagraph"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Pa3"&gt;Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan pakan untuk &lt;em&gt;maintenanc&lt;/em&gt;e, dan untuk pertumbuhan optimum serta maksimum benih ikan sidat (&lt;em&gt;Anguilla bicolor bicolor&lt;/em&gt;) (bobot tubuh 1–2 g). Pakan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pakan KRA dengan kadar protein 46%, dengan tingkat pemberian pakan 0%, 5%, 10%, dan 15% dari bobot biomassa ikan. Pemeliharaan berlangsung selama 30 hari. Parameter yang diukur meliputi sintasan (STS) dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik (LPS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa STS benih ikan sidat selama pemeliharaan, memiliki nilai yang baik (100%) kecuali pada pemberian pakan 15% (hanya 96%). Laju pertumbuhan benih ikan sidat selama pemeliharaan dengan pemberian pakan 0%, 5%, 10%, dan 15% berturut-turut adalah -1,06%; 0,42%; 0,73%; dan 0,19%. Berdasarkan analisis hubungan antara tingkat pemberian pakan dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik, maka kebutuhan pakan &lt;em&gt;maintenance&lt;/em&gt;, pertumbuhan optimum dan maksimum benih ikan sidat berukuran 1–2 g berturut-turut adalah 3,3%; 7%; dan 9,5% dari biomassa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Pa3"&gt;Kata kunci: benih ikan sidat, kebutuhan pakan, pertumbuhan&lt;/p&gt;

Histological features of the gastrointestinal tract of wild Indonesian shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor (McClelland, 1844), captured in Peninsular Malaysia.

This study was conducted to record the histological features of the gastrointestinal tract of wild Indonesian shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor (McClelland, 1844), captured in Peninsular Malaysia. The gastrointestinal tract was segmented into the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine. Then, the oesophagus was divided into five (first to fifth), the stomach into two (cardiac and pyloric), and the intestine into four segments (anterior, intermediate, posterior, and rectum) for histological examinations. The stomach had significantly taller villi and thicker inner circular muscles compared to the intestine and oesophagus. The lamina propria was thickest in stomach, significantly when compared with oesophagus, but not with the intestine. However, the intestine showed significantly thicker outer longitudinal muscle while gastric glands were observed only in the stomach. The histological features were closely associated with the functions of the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, the histological features of the gastrointestinal tract of A. b. bicolor are consistent with the feeding habit of a carnivorous fish.

Observations on nematodes from the Indonesian shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland in India, including a revalidation of Heliconema ahiri Karve, 1941 (Physalopteridae)

Two species of parasitic nematodes, Heliconema ahiri Karve, 1941 (Physalopteridae) and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) anguillae Moravec et al., 2006 (Camallanidae), were recorded from the Indonesian shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor Mc-Clelland in the Chalakkudi River and Veli Lake, respectively, both Kerala, India. The former species (H. ahiri), rediscovered from eels in India after 82 years from its original description, has been redescribed and revalidated based on its specific feature (presence of groups of minute denticles in the mouth) distinguishing it from other congeners; its finding in A. b. bicolor represents a new host record. The latter species (P. anguillae) has been recorded in India for the first time. SEM examination of its first-stage larvae from uterus has shown that P. anguillae is another species of Procamallanus whose larvae possess a crown of digit-like processes at the tail tip.

PENGARUH KOMBINASI PAKAN BUATAN DAN PAKAN ALAMI CACING SUTERA (Tubifex tubifex) DENGAN PERSENTASE YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP RETENSI PROTEIN, LEMAK DAN ENERGI PADA IKAN SIDAT (Anguilla bicolor)

Indonesian short fin eel (Anguilla bicolor) was one of Indonesian fishery commodities which have high value not only in local market but also western market. Advantages of Indonesian short fin eel not only their high value because of prospectively in international market, but also the quality of Indonesian short fin eel itself that contain high vitamin and micronutrient. Weaknesses of Indonesian short fin eel was their growth classified slow . That was can be overcome by giving the exact feed. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of combination between artificial feed and natural feed with different percentage to protein retention, fat retention and energy retention of Indonesian short fin eel (Anguilla bicolor) . This research used experimental method and Completely Random Design method with five treatments. E ach treatment was replicated f our times . The treatment used were : 100% of artificial feed (A), 75% of artificial feed and 25% of natural feed (B), 50% of artificial feed and 50% of natural feed (C), 25% of artificial feed and 75% natural feed (D) , and 100% natural feed (E) . The main parameters measure d were protein, fat, and energy retentions . The supporting parameters observe d was growth rate and water quality. Data analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to know the effect of the treatments . The difference among treatments were kn o w n by using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).The result showed that combination between artificial and natural feeds with difference percentage showed different effect (p 0,05). Water quality of Indonesian short fin eel rearing medium was 28-31 o C in temperatures, 7-8,5 in pH, 3,5-5,8 mg/l in dissolved oxygen and 0,003 mg/l in ammonia. Keywords : Anguilla bicolor , artificial feed , Tubifex tubifex , protein retention, fat retention, energy retention.