Anger Behavior Research Articles

Expressing Anger with Robot for Tackling the Onset of Robot Abuse

Service robots in public spaces can sometimes become victims of ‘abuse’, manifesting as persistent blocking of the robot’s path, physical violence such as pushing or pulling, or abusive language. This kind of abuse can be a serious obstacle to the deployment of robots. We studied the possibility of mitigating obstructive behaviour towards the robot, which is known to happen in the early stages of robot abuse, by having the robot express anger-like emotions. We identified and implemented three distinct anger behaviours: furious, quiet, and scolding anger. Through an online video survey, we confirmed that all three designed robot behaviours were perceived as expressions of anger. Finally, we ran an in-lab experiment with child participants to study the influence of the robot’s expressions of anger on children’s obstructive behaviours. The results show that ‘furious anger’ was effective in reducing the frequency of obstructions, whereas the other two anger types were not.

Psychological Counseling Model Proposal for Reducing Violence in Emergency Services

Violence is destructive and abrasive for patients and their relatives as well as for healthcare workers. Violence, which leads to various emotional and physical injuries, job dissatisfaction, and absenteeism, causes fatal mistakes and has a negative impact on service quality. On the other hand, the patient and his relatives may be anxious, nervous, sensitive or inclined to show anger behavior due to the situation they are in. These summarized reasons can bring the healthcare worker and patient, who should be on the same side, and their relatives face to face. However, healthcare professionals and patients share a common goal and have to act together. Accordingly, it is thought that when the causes of violence are eliminated for both groups, violence will decrease to a large extent. In this context, efforts should be made to identify and eliminate the psychological and social reasons that lead people to act aggressively in order to prevent violence in the emergency room. The proposed model aims to build a bridge of compassion between healthcare workers and patients and their relatives, while also providing psychological support to healthcare workers and patients and their relatives, training healthcare workers in communication, compassion, empathy and emotion management, and teaching stress-reducing techniques to prevent violence in emergency services. Various search engines were used in the literature search. The search terms were determined as "violence in an emergency", "causes of violence", "prevention of violence" and "violence in health", but studies involving environmental risk management and security measures were excluded.

When breaking glass ceiling leads to glass screens: gender differences in civility and competitive aggressiveness in esports

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether gender differences exist in terms of the perceived response to civility as well as competitive aggressiveness and anger in esports. There is a dearth of literature on how these variables affect male and female participation in esports. To fill this gap, a total of 84 professional esports players from 27 different countries completed a quantitative survey of measures related to their competitive aggressiveness and anger and their perception of civil behaviours among competitors. Results revealed that female players perceived lower levels of civility compared to male participants who displayed higher competitive aggressiveness. No significant difference was found between gender regarding anger behaviours. This paper adds to the work in civility, diversity-gender and equity research area in esports. Specifically, it highlights how male and female professional players perceive civility while emphasising some factors that jeopardise gender equality when facing competition.

Analysis of Angry Behavior and Emotion Regulation Seen in Adolescent Gender in Upper Toundanouw Village, Southeast Minahasa

Angry behavior is an angry emotional response to a stimulus from the environment that is not in accordance with the wishes and is vented into negative actions to express emotions. Emotions play an important role in teenagers' social lives. As individuals who are growing and developing, teenagers tend to be irritable, irritable, easily discouraged, and prone to exploding when they feel offended. Therefore, it is important to develop the ability to manage angry emotions in adolescents. This ability to manage angry emotions is called emotional regulation. Emotional regulation is an individual's ability to accept, control and respond to emotions in an appropriate manner when under pressure. This research aims to analyze anger behavior and emotional regulation seen in adolescent gender in Toundanouw Atas Village, Southeast Minahasa. The research method used in this research was quantitative approach is a type of comparative research. The samples taken in this research were 55 people. Based on the results of data analysis in this study, it can be concluded that the difference in the tendency for angry behavior and emotional regulation in male and female adolescents is in high levels of angry behavior and low emotional regulation, which means that there is no difference in the tendency for angry behavior and emotional regulation in adolescent boys. men and women in Upper Toundanouw Village, Southeast Minahasa. The samples taken in this research were 55 people. Based on the results of data analysis in this study, it can be concluded that the difference in the tendency for angry behavior and emotional regulation in male and female adolescents is in high levels of angry behavior and low emotional regulation, which means that there is no difference in the tendency for angry behavior and emotional regulation in adolescent boys. men and women in Upper Toundanouw Village, Southeast Minahasa. The samples taken in this research were 55 people. Based on the results of data analysis in this study, it can be concluded that the difference in the tendency for angry behavior and emotional regulation in male and female adolescents is in high levels of angry behavior and low emotional regulation, which means that there is no difference in the tendency for angry behavior and emotional regulation in adolescent boys. men and women in Upper Toundanouw Village, Southeast Minahasa

INFLUENCE OF MUSIC PREFERENCES ON ANGER LEVELS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

The present study aims to study the impact of music preferences on anger levels amongst undergraduate and postgraduate students. A survey was administered online (via Google Forms) and offline to a sample of 210 individuals using convenience and snowball sampling methods. Two tools were utilised in the questionnaire - the Music Preference Scale developed by Upadhyay and colleagues and the Behavioural Anger Response Questionnaire. The responses were computed in the form of the respective subscales and dimensions of each scale. The Music Preference Scale recorded readings under five dimensions - Intense and Electrical, Devotional and Cultural, Emotional and Melodious, Reflective and Spiritual, and Contemporary and Rhythmic. The Behavioural Anger Response Questionnaire assesses anger across 6 domains - Direct Ager Out, Rumination, Social Support Seeking, Diffusion, Assertion and Avoidance. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics - to analyse the demographics of the sample; T-test to test significance of the collected data, and Pearsons’ Correlation analysis has been conducted to study the relationship between the two variables. According to the results of the study, there is no significant difference in the anger levels expressed by males and females, or by undergraduate and post- graduate students. Males & females seemed to listen to the same level of Intense & Electronic, Contemporary & Rhythmic, Spiritual & Reflective music. Females were found to listen to more Devotional & Cultural and Emotional & Melodious music. Qualitative analysis shows no significant difference in the preference for music genres amongst undergraduate and post-graduate students. To conclude, music preferences have a negligible impact on anger levels.

Lean-back and lean-forward online behaviors: The role of emotions in passive versus proactive information diffusion of social media content.

One of the main drivers of social media's influence is the easy way of generating information cascades via forwarding messages. Two basic modes of forwarding information consist in sharing it without changes (lean-back) or adding or modifying the content of the original message (lean-forward). In this work, we study these two modes of online information sharing. Using data from six cases extracted from Twitter, in which retweets make up most of the content, we analyzed emotions in passive versus proactive information diffusion. Our findings show that emotional valence does not indicate significant differences between lean behaviors, while the activation level of emotions presents contrasts. For example, disgust is more intense in lean-back and anger in lean-forward behavior. We also find that in proactive lean-forward communication, disgust and joy synchronize with the emotions of lean-back messages. Finally, a causal analysis of lean-forward information sharing reveals that disgust provokes a consistent increment of itself while it also decreases the appearance of anger in political topics. We discuss the implications of our findings for the study of emotions in active versus passive forwarding of information in social media.

Cognitive behavioural anger treatment for adults with intellectual disabilities: effects of therapist experience on outcome.

Anger has been shown to be associated with aggression and violence in adults with intellectual disabilities in both community and secure settings. Emerging evidence has indicated that cognitive behavioural anger treatment can be effective in reducing assessed levels of anger and violent behaviour in these patient populations. However, it has been suggested that the effectiveness of these types of interventions is influenced by the experience and training of the therapists. In this service evaluation study, the pre- and post-treatment and 12-month follow-up assessment scores of 88 detained in-patient adults with intellectual disabilities and forensic histories who received cognitive behavioural anger treatment were examined in order to investigate whether participants' responsiveness to treatment was associated with treatment being delivered by qualified versus unqualified therapists. Overall significant reductions in self-reported measures of anger disposition and anger reactivity were found with no significant time × therapist experience interaction effects. However, the patients treated by qualified therapists improved significantly on measures of anger control compared with those allocated to unqualified therapists. Male and female detained patients with intellectual disabilities and forensic histories can benefit from an individual cognitive behavioural anger treatment intervention delivered by qualified and unqualified therapists, but therapist experience may be important in supporting patients to develop more complex anger control coping skills.

An integrative review of defining characteristic of the nursing diagnosis "spiritual distress".

The aim of this study was to identify the defining characteristics of spiritual distress (00066). This study was conducted by integrated review method using Broom method. PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochran Library, and Persian scientific databases were searched from January 2010 to December 2020. Twenty-one article and 74 defining characteristics were identified. 33 of these defining characteristics was mentioned in NANDA. The criteria with the highest frequency and repetition in articles were lack of peace, lack of hope, change in anger behaviour, lack of meaning in life, change in fear and crying behaviour, Concern about belief and values system and/or God. Some of the spiritual distress defining characteristics overlap with other nursing diagnoses, including anxiety and hopelessness. Clinical and content validation studies need to be conducted and the main criteria for diagnosing spiritual distress in different cultures and religions need to be identified.

Cognitive Behavioral Anger Management Group Therapy with Juvenile Crimers: A Group Study

Aşırı öfke ve saldırgan davranış, yaşamın her dönemindeki birey için zorluğa sebep olabilmektedir. Özellikle ergenlik dönemindeki bireylerin aşırı öfke ve saldırgan davranışlar sergilemesi sonucunda, ergenlerin hayatı okul başarısı, aile ilişkileri ve sosyal yaşamı olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir. Saldırgan davranışları sonucunda suça yönelen ve ceza infaz kurumlarında bulunan ergenlerin, aynı saldırgan davranışları bulundukları kurumda da sergilediği gözlenmektedir. Türkiye’de ceza infaz kurumlarında bulunan çocuk ve ergenlere yönelik Adalet Bakanlığı Ceza Tevkif evleri Genel Müdürlüğü’nün destekleriyle, Kültegin ÖGEL danışmanlığında hazırlanmış olan ve 2014 yılında yenilenerek son halini alan ARDIÇ-Öfke Kontrol Grup Çalışması uygulanmaktadır. Grup çalışmasının hedefi suça sürüklenen çocukların (SSÇ) öfke duygusunu kontrol edebilme becerilerini artırmak, SSÇ’lerdeki kendine ve çevreye yönelik şiddet eğilimini ve yeniden suça sürüklenme riskini azaltmak, alternatif davranış örüntülerini düşünebilmelerini sağlamaktır. Akhisar ceza infaz kurumlarında uygulanan bu program 01.02.2019-26.02.2019 tarihleri arasında kurumda kalmakta olan 15-18 yaş aralığındaki 8 erkek ergenle gerçekleşmiştir. Program sonrası yapılan değerlendirmede katılımcıların %50’si (N=4) arkadaşlarıyla aralarındaki iletişimin, %62.5’i (N=5) ailesiyle ilişkilerinin olumlu yönde değiştiğini, iletişimlerinin arttığını belirtmiştir. Katılımcıların %62.5’i (N=5) kurumdaki görevlilerden olumlu yönde geribildirim aldıklarını belirtmiş olup, bu durum katılımcıların kurum içerisindeki uyumlu davranış örüntülerinin arttığını göstermektedir. Katılımcıların %37.5’i (N=3) öfke duygusunu görece daha kolay tanımlayabildiğini ve saldırganlık olarak tanımlanabilecek davranışları sergilemekten kaçındıklarını ifade etmiştir. Katılımcıların %75’i (N=6) gerçekleştirilen grup çalışması son- rasında kurumda gerçekleştirilecek diğer etkinliklere de katılmaya istekli olduklarını ifade etmiştir.Ergenlerle yapılan bilişsel davranışçı terapi odaklı grup çalışmalarının ergenlerin öfke duygusunu tanıma becerilerini arttırması, saldırgan davranış örüntülerini azaltması, sosyal hayata uyumunu arttırması, yeniden öfke kaynaklı suça sürüklenme riskini azaltması sebepleriyle önemli olacağı düşünülmektedir.

REFLEKSI NAFS DALAM KISAH NABI YUSUF AS DAN ZULAIKHA: ANALISIS TAFSIR AL-MISHBAH KARYA QURAISH SHIHAB

The story of the Prophet Yusuf as ahsanul qashas (the best story) which is enshrined in the Qur'an. The story of the Prophet Yusuf is a story that has a wealth of meaning and learning in all aspects of life. This article attempts to analyze the richness of meaning contained in surah Yusuf which is related to the levels and expressions of the nafs. The research method in this article uses descriptive qualitative with a library research approach. Theoretical analysis uses the perspective of Tafsir Al-Mishbah by Quraish Shihab. The purpose of this research is to answer how the expression of nafs and levels of nafs are contained in the story of Prophet Yusuf and Zulaikha. The results of the study show that the nafs in the story of Prophet Yusuf and Zulaikha are distinguished by two tendencies: First, the level of anger in Zulaikha's personality and behavior which is depicted in obedience to lust and following the devil's temptations. Second, the levels of muthmainnah and radhiyah nafs in Yusuf's personality which are described by calm, obedience, peace, and fortitude in going through every test given by Allah SWT. The study in this research is limited to the story of persuasion planned by Zulaikha.

Validation of the Behavioral Anger Response Questionnaire for Children (BARQ-C) in a large community sample of Vietnamese middle adolescents in Hanoi

BackgroundDepression and other forms of psychological distress are common among Vietnamese adolescents and increase the risk of mental health problems in adulthood. As anger coping is a robust predictor of adolescent mental health difficulties, and there appear to be cultural variations in anger coping, a measure of adolescent anger coping styles that has been validated using a non-Western adolescent sample is required to inform and support early intervention to prevent or treat mental health difficulties in Vietnamese adolescents. This study examined the construct validity (structural and external) of the Behavioral Anger Response Questionnaire for Children in Vietnam (BARQC-V).MethodsBaseline data sourced from a recent randomised control trial conducted with Grade 10 Vietnamese adolescents aged 14 to 16 (N = 1084) were used to examine multiple aspects of construct validity: factorial structure (evaluated using factor analysis); internal consistency (tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient); and external aspect (assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the BARQC-V and Vietnamese translations of the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised, Mental Health Continuum Short Form, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale).ResultsEvaluating factorial structure using confirmatory factor analysis failed to converge on a solution. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a 5-factor structure model that explained 49.32% of the BARQC-V’s total variance and was deemed to be a good fit by the final confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the 5 factors demonstrated acceptable internal reliability for the BARQC-V’s sub-scales. Concerning concurrent validity, three sub-scales predicted well-being and mental health difficulties: the maladaptive anger coping styles Rumination and Direct Anger-out were positively associated with depression and distress, and negatively associated with coping self-efficacy and mental well-being; and the adaptive anger coping style Assertion was positively associated with coping self-efficacy and mental well-being, and negatively associated with depression.ConclusionsThe BARQC-V provides a validated measure of three anger coping strategies used by adolescents in Vietnam (Rumination, Direct Anger-out, and Assertion) that can be used to improve detection and treatment of mental health difficulties in this population, and as a starting point by future research to develop a much-needed gold standard measure of anger coping for adults, adolescents and children world-wide.

Attachment styles and their association with aggression, hostility, and anger in Lebanese adolescents: a national study

BackgroundThe idea that attachment styles can affect the level of anger in an individual educes a reason why people develop anger issues and behavioral problems in adolescence that escalate into adulthood. Lebanon suffers from a shortage of data pertaining to insecure attachment styles and the affective and cognitive aspects of anger and behavioral anger expression among the Lebanese youth population. This study aimed to investigate the association between attachment dimensions and anger expression (trait anger, hostility, physical aggression, and verbal aggression) among a sample of Lebanese adolescent participants.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed between January and May 2019 among 1810 Lebanese high-school students aged 12–18 and used two validated measures, the Adolescent-Relationship Questionnaire (A-RQ) and The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). The A-RQ assessed attachment behaviors, while the BPAQ evaluated aggression.ResultsHigher fearful and dismissing attachment styles, and higher physical activity index were significantly associated with higher physical and verbal aggression. A higher fearful attachment style was significantly associated with more anger. A higher secure attachment style was significantly associated with less anger. Higher preoccupied and dismissing attachment styles were significantly associated with higher hostility.ConclusionOur findings revealed a significant relationship between both insecure attachment dimensions and the tripartite model of anger expression. This study adds to the anger literature by providing a more informed understanding of how variations in anger expression are linked to the processing of interpersonal interactions, which are the hidden facets of attachment systems.

Analysis of rear-end crash potential and driver contributing factors based on car-following driving simulation

Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors associating the car-following behavior, which could lead to rear-end crash potential. The safe distance in this study was when the traffic flow was in an asymptotic stability state. Method Traffic flow observation was conducted to observe how vehicle characteristics associating car-following behavior. However, it was not possible to determine the driver characteristics and their driving habits using the traffic flow observation alone. Therefore, a driving simulation and questionnaires were used in combination to investigate how driving characteristics were associate with car-following behavior. Result From the two observation methods, several factors were found to significantly associate the rear-end crash potential including vehicle types, traveling lanes, the purposes of vehicle usage, age, income, the number of driving hours per week, stress, and anger or aggressive behavior. Conclusion The traffic flow observation indicated that among the different types of vehicles, sedan/hatchback cars were more likely to be involved in rear-end crashes than others type of vehicles. Vehicles using the high-speed lane typically drove closer to each other and had a higher chance of rear-end collisions. The observation of driver characteristics showed that younger and high-income drivers were more likely to drive with less gap, resulting in higher possibilities of a rear-accident. Despite being in a normal emotional state, drivers with high frequency of stress, anger or aggression while driving had shorter headway distances and were more likely to cause rear-end collisions.

An Examination of the Reciprocal Relations Between Treatment by Others, Anger, and Antisocial Behavior: A Partial Test of General Strain Theory

General Strain Theory (GST) has received an impressive amount of empirical attention. However, much remains unknown about the role of sources of strain argued to be conducive to negative emotionality—such as perceived unjust treatment—on changes in anger and antisocial behavior over time. The current study aimed to begin to address this gap in the literature by assessing the relationship between changes in perceived unjust treatment, anger, and antisocial behavior across 8 years of the life course. Results from a series of auto-regressive cross-lagged models show support for GST, as well as offer evidence for new lines of empirical investigation. The reported findings offer some of the first evidence for a developmental cascade model of GST.

How does emotion shape aggressive behavior of violent offenders? An explanation based on emotion regulation theory

<p id=C2>Emotion is considered to be an important factor affecting aggressive behavior. According to emotion regulation theory, distressed people hope to improve their moods, and the motivation to use aggression to improve mood will increase aggressive behavior. In other words, the expectation of emotions is an important factor in the generation of aggressive behavior. Previous theories and studies mostly focused on the role of negative emotions such as anger in aggressive behavior. Recently, some researchers believe that positive affect plays an equally important role in aggression. Also, negative and positive affect are orthogonal, they should be studied separately. In addition, according to the purpose of aggression, it is often divided into premeditated/ proactive aggression and impulsive/reactive aggression, the mechanism between the two subtypes may exist differences. Finally, most of the previous studies used college students as participants, and the external validity is limited. The present study based on emotion regulation theory, selected violent offenders as participants to explore the role of negative/positive affect in proactive and reactive aggression with 2 studies. <break/>In study 1, we recruited 88 violent offenders for a scenario-based experiment. Participants were randomly divided into a reactive aggression group (<italic>n</italic> = 46) and a proactive aggression group (<italic>n</italic> = 42) in the adapted reaction time competition paradigm (Taylor Aggression Paradigm). Participants finished the first stage to manipulate types of aggression. Participants were told to compete with another participant (a fake participant) in racing the speed of reactions. In the reactive aggression group, participants lost the game and received negative feedback from their rivals; in the proactive aggression group, participants won the game and received positive feedback from their rivals. Then, they completed the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the questionnaire of emotion regulation motive. Finally, they finished the second stage in which they could send noises to their rivals, which can be considered as an aggressive indicator. Model 4 of Process in SPSS 23.0 was used to test the mediating role of emotion regulation motive between negative/positive affect and aggression. Participants finished PANAS after the second stage for study 2. Repeated measures ANOVA and regression analysis were used to test the change of emotion before and after aggression. <break/>Study 1 showed that the motivation to improve mood played a mediating role between negative emotion and proactive/reactive aggression, but the effect was not significant for positive emotion. Study 2 showed that positive emotions would increase after proactive and reactive aggression; reactive aggression could reduce negative emotions, while proactive aggression could increase negative emotions. <break/>The following conclusions can be obtained from the two experiments: (1) In a negative emotional state, violent offenders hope to improve their mood by conducting aggressive behavior. (2) Proactive and reactive aggression can increase the positive emotions of violent offenders, indicating that aggression can produce pleasure. (3) Reactive aggression can reduce negative emotions; proactive aggression can increase the negative emotions of violent criminals. The present study illustrates the relationship between emotion, especially positive emotion, and aggressive behavior in violent offenders. Aggression can produce pleasure, but it may also increase negative emotions, which in turn increases aggressive behavior, forming a feedback loop, which reflects the non-adaptive of aggressive behavior from the perspective of emotion. In practice, especially in prison, we should help individuals to learn a reasonable way to regulate their emotions, such as mindfulness.

Anger Management in Pendhalungan Adolescents

Teenagers are often faced with situations of conflict that give rise to a response for adolescents. The response is indicated by a form of emotional expression. Anger emotions are one of emotion that is often experienced by adolescents. Therefore, Anger management can be said as one of the ways that someone can use to express or manage their anger. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of anger management in adolescent of pandhalungan. This research is a descriptive quantitative study with a total sample of 328 people, while the data collection technique is using accidental sampling. The results showed that adolescents of pandhalungan at the University of Muhammadiyah Jember had a category of anger management that was relatively low at 57.6%. Meanwhile, based on cognitive aspects, 54.9% were in the low category, anger triggering aspects 52.7% were in the high category, aspects of anger behavior 75.6% were in the low category, and anger regulation aspect 84.1% were in the high category. When viewed from a demographic review shows that 77.8% of men are in the high category in anger management and 67.3% of women are in the low category. Based on semester, semester 2 shows 74.7% in the high category and semester 4 shows 75.9% in the low category

Correlation Between Anger, Sleep Quality, and Indoor Activities During COVID-19 Quarantine

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening disease that has spread globally and received international concern. Iran is one of the countries severely affected by this pandemic, implementing social lockdown and restrictive strategies. According to Persian medicine, restrictions like quarantine have psychological and social consequences. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and anger behaviors in Iran and compare it with Persian medicine viewpoints. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 739 participants were interviewed in April 2020 in Shiraz, Iran. The questionnaire included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI), and items on demographics, temperament, and the quarantine situation social factors. All participants completed the questionnaires willingly and were ensured of data confidentiality. Results: We found that 58.3% of the participants had low sleep quality. Females showed higher scores on anger and its related aspects (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, people with lower education and income levels revealed higher anger scores (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the mean scores of anger and its related factors were higher in participants with low sleep quality, higher sleep latency, daytime dysfunction, and experience of using sleep medications (P &lt; 0.05). Also, after adjustment for demographics and other social factors, the mean scores of anger and all of its aspects were higher in those with a sleep disorder, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings illustrated that various factors, including low sleep quality, are associated with anger in individuals with the experience of home quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak. The outcome is compatible with Persian medicine evidence.

Efektivitas intervensi teen anger management and education dalam mengatasi masalah kemarahan dan agresivitas pada remaja perempuan

Anger management based on the cognitive-behavioral approach is considered an effective intervention to treat anger and aggressivity in adolescence. This study investigates the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral intervention on anger in female middle-high school students in Depok. Eight female adolescents (age 12-14) were recruited to participate in this intervention using the purposive sampling method. Anger level was measured during the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases using a self-report questionnaire and a program evaluation sheet. Wilcoxon-Sign Rank test showed no significant difference in the participants’ anger level between the three measurement phases. However, according to the program evaluation, the result shows that the participants applied new strategiesto deal with their anger and aggressive behavior. Statistically, the cognitive-behavioral intervention was not effective for treating anger in female adolescents. However, participants were reported to use more adaptive strategies in managing their anger. This intervention could be applied for overcoming aggression and anger in female adolescents in the future.

Measuring the Impact of Trauma-Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy with Middle School Students

This study examines differential effects of the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) program on behavioral and academic outcomes of middle school students. Researchers administered screenings to grade 6 students to assess traumatic stress and then randomized those with elevated levels to the CBITS treatment (n = 150; 47% female) or comparison group (n = 143; 53% female). Analyses examined the overall impact of CBITS and differential effects among subpopulations of students who reported clinically significant externalizing (n = 75; 67% female) or internalizing behavior (n = 185; 53% female) at baseline. Overall, students who received CBITS reported significantly reduced post-traumatic stress symptoms and marginally significant improvements in internalizing symptoms. Relative to counterparts in the comparison group, students exhibiting externalizing behaviors in the CBITS group reported significantly reduced post-traumatic stress, dissociation, anger, internalizing and total behavior problems, and also significantly improved scores on a standardized literacy assessment at posttest and follow-up. Students with internalizing behavior problems showed differential academic effects at 1-year follow-up; those in CBITS did significantly better on standardized math tests.

72 Parent Behavioral Responses to Children’s Itching following Unintentional Burns: Persevering Through Devastation. A Mixed-Methods Study

Abstract Introduction Postburn itch is one of the disturbing symptoms that persist throughout the burn wound healing period. Parents often assume the responsibility to respond to their child’s symptoms; consequently, their responses to their child’s symptoms contributed to the child’s symptom experience and long-term outcomes. To date, literature examining parental behaviors in response to symptoms has been limited to children with pain. This study examined parents’ behavioral responses to itching in young children with burns. Methods:: This analysis was part of a larger descriptive study that examined parental behavioral and psychological responses to children’s itch following the child’s unintentional burn injury. Parents of young children with deep second or third-degree burns were recruited. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents to learn about parental behavioral responses to the child’s itching. The Adult Responses to Children’s Symptoms (ARCS) scale was used to evaluate parental responses as part of the interview. The ARCS scale consists of 29 items that allow parents to self-report their responses to children’s itch. However, four items were excluded: three items were not appropriate to the study sample; one item related to sleep because children’s sleep pattern has been dramatically disturbed. We used the inductive content analysis that adapted from Grounded Theory to analyze the data. Results Twenty parents of children 34 (±11.5) months with moderate to severe burns 11.2% (±8.7%) total burn surface area (TBSA) participated in the interview. The mean length of time since burn injury was 6.4 (±3.1) months. Persevering through Devastation was the core construct that captured the lived experience of parental itching management. Parental behavioral responses to their child’s itch involved shifting their children’s attention, touching the scar, and tending to the itching scar. Data triangulation revealed that the ARCS scale captured parent behaviors in response to their child’s itch that was not reported in the interview. Conclusions Parents were devastated when they struggled on their own to relieve their child’s incessant itching during the prolonged wound healing stage. They cared for children with perseverance in the face of traumatic burn event; however, some parents responded to their child’s distress and call for comfort with anger or reactive behavior.