Andean Lakes Research Articles

Precipitation patterns, dissolved organic matter and changes in the plankton assemblage in Lake Escondido (Patagonia, Argentina)

Global warming affects the hydrological cycle by increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events and dry spells. These changes potentially affect the quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) input into lakes. In this study, we investigated if changes in precipitation over a 3-year period correspond to changes in DOM and whether these changes affect light attenuation and plankton community composition. We sampled Lake Escondido, a shallow, oligotrophic Andean lake, nine times, analyzing coloured DOM and plankton community composition. During the study period, we observed that variations in the precipitation regime correlated with DOM parameters (water colour and molecular weight), and this, in turn, affected the plankton composition. Chlorophyll a concentrations of both phytoplanktonic fractions (less than and greater than 2 μm) were related to water colour and TDP. We observed in the small fraction ( 2 μm) presented two biomass peaks corresponding to increases of the cyanophyte Chroococcus planctonicus and of the haptophyte Chrysochromulina parva. As precipitation decreased, the lake became more transparent, favouring C. planctonicus and mixotrophic oligotrich ciliates with endosymbiotic Chlorella. In the context of global climate change, our results highlight the potential impact of changes in precipitation patterns and, consequently, in DOM quality on the plankton community.

Population Growth and Seasonal Abundance of the Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) at Highland Lakes in Ecuador

Abstract. Population growth of piscivorous species raises concerns when it could affect aquaculture activities. In this study, an increase of the Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) population in the Ecuadorian Andes was documented using census data from three high Andean lakes (Yahuarcocha, San Pablo and Yambo) for 2004–2010. In the 20th Century, only one record of the species existed for the study area. From 2005 onward, the species occurred regularly at all three lakes. At Yahuarcocha, the wintering population (October–February) grew at an annual rate of 0.382 ± 0.05, reaching 307 in 2010. The population consists mainly of non-breeding migrants, and at the present time, the wintering distribution range of cormorant populations in Ecuador includes the high Andes. Given reports of cormorant predation at fish farms, potential conflicts on account of cormorant expansion are discussed.

Práticas territoriais indígenas entre a flexibilidade e a fixação

Em sua busca pelo reconhecimento de seus territórios costumeiros, as populações indígenas das Américas têm progressivamente lançado mão de técnicas modernas para a definição precisa de territórios. Isto resultou em tensões entre suas práticas muitas vezes altamente flexíveis e as modalidades mais fixas de territorialidade produzidas por tais técnicas. O objetivo deste artigo é explorar essas tensões e suas consequências sociais por meio da análise das práticas territoriais dos Uros, um grupo indígena que habita ilhas flutuantes nos juncais do lago andino Titicaca. Tais práticas serão analisadas tanto no nível da comunidade quanto em suas relações conflitantes com as comunidades vizinhas na costa do lago e com uma área protegida administrada pelo Estado peruano. As práticas territoriais internas dos Uros revelam elevados níveis de mobilidade física e flexibilidade social, resultantes do constante fundir e separar das ilhas artificiais de junco. No entanto, seu envolvimento com o Estado e suas práticas territoriais têm resultado em profundas transformações em seus arranjos com as comunidades ribeirinhas. Em especial, redundou numa transformação dos territórios flexíveis, vagamente definidos e compartilhados, em territórios fixos, claramente definidos e exclusivos. Por fim, analisarei conflitos que emergiram entre os Uros quando seus líderes tentaram aplicar mecanismos de fixação territorial, de forma a controlar a constante fusão e separação das ilhas flutuantes.

Rapid climate change from north Andean Lake Fúquene pollen records driven by obliquity: implications for a basin-wide biostratigraphic zonation for the last 284 ka

This paper compares a new super-high resolution pollen record from a central location in Lake Fúquene (4°N) with 3 pollen records from marginal sites from the same lake basin, located at 2540 m elevation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. We harmonized the pollen sum of all records, and provided previously published records of climate change with an improved age model using a new approach for long continental pollen records. We dissociated from subjective curve matching and applied a more objective procedure including radiocarbon ages, cyclostratigraphy, and orbital tuning using the new 284 ka long Fúquene Basin Composite record (Fq-BC) as the backbone ( Groot et al., 2011). We showed that a common ∼9 m cycle in the arboreal pollen percentage (AP%) records reflects obliquity forcing and drives vegetational and climatic change. The AP% records were tuned to the 41 kyr component filtered from standard benthic δ 18O LR04 record. Changes in sediment supply to the lake are reflected in concert by the four records making frequency analysis in the depth domain an adequate method to compare records from the same basin. We calibrated the original 14C ages and used where necessary biostratigraphic correlation, i.e. for records shorter than one obliquity cycle. Pollen records from the periphery of the lake showed changes in the abundance of Alnus and Weinmannia forests more clearly while centrally located record Fq-9C shows a more integrated signal of regional vegetation change. The revised age models show that core Fq-2 reflects the last 44 ka and composite record Fq-7C the last 85.5 ka. Marginally located core Fq-3 has an age of 133 ka at 32 m core depth and the lowermost 11 m of sediments appear of older but unknown age. The longest record Fq-BC shows ∼60 yr resolution over the period of 284-27 ka. All pollen records are in support of a common regional vegetation development leading to a robust reconstruction of long series of submillennial climate oscillations reflecting Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) cycles. Reconstructed climate variability in the tropical Andes since marine isotope stage (MIS) 8 compares well with NGRIP (δ 18O based), Epica Dome C (δD based) and the Mediterranean sea surface temperature record MD01-2443/44 (U K′37 based) underpinning the global significance of the climate record from this tropical Andean lake. A basin-wide biostratigraphy is presented and we concluded although with varying robustness that each core is representative of regional vegetational and climatic change.

Ecomicrobiology and microbial assimilative capacity of the oligotrophic Andean Lake Laja, Chile

La gran presion generada por el desarrollo socioeconomico del sur de Chile, esta causando cada vez mas un mayor impacto en los lagos y rios alli presentes. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de la estructura ecologica y la capacidad microbiana de autodepuracion de los cuerpos de agua lacustres es escasa, pero esencial para un futuro uso sostenible de los recursos agua y suelo. Se estudio el lago Laja, por ser un cuerpo de agua muy afectado por la extraccion de agua para la generacion de energia hidroelectrica y el riego. Como es caracteristico de la region andina, el lago Laja es oligotrofico limitado por nutrientes nitrogenados. Se encontraron bajas concentraciones de clorofila a y carbono organico particulado (POC), asi como bajas abundancias y biomasa de bacterias (principalmente ultramicrobacteria) y de flagelados heterotroficos. Interrelaciones troficas debiles se determinaron de la relacion bacterias y flagelados heterotroficos. Para las diez enzimas extracelulares estudiadas (fosfatasa, leucina-, arginina-, glicina- y tirosina-aminopeptidasa, a-, b-D-glucosidasa, a-, b-D-galactosidasa, N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidasa), con la excepcion de α-β-glucosidase, se analizo un amplio rango de actividad de degradacion sobre la materia organica. Probablemente, debido a la limitacion de nitrogeno, el N-organico hidrolizado por enzimas extracelulares alcanzo una actividad promedio de 45 %, comparada con otros estudios en aguas oligotroficas. El posible efecto de la limitacion de N en la actividad enzimatica extracelular, fue mas pronunciado en las tasas de la actividad enzimatica extracelular especificas, las cuales excedieron en un factor promedio de dos a las de otros cuerpos de aguas oligotroficos. En general, la actividad de todas las enzimas extracelulares microbianas estudiadas resultaron estar dominadas por enzimas externas disueltas libres (hasta el 98 %), mas que por ectoenzimas asociadas a particulas de materia organica (paredes celulares de bacterias, particulas y agregados). De esta manera es posible concluir que los futuros cambios socioeconomicos, reflejados en el incremento de cargas organicas e inorganicas, asi como el efecto del cambio global (cambios en temperaturas y precipitaciones), podrian provocar cambios significativos en la ecologia del lago Laja.

Genome Sequence of Sphingomonas sp. S17, Isolated from an Alkaline, Hyperarsenic, and Hypersaline Volcano-Associated Lake at High Altitude in the Argentinean Puna

The high-altitude Andean lakes (HAAL) in the Argentinean Puna-high Andes region represent an almost unexplored ecosystem exposed to extreme conditions (high UV irradiation, hypersalinity, drastic temperature changes, desiccation, and high pH). Here we present the first genome sequence, a Sphingomonas sp., isolated from this extreme environment.

Diversity and geographic distribution of Chlorococcales (Chlorophyceae) in contrasting lakes along a latitudinal transect in Argentinean Patagonia

The present study focuses on the geographic distribution and biodiversity of the Chlorococcales in Patagonian lakes, covering a latitudinal transect. Two different approaches are considered (a) a review of the historical records of Chlorococcales in Patagonia and (b) the analysis of the morphology-based species diversity, ecological remarks, and geographic distribution of the chlorococcalean species recorded in 33 aquatic environments during surveys 2007 and 2008. A total of 308 chlorococcalean species were recorded throughout a 60-year period in Patagonian freshwater systems, encountering the highest chlorococcalean richness in lakes and shallow lakes located in the more intensively sampled areas. In our surveys 2007–2008, 72 chlorococcalean taxa were registered, among which 80% are worldwide distributed, about 19% are restricted to cold temperate areas in both hemispheres and one species (Pediastrum patagonicum) is one of the taxa probably endemic for Patagonia. The chlorococcalean richness in relation to the environmental factors, revealed that it is directly correlated with the trophic status of the water bodies (chl a: r = 0.52 and DIN: r = 0.47; P < 0.05). The latitude was inversely correlated with the species richness (r = −0.40; P < 0.05), and the chlorococcalean biodiversity of the Andean lakes (mean value: 3.64) was significantly lower (P = 0.0022) than that of the lakes from the Patagonian Plateau (mean value: 9.62). In this study we observed a decreasing trend in the biodiversity of Chlorococcales with increasing latitude, which fits in the existing ecological pattern described for different groups of organisms.

Assessing the Influence of Global Climate and Anthropogenic Activities on the Water Balance of an Andean Lake

Tropical regions along the Andean Cordillera face an uncertain future as mountain lakes and snow peaks exhibit receding trends associated with factors such as climatic precursors and local anthropogenic activities. Tota, the largest mountain lake in the Colombian Andes, exemplifies the role played by these factors on the lake's hydrologic evolution. A monthly water balance in Tota Lake was performed using available hydrological information from 1958 to 2007 to address interannual and multiannual level fluctuations associated with human activities and climatic precursors. The balance shows that net water uses fluctuated around 2 m3/s during this period with a pattern that, although constrained during years of severe decline in lake levels, is able to explain most of the multiannual decaying trend of 1.5 cm/year in the last 50 years. The lake’s naturalized levels were used to determine the influence of climate precursors on the lake evolution. Using Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis (M-SSA), significant five-year ENSO and 20-year PDO related quasi-oscillations were detected, explaining 54% of the variance associated with mean annual naturalized level fluctuations. ENSO is markedly in-phase with lake levels, with critical declines associated with low precipitation and high evaporation rates during El Nino years, whereas the PDO signal exhibits a phase opposition with lake levels, with low naturalized levels during a positive PDO phase and high levels during a negative PDO phase (an important result to consider given the current cooling trend of the PDO signal).

Extensive diel fish migrations in a deep ultraoligotrophic lake of Patagonia Argentina

Andean Patagonian lakes are ultraoligotrophic, highly transparent water bodies with very low densities of organisms at the different levels of their trophic food webs. Little is known about spatial distribution and habitat use by fish in these lakes. Hydroacoustic and active sampling techniques were used to study the distribution, composition, and displacement of organisms in an Andean lake throughout the diel cycle on two different moon phase days. Sound scattering layers (SSLs) were found both in the near-shore and pelagic habitats at different times of the day. These SSLs, formed by galaxiid larvae and adults, underwent displacement during the time periods of dawn and dusk, giving rise to the redistribution of organisms in the different habitats. The organisms show high sensitivity to light intensity, displaying different behaviors depending on moon phases. Extensive diel vertical migrations show that the deep pelagic habitats provide diurnal refuge for native galaxiids in Andean Patagonian lakes. Due to the high densities of galaxiid larvae and adults, it is likely that diel migrations generate an active flow of energy and matter between habitats, which could have a profound influence on whole lake dynamics.

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake (Argentina): Concentration patterns in different components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH 3Hg +) production in different lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH 3Hg + in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10-53 μm; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53-200 μm planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the > 200 μm fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.

Ultraviolet Radiation Induces Filamentation in Bacterial Assemblages from North Andean Patagonian Lakes

Through laboratory experiments, we tested whether UV radiation (UVR) induces filamentation in natural bacteria assemblages from North Andean Patagonian lakes. We incubated water from three different lakes for 72 h in four separate treatments: (1) UVR + PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), (2) 50% UVR + PAR, (3) PAR and (4) 50% PAR. The irradiance levels used in the experiments were equivalent to those registered at the epilimnion of the lakes. In the UVR treatments filamentation was induced after the first 24 h and the proportion continued to increase for the next 48-72 h. A comparison of the gross composition and diversity of the entire community (cells >0.2 microm) with bacterial filaments alone (>5.0 microm) showed that UVR-induced filamentation is not a feature of any particular cluster. By sequencing part of the 16S rRNA gene of the taxonomic units obtained using denaturing gels, we observed that strains in the beta-Proteobacteria group were of relatively high importance in filament formation, followed by Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides, gamma-Proteobacteria and alpha-Proteobacteria, whereas Actinobacteria were almost nonexistent in the filaments. We propose that UVR doses equivalent to those of Andean lakes produce bacterial morphological changes, and that all bacterial groups except Actinobacteria can potentially form filaments.

Late Holocene environmental changes inferred from diatom, chironomid, and pollen assemblages in an Andean lake in Central Chile, Lake Laja (36°S)

A sediment core encompassing the last 2000 years was extracted from Lake Laja, Chile, (36°54′S, 71°05′W) using an Uwitec drilling platform. The sediment was subsampled for loss on ignition, nutrients, biogenic silica, and biological proxies (diatoms, chironomids, pollen). The sedimentary profile was characterized by several coarse volcanic layers. Loss on ignition, nutrients, and biogenic silica showed an increasing trend that suggests a recent shift to a higher trophic status. Diatom assemblages also suggested higher nutrient content with increased abundances of Aulacoseira granulata, A. distans, and Asterionella formosa. At the same time, a marked change in the benthic and facultative planktonic taxa may be associated with cooling. This period of change coincides with the European Little Ice Age (LIA). The chironomid profile showed four key zones distinguished largely by changes in the abundance of Tanytarsini, Parachironomus, and Macropelopia. Like diatoms, chironomids also seemed to reflect a shift to higher trophic conditions in the upper part reflected by increasing abundance of taxa such as Tribelos/Phaenopsectra, Cricotopus/Orthocladius, and Ablabesmyia. The most striking feature in the chironomid assemblage is the abundance of Podonominae, Parapsectrocladius, and Limnophyes/Compterosmittia, which could be associated with a cold-dry period between 1500 and 1900 AD in Lake Laja (the period of the European LIA). Pollen assemblages indicated fluctuations in humidity through changes in Nothofagus dombeyi-type, Poaceae, and Ephedra, and we inferred a strong human impact over the last 100 years from the appearance of Plantago and increased levels of Poaceae and Asteraceae subf. Cichorioidae. Finally, the three proxies showed the occurrence of a cold-dry event in Lake Laja (~1550–1900 AD), which roughly coincides with the European LIA. However the data from this research, does not prove neither rejects the existence of the occurrence of the MWP in the central Andes.

Reliance on 210Pb Chronology Can Compromise the Inference of Preindustrial Hg Flux to Lake Sediments

Lake sediments are frequently used to reconstruct the rate and magnitude of human impacts on the biogeochemical cycle of mercury (Hg). The vast majority of these studies rely on excess (210)Pb inventories in short cores to temporally constrain recent trends in Hg deposition, revealing an approximately 3-fold increase in Hg deposition since preindustrial times. However, the exhaustion of unsupported (210)Pb and the onset of widespread global Hg pollution converge temporally in the late 19th century, raising the possibility that preindustrial Hg fluxes are poorly constrained. Here, we combine (210)Pb and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) (14)C dated lake sediment records from arctic and Andean lakes to assess the reliability of (210)Pb-derived chronologies in the estimation of preindustrial Hg fluxes. For all four studied lakes, relying on (210)Pb chronologies results in an overestimate of preindustrial Hg fluxes, because extrapolated basal (210)Pb sedimentation rates are systematically overestimated in comparison to accumulation models that include (14)C dates. In the Andes, the use of (14)C dates is critical toward assessing the full history of Hg pollution, which extends beyond the industrial era. In the Arctic, (14)C dating suggests that Hg deposition may have increased >10-fold since the Industrial Revolution, rather than the commonly quoted 3-fold increase. The incorporation of (14)C dates may therefore be necessary if accurate Hg flux histories are sought from oligotrophic lake sediments.

A New Hedrurid Species (Nematoda) from Galaxiid Fishes in Patagonia (Argentina) and Infection of Amphipods as Intermediate Host

During a parasite survey of galaxiid fishes (Galaxiidae) from Patagonian Andean lakes, a new species of nematode, Hedruris suttonae n. sp. was collected from the stomach of the native Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) and G. platei (Steindachner). Specimens were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, especially head morphology, female caudal prehensile structure, and distribution of spines. The new species is distinguished by body and tail size, morphology and size of spicules, the arrangement of caudal papillae in the male, the female caudal hook, and size of eggs. Hyalella patagonica (Ortmann), a Neotropical species of Amphipoda, is reported as its natural intermediate host. Data regarding prevalence and mean intensity in the intermediate and definitive hosts are included. The diet and habitat of the hosts, the percentage of gravid females, the high values of prevalence, and mean intensity in galaxiid fishes, as well as the wide distribution of H. suttonae , collectively indicate that, in these oligotrophic Andean lakes, G. maculatus and G. platei are true definitive hosts of this nematode.

UVR induce optical changes and phosphorous release of lake water and macrophyte leachates in shallow Andean lakes

We carried out laboratory experiments in order to study the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on optical features and phosphorous release of Dissolved Organic Mater (DOM) from lake water and macrophyte leachates. Lake water samples were obtained from lakes Escondido and El Trebol, and macrophytes (Potamogeton linguatus and Schoenoplectus californicus) from their littoral zones. After UVR exposure, DOM from lake El Trebol seemed to react more quickly than that from Lake Escondido and this seems to be related with the degree of lability or aromaticity in the DOM bulk of each lake. Leachates from both macrophytes showed different absorbance spectra with differences in photochemical transformations after UVR exposure: S. californicus leachates exhibited the highest photodegradation. A significant Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (SRP) release was observed in lake water after UVR exposure. Lake El Trebol showed the highest SRP concentrations, suggesting that the release of orthophosphate was favored by low molecular weight DOM. P. linguatus leachates have more dissolved phosphorus content than S. californicus ones and after UVR exposure, P. linguatus leachate did not react to UVR while S. californicus exhibited a decrease in SRP. However both macrophyte leachates showed the higher P release in darkness. The obtained results indicated that macrophyte leachates could contribute significantly to changes in the optical characteristics and in the nutrient content in shallow Andean lakes. An increasing input of P. linguatus leachates would produce DOM of high molecular size and a higher P release than S. californicus.

Picocyanobacterial assemblages in ultraoligotrophic Andean lakes reveal high regional microdiversity

Picocyanobacteria (Pcy) diversity was studied in a set of ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lakes. The glacial lake system includes a central lake (Lake Nahuel Huapi, with its side basin, Lake Moreno) and four satellite lakes (Lakes Espejo, Correntoso, Gutiérrez and Mascardi) derived from a larger paleolake. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis showed a Pcy community structure composed of 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), of which only one (OTU 1094) was widely distributed, being found at all depths in all of the lakes. Most of the others were observed in a few of the lakes. The principal component analysis revealed the habitat specificity of some Pcy OTUs: the satellite lakes have a highly irradiated epilimnion, while the central lake has a well-mixed euphotic zone that does not extend beyond the epilimnion. We also observed a distinctive vertical distribution of the OTUs and a significant correlation between Pcy chlorophyll-specific primary production and OTU 738, which was only found in the satellite lakes. Lastly, the high ß-diversity of this lake district supports the hypothesis that microdiversity is higher in glacier-derived lake systems where habitat fragmentation due to geographic barriers results in rapid speciation.

Extremophile Culture Collection from Andean Lakes: Extreme Pristine Environments that Host a Wide Diversity of Microorganisms with Tolerance to UV Radiation

A total of 88 bacterial strains were isolated from six Andean lakes situated at altitudes ranging from 3,400 to 4,600 m above sea level: L. Aparejos (4,200 m), L. Negra (4,400 m), L. Verde (4,460 m), L. Azul (4,400 m), L. Vilama (4,600 m), and Salina Grande (3,400 m). Salinity ranged from 0.4 to 117 ppm. General diversity was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. From the excised DGGE bands, 182 bacterial sequences of good quality were obtained. Gammaproteobacteria and Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides (CFB) were the most abundant phylogenetic groups with 42% and 18% of identified bands, respectively. The isolated strains were identified by sequence analysis. Isolated bacteria were subjected to five different UV-B exposure times: 0.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Afterwards, growth of each isolate was monitored and resistance was classified according to the growth pattern. A wide interspecific variation among the 88 isolates was observed. Medium and highly resistant strains accounted for 43.2% and 28.4% of the isolates, respectively, and only 28.4% was sensitive. Resistance to solar radiation was equally distributed among the isolates from the different lakes regardless of the salinity of the lakes and pigmentation of isolates. Of the highly resistant isolates, 44.5% belonged to gammaproteobacteria, 33.3% to betaproteobacteria, 40% to alphaproteobacteria, 50% to CFB, and among gram-positive organisms, 33.3% were HGC and 44.5% were Firmicutes. Most resistant strains belonged to genera like Exiguobaceterium sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Sphyngomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Stenotrophomonas sp. The current study provides further evidence that gammaproteobacteria are the most abundant and the most UV-B-resistant phylogenetic group in Andean lakes and that UV resistance in bacteria isolated from these environments do not depend on pigmentation and tolerance to salinity.

Bacterial diversity and morphology in deep ultraoligotrophic Andean lakes: The role of UVR on vertical distribution

We investigated the community composition and the relative size‐shape distribution of bacterial assemblages in deep transparent lakes, where bacteria may be affected by harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Summer samples of the euphotic zones of nine ultraoligotrophic lakes located in different drainage basins between 40°27' and 42°49'S in the North Andean Patagonia were analyzed for relative diversity by denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis and the bacterial morphology (free‐living cocci and rods vs. filamentous forms) in relation to environmental factors (UVR, photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, nutrients, nanoflagellates, and ciliate abundances). The overall bacterial community composition was similar in all lakes and over depth in each lake. In contrast, the relative proportion of filaments to total bacterial biovolume was higher in the upper layers, which have higher UVR intensities (305‐340 nm). Lakes with lower Κd305 (diffuse extinction coefficient, 305 nm) showed a greater proportion of filaments. Filament mean length in the upper layers was also significantly greater than at deeper levels. There was a significant correlation between UVR and filament proportion, whereas neither nanopredator abundances (nanoflagellates and ciliates), nor predation pressure, nor resources (dissolved nutrients) could explain the high proportion of filamentation in the near‐surface layers. We propose that UVR plays a decisive role stimulating bacterial filamentation, particularly in lakes with high UVR penetration.

Do Environmental Differences Between Lakes in Northwestern Argentinean Patagonia Affect the Infection of Philureter trigoniopsis (Monogenea) in Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriformes)?

Philureter trigoniopsis is the only parasite found in the ureters and urinary bladder of Galaxias maculatus in Patagonian Andean lakes. The dynamics of this endoparasitic monogenean were studied in Lake Gutiérrez, a body of water with scarce shoreline vegetation, where the host has an annual cycle of migration to the deep pelagic zone of the lake. To compare variations of the infection related to differences between lakes, G. maculatus specimens were sampled monthly with baited traps from September 1998 to November 1999 in Lake Moreno, which is an oligotrophic body of water with emergent shoreline vegetation and where the fish do not migrate to the deep pelagic areas of the lake. In addition, data for summer infections of P. trigoniopsis from 10 Andean Patagonian lakes that differ in aquatic vegetation, depth, and area were compared. In Lake Moreno prevalence of P. trigoniopsis showed a seasonal pattern, with 1-yr-old fish exhibiting the highest values of prevalence and mean intensity. Negative correlations between water temperature and prevalence and between age of fish and abundance were found. Our results suggest that age of fish may be the main factor structuring the distribution of P. trigoniosis in populations of G. maculatus. At the regional level the relationship between the infection and the characteristics of the lakes was also observed, with prevalence and mean intensity of P. trigoniopsis in G. maculatus higher in large deep lakes without macrophytes.

A New Genus of Cystidicolid Nematode From the Stomach of Galaxias maculatus (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) in Patagonia (Argentina)

During a parasitological survey of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns) from Patagonian Andean Lakes, specimens of a new species of nematode were collected from the stomach of fish and studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. This species is described as the only member of a newly proposed genus of Cystidicolidae by having oral opening dorsoventrally elongated, 2 lateral pseudolabia, 4 cephalic papillae, stoma (vestibule) elongated, esophagus divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular sections, and caudal alae in males. Placonema n. gen. (Habronematoidea, Cystidicolidae) is characterized by the combination of the following features: oral opening dorsoventrally elongated demarcated by 4 sclerotized plates and 2 well-developed pseudolabia projected to the buccal cavity, each pseudolabium with conspicuous, conical, anterior protuberances. Four cephalic papillae and deirids simple. Male with caudal alae, area rugosa absent, 4 pairs of preanal papillae, unpaired papilla present on anterior cloacal lip, and 6 pairs of postanal papillae. Larvigerous eggs without filaments. Placonema pataguense n. gen. n. sp. infects the stomach of G. maculatus from Lake Patagua (Patagonia, Argentina) and is the first species of Cystidicolidae described from G. maculatus.