Anderson Study Research Articles

Propaganda & Persuasion: The Cold War and The Canadian-Soviet Friendship Society by Jennifer Anderson

Reviewed by: Propaganda & Persuasion: The Cold War and The Canadian-Soviet Friendship Society by Jennifer Anderson Ryan M. Touhey Jennifer Anderson. Propaganda & Persuasion: The Cold War and The Canadian-Soviet Friendship Society. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2017. 260 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $27.95 sc. Propaganda & Persuasion is a welcome addition to the fields of Canadian Cold War history and Canadian international relations. Jennifer Anderson's study is the first to examine the Canadian-Soviet Friendship Society (CSFS), an unusual group founded in 1949 by Dyson Carter and former parliamentarian Dorise Nielsen to promote affinity for the Soviet Union as well as the "truth" about that country (77). Through public talks, sympathetic publications, the promotion of tours to the Soviet Union, and the dissemination of Soviet propaganda, the CSFS deployed cultural soft power to propagate an image to Canadians of the Soviet Union as "the epitome of an enlightened and egalitarian state" (9). Aspiring to achieve that goal, the CSFS "used propaganda and persuasion in Cold War Canada" in the hopes of positioning the Soviet Union as a successful alternative to western society (9). Organized thematically, seven chapters explore the key players involved in the CSFS, the history of bilateral Soviet friendship from 1917-1949, the dissemination of CSFS literature and media, progressive ethnic groups and the CSFS, women and the CSFS, and finally Soviet public diplomacy overtures in Canada. Anderson's book begins prior to the founding of the CSFS, revealing that groups labelling themselves as friends of the Soviet Union appeared in Canada soon after the Russian Revolution. The heyday for Canada-Soviet amity occurred during the Second World War with both nations allied against Nazi Germany. Anderson observes that during the war, the National Council for Canadian-Soviet Friendship enjoyed "widespread support" and prominent individuals, such as Prime Minister Mackenzie King, attended functions emphasizing bilateral friendship between Canadians and the peoples of the Soviet Union (5). Igor Gouzenko's defection from the Soviet embassy in Ottawa to the West in 1945 and his revelations that the Soviets spied on Canada during the war created widespread antipathy for Moscow, and communism in general. As the Cold War became entrenched in 1946, open support or sympathy for Moscow evaporated. Progressives were demoralized with Gouzenko's evidence; others were wary of becoming entangled with Canada's security apparatus. [End Page 167] Still, as Anderson demonstrates, Soviet sympathizers continued to believe that the USSR remained a model for Canada and the newly constituted CSFS set out to prove that to Canadians. Were members of the CSFS also members of the Canadian Communist Party (CCP)? Not all, according to Anderson, but the CSFS was associated with the CCP (9). Certainly the RCMP considered the CSFS "as a communist front organization" supported by the CCP, and Anderson is sympathetic as to why the RCMP monitored the society (11, 171). To be active in the CSFS required both dedication to the Soviet cause and some mental gymnastics. A case in point was Dyson Carter, author of the biography, Stalin's Life: At Last the True Story, published in 1943. Moscow endorsed Dyson's leadership, considering him a skilful propagandist. Dyson served as president of the CSFS from 1949 to 1960 (when it rebranded as the Canada-USSR Association), edited the CSFS newsletter from 1950 to 1956, and published the pro-Soviet magazine Northern Neighbours from 1956 to 1989. He also claimed to invest in Bay Street Stocks and purchased real estate (79). Whenever a new ideological line emanated from Moscow—be it the denunciation of Stalin after previous sycophantic portrayals of the dictator in his writings, adopting a sympathetic viewpoint of the Soviet mauling of the Hungarian revolution, downplaying the events at Chernobyl or embracing Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost—Dyson's writings embraced the shift from Moscow without question (90). Still, Carter's media talents and drive, along with support from the CPC and the Soviet All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS) "made the...CSFS a much more pernicious group in the eyes of the RCMP" than any of its predecessors (52). Publications also commonly depicted Soviet society as egalitarian in terms of gender and race in...

Rôle des ligaments interosseux dans la stabilité transverse de l’articulation radio-ulnaire proximale. Étude d’un modèle validé en éléments finis

Transverse stability of the proximal radio-ulnar joint (PRUJ) is a major issue in secondary surgeries of Monteggia fractures. To restore this stability, surgeons perform osteotomies and ligamentoplasties. Ligament surgeries focus on annular ligament but recently, a cadaveric study of Anderson et al. pointed out a possible major role of the central band in the PRUJ transverse stability, especially when the annular ligament is cut. Computational models using patient-specific bone geometry, such as finite element models (FE) can complement such cadaveric studies by defining the stress distribution carried by each forearm ligament. The purpose of this project is to develop and validate a novel FE model to study the particular influence of each ligament in the PRUJ. The model will be validated against data from a published cadaveric study. Bone geometry was obtained from a cadaveric CT. Six forearm ligaments were modeled according to anatomical studies. A non-linear force strain relationship were attributed to ligaments in accordance with Werner et al. Reproducing Anderson's study, the ulna was fixed and a displacement from 0 to 3 mm was applied on the radius in a transverse direction from the ulna. The main ligaments were then virtually cut in a sequential manner. Transverse forces were collected and compared to Anderson's study for validation of the model. Then, the stress induced by each ligament for the same applied transverse force was studied, and compared after cutting only one individual ligament at a time. Incremental sectioning of the ligaments reduced the force required to reach the same displacement in the same way it did in the cadaveric study of Anderson et al. The stress study showed a major increase of the central band stress when the annular ligament is cut, focusing 92% of the total stress. A FE model of the forearm including ligaments is reliable considering the PRUJ transverse stability. The central band plays a major role, especially when the annular ligament is injured and this has to be taken into consideration in forearm secondary surgery. These finding have to be confirmed during the forearm rotation. Using a validated FE model, the stress distribution in ligaments can be analyzed precisely and independently, a task not easily replicable in an in vitro setting, and it confirmed the cadaveric hypothesis. Furthermore, the developed model can potentially be used to accurately evaluate a variety of ligamentoplasties on the transverse stability of the PRUJ.

Abolitionizing Missouri: German Immigrants and Racial Ideology in Nineteenth-Century America

Kristen Layne Anderson's study looks closely at the ways German immigrants in St. Louis moved from a relative ignorance of and indifference to issues of slavery and abolition to positions of antislavery by the late antebellum period, hardy Unionism and support for emancipation during and because of the Civil War, and civil rights (especially voting rights) for blacks during Reconstruction. In doing so, Anderson offers one of the few sustained inquiries into how any immigrant group engaged the issues of race, national obligation, and equal rights at that time. Anderson's approach is largely chronological and evolutionary, as she observes how Germans in St. Louis came to equate free soil and then emancipation with their own economic and political self-interest. By Anderson's reckoning, critical external actions—for example, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, secession, and arming black troops—created critical moments that forced Germans to choose a course of action, each pushing them toward a more antislavery and racially egalitarian perspective and position. At no time during this movement was German thinking of a piece; proslavery and prosouthern German voices countered the seeming majority standing against slavery's advance and southern secession. For Anderson, however, the antislavery and pro–black rights narrative arc moved almost inexorably in one direction until the 1870s.

Imagining Methodism in 18th-Century Britain: Enthusiasm, Belief & the Borders of the Self

Misty G. Anderson. Imagining Methodism in 18th-Century Britain: Enthusiasm, Belief & Borders of Self. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2012. 296 + xii pages. $65.Misty Anderson's study of how Methodism was represented in eighteenth century, Imagining Methodism in 18th-Century Britain: Enthusiasm, Belief & Borders of Self, opens up her subject into broad historical narratives about gender, sexuality, relationship between Christianity and secular, and, indeed, very nature of identity itself, all without losing its grounding in dense, evidential detail drawn from a dazzling array of diverse sources. In book, close readings work dialectically with important theoretical and political concepts instead of being driven and constrained by them. While focused on answering a very specific question-not what Methodism was but how Methodism was imagined in eighteenth century-Anderson's analysis of print texts from novel to hymn, of visual representations, and of embodied performances presents new ways of thinking about just religion but also gender, sexuality, and such bedrock modern concepts as the self. This is a book with its telos in any one theoretical camp or subdivision of cultural studies, though it has its roots in many. Imagining Methodism starts with an openeyed, honest interest in figuring out what Methodism and Methodists meant to eighteenth-century British publics and individuals. In process of that investigation, Anderson contributes invaluable, field-changing insight to queer, feminist, materialist, and performance-oriented work on early modern Britain and its place in history of the modern.Of course, as introduction amply documents, Anderson's focus on Methodism is hardly random but rather places her book in midst of historical debates over social relationships between various types of Christianity and alleged secularism emergent with European Enlightenment. There is a real need for good, historical, materialist work in this area. As Anderson points out, work of Marxist cultural historians such as E. P. Thompson and Max Weber tends to subsume religion into capitalist ideology as the Protestant ethic while Marxist literary critics like Ian Watt edge it out of their readings altogether to focus on an emergent, secularly motivated middle class and its realist aesthetic. Much otherwise excellent work in literary and historical cultural studies has been limited by this implicit alignment between secularism and progressive politics. Anderson joins cultural critics who are skeptical about dominance of skepticism by taking seriously proposition that Methodism, largest new religious movement in period and at heart of modern evangelicalism, might be intrinsic to our understanding of eighteenth-century culture and its active negotiation of religion in 'a secular age,' which redefines rather than destroys modern belief (6). This is to say that Anderson embraces religion over secularism as key to understanding formation of modern identities. As she puts her argument, it is not that secular and religious capture complete horizon of possibility in project of modernity, but that their opposition achieves a cultural dominance that defines era (11).The concept of self is central to Anderson's cultural analysis, a turn back to an older term and away from well-theorized, post-structuralist preference for subjectivity. Of course, Anderson has strong methodological backup in Dror Wahrman's The Making of Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth-Century England on historical formation of modern gender identities, but her choice is primarily historical; she takes her definition of term back to John Locke's conscious, thinking thing, individual consciousness. The Lockean self links this consciousness with sensation, opening itself up to feeling as well as thought. …

Blood, stress, and tiRNAs

Two studies identify the pathways to tRNA destruction under stress.

Emily Cockayne.Hubbub: Filth, Noise and Stench in England, 1600–1770.:Hubbub: Filth, Noise and Stench in England, 1600–1770

Seventeen years ago, David Hackett Fischer noted the degree to which early American historians, and presumably others, had grown estranged from the societies that they studied, owing in large measure to both the secularization and urbanization of modern life. Our knowledge of the natural world has especially suffered, limited, at most, to our children's pet gerbils or an occasional campout with the Cub Scouts or Brownies. All of this is true enough, but in recent years, a number of historians have sought to right the balance. Blessed with vivid imaginations and a gift for archival research, they have resurrected the sights, scents, and sounds of pre-industrial environments, from Virginia DeJohn Anderson's study of animal husbandry in colonial America to Bruce R. Smith's exploration of early modern soundscapes. In this work, Emily Cockayne makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of preindustrial life—with two caveats. Rather than a panorama of quotidian existence, she concentrates on sources of daily discomfort and the physical and emotional reactions that they provoked: the “unseemly aspects of life in order to redress the balance in favour of the pleasures of the period” (p. 1). Second, this is primarily a study of urban nuisances, concentrating chiefly on London, Oxford, Manchester, and that famed fount of pleasure, Bath. One of the books' more interesting discoveries is the extent to which the natural world routinely intruded upon urban life for both good and ill. Certainly, the urban-rural distinction for the centuries preceding the industrial revolution is not always helpful.

Debugging: finding, fixing and flailing, a multi-institutional study of novice debuggers

Debugging is often difficult and frustrating for novices. Yet because students typically debug outside the classroom and often in isolation, instructors rarely have the opportunity to closely observe students while they debug. This paper describes the details of an exploratory study of the debugging skills and behaviors of contemporary novice Java programmers. Based on a modified replication of Katz and Anderson's study of novices, we sought to broadly survey the modern landscape of novice debugging abilities. As such, this study reports general quantitative results and fills in the picture with qualitative detail from a relatively small, but varied sample. Comprehensive interviews involving both a programming and a debugging task, followed by a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire, were conducted with 21 CS2 students at seven colleges and universities. While many subjects successfully debugged a representative set of typical CS1 bugs, there was a great deal of variation in their success at the programming and debugging tasks. Most of the students who were good debuggers were good novice programmers, although not all of the good programmers were successful at debugging. Students employed a variety of strategies to find 70% of all bugs and of the bugs they found they were able to fix 97% of them. They had the most difficulty with malformed statements, such as arithmetic errors and incorrect loop conditions. Our results confirm many findings from previous studies (some quite old) – most notably that once students find bugs, they can fix them. However, the results also suggest that some changes have occurred in the student population, particularly an increased use of debugging tools and online resources, as well as the use of pattern matching, which has not previously been reported.

Imagined Communities: Women's History and the History of Gender in Mexico

Imagined Communities:Women's History and the History of Gender in Mexico María Teresa Fernández-Aceves (bio) The purpose of this paper is not to discuss all, or a large part, of what has been done in the Mexican women and gender historiography since the mid-1970s. My aim instead is to pinpoint the trends in the national academic culture, the most important developments of women's and gender history, mainly in Mexico, recent publications, research policies, and finally, the difficulties in doing transnational history. In twentieth-century Mexico, trained historians from different academic settings—public and private universities as well as federal and state research centers—have applied diverse perspectives from Marxism to the diverse approaches of the Annales School. In the late 1960s, Luis González y González proposed the development of regional history and microhistory in his study of San José de Gracia, a rural town in western Mexico.1 For González, microhistory referred to the local historical experience that was representative of, or more importantly a contrasting variant of, national narratives. This perspective stimulated and consolidated regional studies of different states, localities, and the revolutionary experience. Recently, Mexican historiography has moved from structural to cultural analyses incorporating the new French cultural history, promoted by Roger Chartier and the proposals of Michel de Certeau about everyday life; the Italian school of microhistory led by Carlo Ginzburg; the German historical sociology of Norbert Elias; and Benedict Anderson's study of nations and nationalism in Imagined Communities.2 However, social history, with its emphasis on structure and class analysis, remains important. Most Mexican historiography, however, has neglected women and gender. Those who do this work still comprise a small academic ghetto. During the second feminist wave in the 1970s and 1980s some feminist scholars emerged to work in periods from the colony through the Revolution of 1910. They have looked at issues of marriage, sexuality, labor, education, and politics. As elsewhere in the first stages of women's history, Mexican historians have concentrated on demonstrating that women have been historical actors and have raised questions about the traditional periodization that leaves them out.3 In 1987, Julia Tuñón Pablos wrote Mujeres en la historia de México, the first comprehensive and synthetic narrative that incorporated women from Prehispanic times to the twentieth century.4 By using a traditional periodization, Tuñón plotted the different roles ascribed to women and the changing feminine representations and practices. At [End Page 200] the same time, Carmen Ramos Escandón edited Presencia y transparencia: la mujer en la historia de México, another global vision of women in Mexican history. General bibliographies, like El álbum de la mujer, were compiled. In the 1980s, more extensive studies examined convents, sexuality, and education in colonial Mexico; women's culture, roles, and representations; female labor force participation; women and the law in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; women and the Mexican Revolution; and the Mexican woman suffrage campaigns in the 1920s and 1950s.5 In the 1990s, as elsewhere, there has been a move from women's history to gender history. However, a gender perspective in Mexico is still identified mostly with women. Women's and gender history in Mexico have been recognized as historical fields, but the growing literature has not been incorporated into other, more mainstream historical approaches. Most of the time, these studies are read only by specialists on gender. In contrast to the Mexican and feminist historians, Mexicanist scholars from the Anglo world have drawn more upon the linguistic turn.6 Thus, their work is more embedded in feminist theory and poststructuralism. In the United States, these fields have not only been recognized but also incorporated into the academy. Unlike North American and British feminist scholars, Mexican feminist scholars tend to combine French social history perspectives—private life, everyday life, sexuality, and work—with Anglophone approaches to cultural history and discourse analysis. They cite Michèlle Perrot's, Georges Duby's, and Phillipe Ariès's multivolume works on women's and private life histories; French cultural history; Mexican and Italian microhistory; Norbert Elias's configuration and civilizing processes concepts; and E. P. Thompson's history from...

Black, White, and Catholic: New Orleans Interracialism, 1947-1956

R. Bentley Anderson's study of Catholic interracialism in mid-twentieth-century New Orleans adds to the tapestry of studies arguing for an expanded periodization of and range of participation in the civil rights movement. The complex story Anderson narrates tracks the place of religion in multiple strands of advocacy for and resistance to integration. Two lay associations of black and white Catholics, one composed of adults (the Commission on Human Rights [chr]) and the other of college students (the Southeastern Regional Interracial Commission [serinco]), stood at the center of the Crescent City's Catholic interracial activities in the decade following World War II. Anderson details those lay efforts to model Christian charity in the face of resistance from every level of the church and community. Both groups also contributed to tensions within the local Jesuit community, whose Loyola University of the South provided an institutional home for the interracial organizations. Some members of the Loyola faculty supported and helped organize lay interracial advocacy, especially the sociologist Joseph Fichter. Other Jesuits resisted integration, even after their regional governing body (the New Orleans Province) issued an official statement against segregation in 1952. Anderson's access to previously unavailable Jesuit archival materials enables him to document conflicts in the order and led to his sustained lament over the Jesuit's failure to oppose segregation at the earliest opportunity. The third strand that Anderson weaves into his narrative is the evolution of archdiocesan racial policies and practices. This last piece is less complete than the others because Archbishop Joseph Rummel's papers remain unavailable to researchers.

Alison Bashford and Claire Hooker (eds), Contagion: historical and cultural studies, Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 2001, pp. xiii, 240, illus., £55.00 (hardback 0-415-24671-7).

Alison Bashford and Claire Hooker (eds), Contagion: historical and cultural studies, Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine, London and New York, Routledge, 2001, pp. xiii, 240, illus., £55.00 (hardback 0-415-24671-7). - Volume 49 Issue 1

Separatist Nationalism in Gilbert Imlay's The Emigrants

Karsten H. Piep, in his paper "Separatist Nationalism in Gilbert Imlay's The Emigrants," argues that only recently rediscovered among American scholars and still awaiting much critical work, Gilbert Imlay's The Emigrants offers an intriguing case study in the complex relationship between fictional representation and late eighteenth-century nation formation. Tracing briefly the novel's reception history, Piep locates The Emigrants within the socio-political context of eighteenth-century discourses on revolution, emancipation, and independence. Taking Benedict Anderson's study on the rise of nationalism as a point of reference, Piep argues that Imlay's novel offers an example of a perhaps uniquely American separatist nationalism that proffers, employs, expands, and subverts "official" or dominant accounts of nationalism by inviting a transatlantic readership to imagine an utopian community in the remote Ohio River Valley. Piep also explores in his study how novelistic representations of Benedict Anderson's notion of "homogenous, empty time" can be applied with regard to transatlantic imaginings of alternative communities in Imlay's novel.

Give me liberty, and give me slaves

IN FATHERING THE NATION, RUSS CASTRONOVO BRINGS TO OUR ATTENTION A group of counter memories that existed in the period 1789-1865. These counter memories contradict the dominant memory in which the Founding Fathers, when they created the nation, endowed it with an unambiguous legacy of liberty. It has been possible to sustain this dominant memory, according to Castronovo, only by interpreting slavery as a temporary aberration from this legacy of liberty. This has been done by separating the Southern Founding Fathers-Washington, Jefferson, and Madison-from their identities as slaveholders. Indeed for Northerners such as Emerson, these Founding Fathers were not even Southerners. When antislavery Northerners captured control of national identity during the Civil War, they read the 1830-1860 generation of white Southerners out of the nation. Washington, Jefferson, and Madison were republicans and authors of liberty, while the Southerners of 1830 were unAmerican, neo-medieval tyrants. But, for Castronovo, these white Southerners of 1830 were the sons and grandsons of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison. Influenced by Benedict Anderson's study of the construction of modern nationalism, Imagined Communities, Castronovo is aware that modern historical writing played a major artistic role in that construction.' This writing imagined nations as bounded, autonomous spaces, each with unified and organic peoples. David Levin pointed out in his 1959 book History as Romantic Art that the

"Read All about It": The Press and the Rise of National Consciousness in Early Twentieth-Century Dutch East Indies Society

The essay examines the historical relationship between newspapers and national consciousness in colonial Indonesia. It begins with a critical evaluation of Benedict Anderson's thesis that the native intelligentsia of various colonized states imagined their own national communities as they began to consume newspapers printed in the vernacular of their respective states. In examining the general premise of Anderson's thesis, the study seeks both to specify the various ways that newspaper reading instilled a sense of community and the nature of the community it instilled. Translating a series of articles from early twentieth-century Malay language newspapers, it explores reader response by focusing on the strategies journalists employed to evoke them and so conceive their audience. [nationalism, community, newspapers, Indonesia, history] In his landmark study Imagined communities (1991[1983]), Benedict Anderson points to the rise of the vernacular press as a catalyst that helped fuel the emergence of nationalist consciousness. Anderson's argument, presented in the context of a broader study of the origins and spread of nationalism, is that the advent of commercial printing provided the means, for the first time in history, through which readers could imagine a comradeship with a large number of fellow readers, most of whom they had never met nor would ever meet over the course of their lifetimes (1991[1983]: 33-46). The printing industry-by that he means primarily newspaperscreated a medium for the sharing of experiences across a relatively distant territory. No matter that the experiences were vicarious and the sharing not exactly reciprocal, the news revealed the contours of a social world beyond the immediate experience of its readers, and reading the news made readers feel a part of that expanded social world. As people became aware of the events and comings and goings of people in the news, their stake grew in the community to which the stories referred. The historical force of nationalism, as Anderson shows, lies foremost with this sense of belonging it instills. On close inspection Anderson poses a rather complex proposition. More than expanding and diversifying the base of reader experience, the consumption of print supposedly restructured that experience. First, Anderson proposes that reading changed perceptions of time. Specifically, he asserts that reading heightened awareness of the reality of co-occurrence within time and that awareness, in turn, made it possible to imagine an extended or non-local community-that is, a community moving together through time (1991[1983]: 22-33). Second, the language of print also shaped experience. The fact that many of the papers were printed in the vernacular instilled awareness of a broader, ethnically diverse community of speakers. In some places, the vernacular was the language of commerce, not the language of home-for example, much of Java-and in other places the situation was the reverse. But the vernacular was juxtaposed to languages of court or of high religion; it was, thus, or in time would become, the language of the nation (see also Steedly 1996: 460; Siegel 1997). In short, awareness of the sharing of experience and recognition of membership in a vastly expanded community created the foundation on which an explicitly nationalist discourse could take hold. To support his proposition, Anderson summons an amazing array of historical evidence from nearly every continent, a feat all the more remarkable considering that the first edition of his book (1983) spanned just 150 pages. Among the colonized states examined, he cites evidence from Indonesian or Dutch East Indies history. In this discussion, although I focus narrowly on one facet of Anderson's study, specifically on the reading of Malay language newspapers at the beginning of the twentieth century, my objective is to assess critically a key assumption about the phenomenon in general: that the sense of community that laid the basis for nationalist discourse was forged and renewed in the regular, ceremonial act of reading the news (1991[1983]: 35, 44). …

Exploring qualitative research in general practice: introduction

Qualitative research methods have been developed and refined through attempts to understand the patterns and associations in human behaviour and relationships in disciplines such as sociology, anthropology and educational psychology. However, they also formed the basis of the natural sciences where the natural world was initially described and chronicled by narrative researchers. In medicine, the description of diseases such as measles or chickenpox had to precede the study of their epidemiology. Qualitative and quantitative methods are not mutually exclusive, rather, different degrees of mixing of the methods occur as the following examples illustrate. An almost pure form of quantitative research would be the national morbidity surveys, although based on the descriptive classification of diseases. A study of tonsillectomy rates in the children of women who have undergone elective hysterectomies would involve quantitatively measuring a qualitative concept. Quantitative research describes trends such as prescribing, consultation or referral rates, but qualitative methods can be used to enrich our understanding of these trends, for example, Cartwright and Anderson's study General practice revisited. Almost pure qualitative research seeks to create original descriptive or even explicatory models that do not use current biomedical imagery and language in a recognizable way, for example, the study of patients on repeat prescriptions by Balint et al. A quantitative concept of repeat prescription forms the background for this. Both qualitative and quantitative research is fundamentally concerned with discerning similarities and differences in what they choose to observe. New insights and models are suggested by the nature of these contrasts and approximations, whether they are measured in numbers or described in words. However, each mode of research, each way of looking at the world, creates different modes of knowing and understanding. Within a specialist field researchers tend to begin by asking How can the methodology that I

A Time to Mourn, a Time to Dance: The Expression of Grief and Joy in Israelite Religion

Anthropologists have long known that different cultures give expression to their symbol systems through external mediums such as food and clothing, but they have not recognized as readily that cultures also mold emotional life to fit particular patterns of meaning. This prejudice against the role of behaviors in shaping the emotional and cognitive life is especially strong in the study of religion. Gary Anderson's study reveals that, in the Israelite culture (and later, the Jewish culture), and as emotional experiences have visible behavioral components for both the individual and the community at large. The best evidence of this can be found in rabbinical texts that prescribe behaviors appropriate to and determine when this ritual state supersedes that of mourning. For example, on religious feast days, is forbidden and is prescribed. Mourning cannot resume until after the festival. The terms mourning and joy so employed do not refer to simple emotional states, but rather constitute a discrete set of ritual behaviors. In fact, the types of discrete behaviors that constitute (eating, drinking, festal song, anointing with oil, festive attire, sexual relations) all have exact anti-types in the ritual of (fasting, dirges, putting ashes on the head, rending one's garments or putting on sackcloth, sexual continence). Anderson shows that it is not only the rabbinical texts that use the terms mourning and joy in this way; rabbinic tradition is simply heir to a much older tradition, as witnessed in biblical and other ancient Near Eastern narratives such as the Gilgamesh Epic.

An analysis of research studies in which “homemade” achievement instruments were utilized

AbstractThis article will have as its focus a problem described by Anderson, namely, the quality of the construction and reporting of research that contains “homemade” achievement tests. The current status of homemade achievement tests was examined in this study. Research reports in two science education journals were analyzed, using Anderson's eight categories of information that a high quality research report should include. The journals examined were Journal of Research in Science Teaching and Science Education from January 1975 to January 1980. The findings indicate that reliability estimates and the procedures for selecting test items were mentioned more frequently in the science education journals than in Anderson's study. However, there was little or no improvement in describing the relation of test items to instruction. These findings should be of interest both to researchers who are utilizing “homemade” achievement tests in their studies and to journal panels who are reviewing studies for publication.

By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War (review)

BOOK REVIEWS By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War. By Bern Anderson. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Pp. xiv, 303 + vin. $5.95.) Admiral Bern Anderson made history as a naval officer and dien retired to shape anodier career for himself as scholar and writer of history. His last work is an excellent account of the navy's role in the Civil War. As a brave sailor would like to do, widi die completion of a task well-done, he promptíy sailed on into vaster seas—die end of his life coming swiftiy after publication of this book. Admiral Anderson contributed greatly to die final volumes of Admiral Samuel E. Morison's noted History of Naval Operations in World War II. He brought to his work with Morison and to his own sound histories the natural contributions of an officer who has diought profoundly on his profession and has put die tiioughts into practice. The whole purpose of a navy is to carry out, in peace or war, die broad policy and strategy of a nation. Thus it is natural diat of die handful of creditable works on die overaU naval aspects of the Civil War, Anderson treats best the strategic aspects, including command performance in joint operations and die far-reaching effects of naval blockade. The Civil War, known to Americans as a land struggle bright widi valor and stirring leadership, is also a profound lesson in the influence of die sea. The Union's wise and vigorous use of superiority there was critical if not decisive. Early in the war a joint committee in Washington, which Anderson labels die "Board of Strategy," settled upon how best to employ die North's overwhelming strengdi at sea. The Board's decisions included (though not all consciously) the following: (1) blockade, (2) control of the sea, (3) preventing foreign intervention, (4) effective combined operations, (5)assault on die Soudiern coast and strong points on inland waters, and (6)splitting die Confederacy on die line of die Mississippi, and tiien into fragments. The combined influence of diese powerful uses of die navy are perhaps too great for a single volume to cover. Even Anderson's study fails to examine properly the full scope of the last three categories in their fatal effect upon die Soudi. Examples of what might have been added abound in die first year of the war alone: At the outset, in April, 1861, the Baltimore riots cut off Washington by rail from the North. Captain du Pont in Philadelphia and others embarked troops in ships there and at the head of Chesapeake Bay, and debarked them 211 212CI VIL WAR HISTORY at Annapolis to proceed to the beleaguered capital. This timely grasp of the advantages of sea movement may have swayed the balance to save Washington and Maryland for the Union—both of incalculable influence upon the war. The first important victories for the North came from employing sea superiority in combined operations against the Carolinas. The early naval success at Hatteras and die subsequent capture of Port Royal meant more than a lift of morale for the North. They began the deadly drain on the Confederacy in troops, ordnance, and key coastal points, and die lodgement of Union forces behind die lines diat forced dispersal of Confederate strength from die main battlefields. On die Western rivers (which have yet to welcome their definitive historian ) the indomitable John Rodgers overcame Herculean tasks to shape a river fleet for Foote and Grant. The first ships, energetically and swiftly put into service, helped prevent die secession of Kentucky. Behind die strength of this fleet Grant knifed into the heart of the Confederacy in combined operations diat brought repeated disaster to the South. In addition to die foregoing omissions, the South's efforts are inadequately treated and diere are some inaccuracies, such as die account of the H. L. Hunley, the Confederates' valiant submarine. Yet these blemishes merely show diat no book can be perfect. Anderson's broad overall grasp of die conflict and of the interrelation of army and navy as separate but dependent blades of die same shears, mark him as a...