Anemia In Indonesia Research Articles

EFEKTIVITAS MADU DAN TABLET Fe SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI PONDOK PESANTREN

Background: Anemia is a condition in which the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cells are lower than normal values. Women have the highest risk of developing anemia, especially in young women. The prevalence rate of anemia in Indonesia, namely in adolescent women is 26.50%. Anemia in adolescents can decreased concentration of learning, frequent fatigue, drowsiness, lower body resistance, complications in pregnancy and childbirth when a future mother. The government make a policy to overcome the problem of anemia due to iron deficiency by provision of iron supplements. Objectives: Analyze effectiveness of honey and iron supplementation to help increase the levels of hemoglobin in adolescent girl on boarding school Hidayatul Muslim Kubu Raya. Methods: This type of research is experimental pre-test and post-test with control group design. The sample of this study was young women at the Hidayatul Muslimin Islamic Boarding School in Kubu Raya aged 16-19 years, totaling 36 people with exclusion criteria (18 samples of the intervention group and 18 samples of the control group). The sampling technique was purposive sampling and the method of analysis used paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: Based on the statistic test, there was a significant difference between giving honey with iron supplementation and only iron supplementation to increase hemoglobin levels in adolescent girls (p=0.002).Conclusion: Honey with iron supplementation was effective to helped increase the levels of hemoglobin in adolescent girl on boarding school Hidayatul Muslimin Kubu Raya.

RANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI ANEMIA PADA PLATFORM ONLINE “SRIKANDI HEALTH” BERBASIS PROGRESSIVE WEB APPS

Anemia is one of the nutritional problems that has the potential to hinder the development of the quality of Indonesian human resources. The support of science and information technology in the form of a website application can be a solution to facilitate education, monitoring and management of anemia so as to accelerate the handling of anemia. This study aims to design an anemia information system in the form of an online platform with the name "Srikandi Health" based on Progressive Web Apps to support the prevention of anemia in Indonesia in Indonesia. This research was conducted in December 2020 in Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study uses the prototype method. The stages of the prototype method start from gathering requirements, building prototyping, and evaluating protoptyping. The result of this research is the prototype of the online application "Srikandi Health" based on Progressive Web Apps. Conclusion Srikandi Health prototype is designed to meet the needs analysis of the system, namely to facilitate monitoring and prevention of anemia in adolescents.The suggestion of this research is the implementation of the system so that the system becomes more complete and can be applied to the wider community.

Known facts: iron deficiency in Indonesia

More than half cases of anemia are due to iron deficiency. Anemia is a major and global public health problem that affects maternal and child mortality, child cognitive development and eventually productivity. Infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy are particularly at risk. Indonesia is a low middle country with the prevalence of anemia as high as 48.9% in pregnant women and 38.5% in children under 5 years old. It is even higher among adolescents aged 12-18 years, especially in rural areas. Low income and level of education seem to also contribute to iron deficiency. Indonesia government aims to prevent anemia in young and pregnant women by providing iron pills. Still, the etiology of anemia in Indonesia is various and many elements are preventing Indonesia women to consume pills and/or iron-rich foods. We aim to review the prevalence, risk factors associated with iron deficiency especially among women of reproductive age in Indonesia, including the socio-determinant influence on iron deficiency. We will also discuss the management of iron deficiency in Indonesia in comparison with international guideline to identify the potential gaps.

DAYA TERIMA BROWNIES DENGAN SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG JEWAWUT (Setaria italica)

Anemia is a condition in which the circulating erythrocyte mass and hemoglobin mass do not fulfill their function to provide oxygen to body tissues. In Indonesia, the prevalence of anemia is 57.1% suffered by adolescent girls, 27.9% suffered by women of childbearing age (WUS) and 40.1% suffered by pregnant women. The main cause of nutritional anemia in Indonesia is the low intake of iron (Fe). Brownies with the addition of barley flour is an alternative to high-iron foods for people with anemia with unique creations and flavors, the appearance is also appetizing and does not leave the original characteristics of brownies which are rich in chocolate taste. This study aims to determine how the acceptability of brownies with the substitution of barley flour with concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%. This research is a pre-experimental study, which was conducted at the Food Technology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Poltekkes, Ministry of Health, Makassar and its acceptance was carried out in Bau-Bau City. This study used 30 untrained panelists. Analysis of the data using the Friedman test and presented in the form of a table accompanied by an explanation in the form of a narrative. The results of the acceptability test from the aspect of color, texture and taste that are preferred are brownies with 5% barley flour substitution. while the preferred aroma aspect is brownies with 10% barley flour substitution. It is recommended that in making brownies a maximum of 10% barley flour is used so that the brownies can be accepted by consumers.

The effectiveness of giving beetroot juice on increasing Haemoglobin (Hb) levels of adolescent women in Islamic Boarding School

Background: About 50% of cases of anemia are due to iron deficiency, Southeast Asian State was in the 2 nd highest position for anemia compared to other countries. The incidence of anemia is at greater risk in women due to natural conditions such as menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth as well as the food consumed. The prevalence of anemia in Indonesia is 21,7% with a proportion of 20,6% in urban areas and 22.8% in rural areas. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of giving beetroot juice to increase hemoglobin levels in the blood in adolescents women in Islamic boarding school. Method: This research was conducted using a pre-experimental method with one group pretest post-test design. The intake of 60 g of beetroot is consumed in the form of 200 ml/day of beetroot juice for 7 days. Result: There is a significant difference hemoglobin levels before and after giving beetroot juice in adolescent women at Islamic boarding school (p=0.001). Conclution: Consumption of beetroot juice has an effect on increasing hemoglobin levels in adolescent women.

The Obedience Factors of Teenage Girls to Consume Iron Tablet at SMK Negeri 1 Kedawung, Cirebon

The government gives society Fe tablets as a way to handle anemia in Indonesia. The low obedience to consume Fe table is the cause of this program that is not effective enough from the government. The research aim is to know the correlated between knowledge, teachers' support, parents' support, health workers' support and self-efficacy on teenage girls’ obedience to consume Fe tablets. The research was an observational study by using a cross-sectional design for 191 students who were taken by purposive sampling technique. Collecting data used questioners that have been tested for validity and reliability. Then, the data were analyzed by using chi-square test and mann withney. The results of the analysis showed that the majority of teenage girls have good knowledge of the importance to consume Fe tablets, namely (52.4%), teachers support (68.8%), parents support (56.0%), health workers support (60.2%), positive self-efficacy (59.2%) and level of compliance with consuming Fe tablets 25% (1 tablet/month) (73.8%). The results of statistical analysis of teenage girls’ as factors in consuming Fe tablets are as follows: a knowledge factor (p-value 0.033), teachers support (p-value 0.008), parents support (p-value 0.011), health workers support (p-value 0.004) and self-efficacy (p-value 0.000). There was a correlated between knowledge, teachers' support, parents' support, health workers' and self-efficacy on teenage girls’ obedience to consume Fe tablets. The suggestions for midwives or other health workers by increasing cooperation to monitor and route outreach to each school either through printed media such as leaflets, books or other more creative electronic media.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Dan Kepatuhan Ibu Hamil Konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah Dengan Kejadian Anemia Di Kecamatan Leitimur Selatan Dan Teluk Ambon

Background: Anemia is a public health nutritional problem, especially for pregnant women. Anemia in pregnancy can adversely affect the morbidity and mortality of both mother and baby. According to the WHO, the prevalence of anemia in Indonesia was 40.5% in 2015, and 42% in 2016. One of the government's efforts to reduce the rate of anemia is the provision of iron tablets. In Indonesia, the coverage of giving at least 90 tablets during pregnancy in 2017 reached 80.81%. However, in Maluku Province, the coverage of iron supplementation (47.35%) was included amongst the four lowest provinces. This study aims to examine the relationship between pregnant women's knowledge and consumption of iron tablets and anemia in the Districts of South Leitimur and Teluk Ambon. Methods: This research is an analytical study with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects of this study were 165 pregnant women who were taken by purposive sampling.Result: The results showed 50.3% of pregnant women had anemia and only 21.8% complied with taking iron tablets. We found that there was no statistically significant association between pregnant women's knowledge of iron supplementation (p=0.443), as well as compliance with taking iron supplements (p=0.135), and anemia. Nevertheless, the percentage of women with anemia was lower in pregnant women who complied with taking iron supplements than those who did not comply. Conclusion : This study shows that efforts are still required to reduce the prevalence of anemia in Ambon City, including increasing women's compliance to take iron tablets.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI SMP N 3 KECAMATAN TEBING KABUPATEN KARIMUN TAHUN 2017

Anemia is one of nutrition problen in the world. The incidences of anemia in Indonesia are relatively high. The prevalence of anemia at Karimun Regency happened on 729 school girls (12.8%) in 2016. Pre-survey done on 20 school girls from SMP N 3 Tebing showed that 6 girls (30%) got anemia. This study was to invertigate the factors concerning anemia incidences on school girls at SMP N 3Tebing of Karimun Regency. The study used cross sectional approach with 62 girls as samples after systematic sampling technique. Data collection was done through questionnaires and Hb test. The correlation analysis was done by using chi square. Result found that 38 students got anemia (61.3%). Statistical test showed that factors concerning anemia are knowledge leve3l (p=0.011), meal schedule (p=0.021) and menstrual pattern (p=0.022). Thw\e school health unit should intensity anemia prevention program on school girls by giving socialization about anemia and distributing Fe tablet

RISK FACTORS DETERMINANTS ANEMIA EVENTS IN ADOLESCENT PUSKESMAS IN KOTA SELATAN

Anemia is a global public health problem that needs special attention. Anemia in adolescent girls is a common problem, especially in developing countries (WHO, 2008). Anemia is a health problem that is most often found in countries both developed and developing, including Indonesia .. The prevalence of anemia in Indonesia is not so much with the global anemia prevalence rate is 21.7% where the prevalence of anemia has been entered into the category of public health problems was that it should receive special attention. Teenagers are particularly at risk age group the incidence of anemia due to nutritional needs particularly iron exceeds the needs of other age groups due to accelerated growth and increased physical activity. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls in Puskesmas Kota Selatan Kota Gorontalo. Type with a cross-sectional study using bivariate test by chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression test. This research instrument using a questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between the age of menarche (p = 0.001), knowledge (p = 0.000), maternal education (p = 0.000), the pattern of menstruation (p = 0.000), BMI (p = 0.009), menstruation (p = 0.003). The most dominant factor to the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls in Puskesmas South City Gorontalo is a factor of knowledge with p value 0.001 exp B = 2.650 (CI 1.643 to 4770), which means that respondents who have a good knowledge will likely 2,

Pengembangan Butiran Premiks untuk Fortifikasi Zat Besi dalam Beras

Iron-fortified rice potentially increases iron consumption in order to overcome anemia in Indonesia. Premix kernel can be applied as a fortificant vehicle being formulated into rice. The premix kernel is processed by mixing rice flour and iron source and extruded to yield rice-like extrudate. This research aimed to develop iron premix kernel using a double screw extruder and evaluate the fortificant homogeneity during mixing and stability due to washing as well as overall sensory acceptability of fortified rice. The premix kernel was made by mixing rice flour (1000 g), pyrophosphate ferries (containing 5,000 mg Fe), and GMS (10 g) for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes, added with water (450 mL) and passed into an extruder at 80°C. The dry-mixed for 20 minutes yielded a homogenous premix kernel (6,030±135 mg/kg with RSD of 2.25%). The mixing of premix kernel and Pandanwangi rice (1:100) for 25 minutes using a blade mixer yielded fortified rice with iron content of 39 mg/kg and RSD of 13.56%. The washing process of fortified rice decreased iron content, and the percentage of iron loss was affected by the washing frequency. Raw and cooked fortified rice did not differ organoleptically from those without fortification.
 Keywords: anemia, fortified rice, ferric pyrophospate, homogeneity, premix kernel

Pendampingan manajemen pencegahan anemia pada remaja

Anemia adalah suatu kondisi yang ditandai dengan berkurangnya jumlah sel darah merah dan/atau konsentrasi hemoglobin (Hb). Prevalensi anemia di Indonesia berkisar antara 12% pada remaja laki-laki dan 23% pada remaja perempuan, dengan proporsi anemia ada di kelompok umur 15-24 tahun dan 25-34 tahun. Pengetahuan tentang tingkat dan penyebab anemia pada masa remaja sangat lah penting, karena merupakan jendela peluang intervensi berbasis sekolah untuk meningkatkan kesehatan remaja. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kesadaran para remaja mengenai pentingnya mencegah anemia, serta meningkatkan keterampilan para kader UKS dalam melakukan kegiatan yang bersifat preventif dan promotif terhadap pencegahan anemia di kalangan remaja. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan memberikan penyuluhan, melakukan pemeriksaan cek darah, serta memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan kepada kader kesehatan di sekolah untuk melakukan kegiatan yang bersifat preventif dan promotif kepada siswa-siswa di sekolah menengah. Hasil yang didapatkan dari kegiatan ini adalah peningkatan pengetahuan siswa mengenai anemia, serta tindakan preventif dan promotif untuk pencegahannya.

Iron absorption stimulation by administration of soy protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides in rats

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Indonesia is high. Most of the anemia is caused by iron deficiency syndrome due to inadequate iron intake and low bioavailability of iron sources. Some studies indicated that bioactive peptides from certain protein hydrolysates could support iron absorption. Our previous study showed that soy protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides indicated an iron-binding activity and could increase its solubility in water. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of soy protein hydrolysates administration on iron serum levels in anemic Sprague Dawley rats. Anemia induction was performed by applying NaNO2 (0.5 mg/ml per 200 g body weight (BW) of rats per day for 14 days) orally. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, consisting of six groups. The first group was the control normal group (N), without induction and the others were treatment groups that were induced with NaNO2 and supplemented with iron (0.3 mg/200 g BW), consisted of control group (CMC), control iron (Fe) group, iron and soy protein hydrolysate-1 (270 mg/200 g BW) (FeSH-1) group, iron and soy protein hydrolysate-2 (270 mg/200 g BW) (Fe-SH2) group and positive control iron vitamin C (0.24 mg/200 g BW) (Fe Vit. C) group. The result showed that Fe-SH2 treatment group had a better iron-binding capacity rather than other groups. This result suggests that soy protein hydrolysates could enhance iron absorption, which might be applied in human as a functional food to reduce anemia prevalence.

Iron absorption stimulation by administration of soy protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides in rats

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Indonesia is high. Most of the anemia is caused by iron deficiency syndrome due to inadequate iron intake and low bioavailability of iron sources. Some studies indicated that bioactive peptides from certain protein hydrolysates could support iron absorption. Our previous study showed that soy protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides indicated an iron-binding activity and could increase its solubility in water. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of soy protein hydrolysates administration on iron serum levels in anemic Sprague Dawley rats. Anemia induction was performed by applying NaNO2 (0.5 mg/ml per 200 g body weight (BW) of rats per day for 14 days) orally. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, consisting of six groups. The first group was the control normal group (N), without induction and the others were treatment groups that were induced with NaNO2 and supplemented with iron (0.3 mg/200 g BW), consisted of control group (CMC), control iron (Fe) group, iron and soy protein hydrolysate-1 (270 mg/200 g BW) (FeSH-1) group, iron and soy protein hydrolysate-2 (270 mg/200 g BW) (Fe-SH2) group and positive control iron vitamin C (0.24 mg/200 g BW) (Fe Vit. C) group. The result showed that Fe-SH2 treatment group had a better iron-binding capacity rather than other groups. This result suggests that soy protein hydrolysates could enhance iron absorption, which might be applied in human as a functional food to reduce anemia prevalence.

Faktor Determinan Anemia pada Mahasiswi Prodi D III Kebidanan STIKES Brebes

Anemia is a condition where the level of red blood cells in a person's blood is lower than a normalperson. Anemia can occur if a person's red blood cells do not have enough amount ofhaemoglobin. [4] In Indonesia, the prevalence of anemia by 57.1% is suffered by young women,27.9% is suffered by women of reproductive age (WUS) and 40.1% is suffered by pregnantwomen. The main cause of nutritional anemia in Indonesia is the low level in iron intake (Fe). Inadolescent women 26.50%, women of childbearing age (WUS) 26.9%, pregnant women 40.1%,and children under five 47.0%. [14] This study aims to determine the determinant factors ofanemia in female college students. This research design uses descriptive analytic method. Thesample in this study were all students of Study Program D III Midwifery of STIKES Brebes,amounting to 74 respondents. The data collection tool uses a portable HB check tool to determineHB levels and structured questionnaires. The results showed that as many as 31 respondents (41%)had anemia, most of which were 25 respondents (80.6%) knew well about anemia. A total of 11respondents (35.4%) with normal menstrual cycles have anemia and 14 respondents (45%) liveindependently or boarding. Efforts should be made to carry out activities related to healtheducation about the dangers of anemia and how to prevent it so that the incidence of anemia inyoung women students of the Midwifery Study Program of STIKES STIKES can be addressedproperly.

Pelatihan Penanganan Trauma Pada Kegawatdaruratan Bagi Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Kabupaten Tegal

Anemia is a serious nutritional problem in Indonesia. According to Riskesdas in 2013, the prevalence of anemia in Indonesia was 21.7%, males 18.4% and women 23.9%. The proportion of anemia according to adolescence is at the age of 15-24 years which is 18.4%. Anemia can cause many negative effects on teenagers. Among them is a decrease in concentration of learning, stamina and work productivity. Iron absorption is not only influenced by nutrition but is also caused by the presence of substances that can inhibit the absorption of these nutrients. Other factors are lifestyle, socioeconomic, demographic, education, gender, age and region. Public health strategies to prevent and control anemia are very important to prevent future mortality and morbidity events. The aim of community service is to reduce the prevalence of anemia in adolescents through examinations, Fe tablets and counseling. The target activity is the students of An Nur Tegal Vocational School in Central Java Province with a total of 26 teenagers. Proactive teen activity results in examinations and counseling. The importance of detecting, examining risk factors that affect anemia in adolescents and counseling on prevention and treatment of anemia so that high-risk adolescents need to be considered for follow-up to controlling risk factors. Appropriate health education needs to be provided at home and school so that these risk factors can be eliminated at an early stage.

THE EFFECTS OF GADGETS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ANEMIA IN TEENAGE GIRLS

The prevalence of anemia in Indonesia, namely in teenager women, was 26.50% and in women of childbearing age by 26.9%. In addition to eating patterns, teenagers were now starting to depend on the development of existing technology. Lifestyle had an impact on the incidence of anemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gadgets on the incidence of anemia in teenager girls. This research was an analytical survey study with a cross-sectional design, conducted from June to August 2019 at SMK 1 Kota Tegal. The sampling technique used was total sampling with a sample of 40 young women in the Department of Catering. Data collection in this study used a questionnaire, while data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate with chi-square. The results showed that the use of gadgets for 4-5 hours/day had anemia as much as 55.6%, and 78.9% of anemia in the use of gadget 2-3 hours/day. The use of gadgets with a duration of 4-5 hours/day and poor eating patterns as much as 88.9% and 57.9% of respondents on the duration of use of 2-3 hours/day. There is an influence between the duration of the use of gadgets on eating patterns (p-value = 0.005), and there is an influence between the use of gadgets on the incidence of anemia (p-value = 0.037). The more widespread use of gadgets, it is necessary to have support from across sectors such as teachers and parents always to remind and limit smartphone usage. Keywords : Gadgets, anemia

Intersectoral and eco-nutritional approaches to resolve persistent anemia in Indonesia.

Anemia in Indonesia has been of concerning persistence in all age groups for some 75 years since independence. The relationships between anemia and nutrition are complex being evident with compromised general health and nutrition. Increased micronutrient intakes, especially iron and folic acid, has alleviated the problem, but encouraged nutrient-specific micronutrient interventions as attractive policy directions as if anemia were a stand-alone disease irrespective of associated disorder. Concerted action to deal with the fundamental causality has been missing. Much of the pathogenetic pathway may be nutritional, but its multifactoriality is ultimately socioecological. Given the intransigence and progression of societal and ecosystem dysfunction, it can be expected that failure to recognize their causal importance will further entrench endemic anemia. This review deliberates the practical measures taken to recognize anemia by symptomatology, food and nutrition surveys, screening (fingerpick blood), nutrition assessment, and blood loss (menstrual and faecal). It identifies vulnerable groups including premenopausal and pregnant women, children and adolescents, unwell adults, and the dependent aged. Risk settings include food insecurity, infectious disease, non-communicable disease, inheritance and epigenetics, and socioeconomic disadvantage. Underlying socio-ecological problems are livelihood, food systems, cultural habits, belief systems, and social networks and activities. With this framework, policy directions could deal more comprehensively and effectively with the socioecological complexity which underpins and limits progress towards anemia eradication at a time of intense global food and health insecurity. It will require co-operative intersectoral and eco-nutritional approaches which take into account the need for universal, sustainable livelihoods. Recommendations have been made accordingly.

Non-nutritional and disease-related anemia in Indone-sia: A systematic review.

Non-nutritional anemia, the second most common type of anemia worldwide after nutritional anemia, includes the anemia of inflammation (AI) and that due to helminthiasis. In this review, we examine the contribution that non-nutritional anemia makes to incidence in Indonesia. Anemia due to helminthiasis is a common problem in Indonesia and contributes to prevalence, particularly in children under 5 years. We conducted a systematic literature review based on Google Scholar and Pubmed for non-nutritional anemia. We supplemented this with hemoglobin and chronic disease data in Makassar where prevalence and type of anemia were available. To effectively reduce anemia prevalence in Indonesia, interventions should address both nutritional and non-nutritional contributing factors, in-cluding infection and genetic predisposition.

Non-nutritional and disease-related anemia in Indone-sia: A systematic review.

Non-nutritional anemia, the second most common type of anemia worldwide after nutritional anemia, includes the anemia of inflammation (AI) and that due to helminthiasis. In this review, we examine the contribution that non-nutritional anemia makes to incidence in Indonesia. Anemia due to helminthiasis is a common problem in Indonesia and contributes to prevalence, particularly in children under 5 years. We conducted a systematic literature review based on Google Scholar and Pubmed for non-nutritional anemia. We supplemented this with hemoglobin and chronic disease data in Makassar where prevalence and type of anemia were available. To effectively reduce anemia prevalence in Indonesia, interventions should address both nutritional and non-nutritional contributing factors, in-cluding infection and genetic predisposition.

Nutritional contributors to maternal anemia in Indonesia: Chronic energy deficiency and micronutrients.

Despite enduring efforts in Indonesia to eliminate anemia in pregnancy, it remains a major nutritional problem. Its nutritional contributors were reevaluated. A meta-analysis of reports on anemia during pregnancy in Indonesia from January 2001 to December 2019 in the PubMed and ProQuest databases was conducted. Pooled ORs were obtained in fixed- and random-effects models. Funnel plots and Egger's and Begg's tests were used to evaluate publication bias. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata version 14.2 were used for analysis. A total of 2,474 articles were appraised. Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed on 10 studies including 4,077 participants. Chronic energy deficiency had the highest OR for the risk of anemia (3.81 [95% CI: 2.36-6.14]) followed by greater parity (OR=2.66 [95% CI: 1.20-5.89]), low education level (OR=2.56 [95% CI: 1.04-6.28]), and limited health knowledge (OR=1.70 [95% CI: 1.17-2.49]), whereas older age and inadequate iron supplementation were not apparently associated with maternal anemia (p > 0.05). Future policies and strategic action to reduce nutritional anemia during pregnancy in Indonesia should increase emphasis on local nutritional epidemiology to establish the pathogenesis of anemia and the validity of stand-alone single-nutrient interventions. Attention to chronic energy deficiency as a barrier to preventing anemia in pregnancy may be necessary to enable health workers and women at risk to be better informed in their efforts.