Android Type Research Articles

Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and bioactivity in Type 2 diabetics and patients with android type obesity

The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in insulin resistance has been studied in 59 patients with Type 2 diabetes, 28 with android type obesity and 35 healthy lean controls. Immunoreactive concentrations and bioactivity of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha have repeatedly been determined in 8 weeks intervals for 12 months, five times per patients, by using ELISA and L929 cell cytotoxicity bioassay. Significantly higher immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and bioactivity have been found in both, the Type 2 diabetic and obese groups as compared to the healthy persons. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and bioactivity have showed a significant positive linear correlation with the elevated basal serum C-peptide levels and body mass indexes in both groups of patients. According to these data the cytokine might play a role in insulin resistance in obesity as well in Type 2 diabetes.

Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and endothelin 1 levels correlate with increased C-peptide concentration in android type obesity

Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and endothelin 1 levels correlate with increased C-peptide concentration in android type obesity

Elevated Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Endothelin 1 Levels Correlate With Increased C-Peptide Concentration in Android Type Obesity

Elevated Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Endothelin 1 Levels Correlate With Increased C-Peptide Concentration in Android Type Obesity

Impact of waist-hip-ratio and body-mass-index on hormonal and metabolic parameters in young, obese women

To investigate the impact of predominantly upper body fat localisation on the hormonal and metabolic profile in obese, infertile women. Prospective observational study of premenopausal women with obesity, infertility and menstrual dysfunction. Department of Endocrinology and Reproduction of the University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Heidelberg. Eighteen women with android type obesity (waist-hip-ratio = WHR > 0.85, group 1) and 22 women with gynoid type obesity (WHR < or = 0.85, group 2) in a group of 58 premenopausal obese women (median age 28 y) with infertility. Twenty-nine women took part in a weight reducing program lasting 32 +/- 14 (mean +/- s.d.) weeks. BMI, WHR and blood pressure. Plasma lipids and liver enzymes. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide and different steroid and pituitary hormones during oral glucose loading. In the total group of 58 obese women, WHR was directly correlated to plasma triglycerides, AST, ALT and cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol-ratio. WHR correlated inversely with HDL-cholesterol. Insulin resistance was greater with increasing WHR. Systolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol-ratio, aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly greater in group 1. Group 2 had greater HDL-cholesterol levels. One subject in group 1, five women in group 2 conceived spontaneously after weight reduction. Determination of the WHR is a simple measurement to identify obese patients who are at a greater risk of developing the metabolic syndrome. WHR is important in preventive medicine, as typical metabolic profiles are already present in young women before clinical manifestation. Women with android obesity seem to be more prone to develop menstrual irregularity and infertility. The hyperinsulinaemia may be the pathway.

Anatomical Variations in the Female Pelvis: The Caldwell-Moloy Classification

Since 1933, when Caldwell and Moloy (1) first came out with their classification of the female pelvis, several articles have been written by the same authors and their co-workers on the general use of x-ray in the study of the mechanics of obstetrics, particularly as it relates to pelvic form and fetal-pelvic relationships. Other writers have added to the literature follow-up reports to evaluate further the application of these studies by careful clinical-roentgenologic correlation. It has been rather definitely shown that measurements are not the entire story and that the x-ray can be of aid in determining the course of labor over and above the procedures which deal primarily with the mensuration of the fetal head and maternal pelvis. The problem is not entirely one of size, but includes pelvic form and fetal-pelvic relationships. If one disregards the clinical correlation, particularly with border-line disproportions, one will easily mislead the clinician and discredit an otherwise valuable roentgen procedure, however important fetal cephalometry and maternal pelvimetry may seem to be in a specific case. A recent article by Nicholson and Allen (2) we believe deserves some comment. These authors criticize the Caldwell-Moloy classification of the female pelvis because of its lack of precision. They feel that there are so many subclassifications under the four parent types that the method of classification becomes unwieldy. To quote these authors: “Classification may be a fine weapon in the armament of science, but classification without precise definition is simply the negation of science and can only lead to the multiplication of types. until every example has a type of its own.” They seek to disprove (1) the fact that the android pelvis is a male pelvis and that it is associated with other male stigmata in the female, (2) that the android pelvis and to some extent the anthropoid pelvis are associated with narrow outlets, and (3) that the android pelvis is associated with difficult labor, propositions which they say Caldwell and Moloy have propounded. They attempt to produce proof that the android pelvis is associated with neither contraction of the pubic angle nor with difficult labor. They also point out that any deformities in the pelvis which lead to difficult labor are due to deficient nutrition in childhood. Some of these ideas cannot go unchallenged. In the first place, Caldwell and Moloy never “argued” that the android pelvis was necessarily associated with difficult labor. They did say that a relatively small android pelvis is more apt to cause trouble than a relatively small gynecoid pelvis because of the difficult mechanism that may be associated with the android type. In those pelves which are borderline or normal as to size, the pelvic form may play a major role. In this regard Nicholson and Allen have missed a very important point.

Pelvic inlet variation in 400 negro women

1.1. Study of the superior strait in 400 negro female pelves by Thoms' grid method revealed more anthropoid and less android types of pelves than occur in the white patients as studied by Caldwell and others.2.2. A device is illustrated (Fig. 2) for simplifying Thoms' grid method so that the superior strait may be viewed and measured from an 8 by 10 inch film and a technician may complete the procedure in ten minutes.3.3. The inlet to the majority of negro female pelves is essentially round in agreement with Thoms' findings in white women.4.4. The operative incidence of the negro women may be less than in the whites partially because of less occurrence of android type of pelves.