And 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Research Articles

Using sodium thiosulphate for carbon steel corrosion protection against monoethanolamine and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

The corrosion performance of carbon steel (C1018) with inhibitor sodium thiosulphate (STS) has been compared to C1018 (without an inhibitor) and stainless steel (SS316 L) at 80 and 120 °C to determine the feasibility of use in a post-combustion CO2 capture plant (PCCC). The corrosivity of variable ratio monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) aqueous solvent blends were assessed after seven days using a gravimetric method for mass change, Fe ion solution concentration (ICP–OES), surface imaging (SEM) and analytical techniques (EDX and XRD). At low concentrations of MEA (25%), the use of the corrosion inhibitor is ineffective as it prevents the formation of protective films naturally developed by AMP. The performance of the inhibitor with MEA–AMP blends was noteworthy at higher MEA concentrations of 50 and 75%. In these cases, reduced corrosion rates were observed through gravimetric and ICP analyses. Imaging by SEM showed reduced surface corrosion and adsorption of STS-derived species. Since these higher MEA concentration solutions offer better CO2 loadings, but still some exhibit corrosive effects when used alone on carbon steel, the use of STS can facilitate an economical usage of carbon steel for PCCC plants.

Dual effects of water on the performance of copper complex conductive inks for printed electronics

Copper complex conductive inks inevitably contains water which is derived from chemicals and humid air. The dual effects of water on the performance of copper complex conductive inks with amines as ligands were investigated for the first time. On one hand, excess water caused the deterioration of copper complexes by interacting with amines to produce high concentration of OH−, yielding basic salt, hydroxide or oxide precipitate, which shortened the shelf life of copper inks. The degree of deterioration was related to the amine’s coordination ability and alkalinity. On the other hand, trace water could accelerate the thermal decomposition of copper complexes, promote the nucleation of copper, and yield smaller particles to form copper films with denser structure and lower resistivity. The blending of 2-ethylhexylamine (EtHex) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) as ligands to copper formate (Cuf) could balance the dual effects of water on copper complex conductive inks. It was found that Cuf-EtHex-AMP (with 95 mol% EtHex in blended ligands) ink showed strong water resistance. The shelf life of the blended complex ink with additional 2 wt% water was still more than 2 months. The additional water enabled the formation of highly conductive copper films at low heating temperature. The resistivity of the copper film from the blended complex ink with additional 2 wt% water stored for 2 months only increased a little compared to that from the newly prepared ink (from 9.70 μΩ·cm to 14.42 μΩ·cm), which could meet the general requirements of printed electronics.

Reaction Kinetics of Carbon Dioxide with 2-Amino-1-butanol in Aqueous Solutions Using a Stopped-Flow Technique

Carbon capture and management plays an important role in the development of new technologies to mitigate anthropogenic global warming. In this work, for the first time, the kinetics of CO2 with aminobutanol (AB) using a stopped-flow method are presented. The temperature changed from 293 to 313 K for a total amine concentration up to 0.3 mol/L. The kinetics data were analyzed using both zwitterion and termolecular reaction mechanisms with a preference to the zwitterion mechanism. AB was found to react with CO2 (aq) with k2 (M–1 s–1) = 2.93 × 109 exp(−4029.9/T (K)) with an estimated activation energy of 33.51 kJ/mol. Compared to other popular amines, CO2 reaction with aminobutanol has faster kinetics than that of CO2 with diethanolamine (DEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) but slower than that with monoethanolamine (MEA). The Bronsted relationship between the rate constant (k2) and pKa values was found to predict well the rate constant with an average absolute deviation (AAD) of 6.1%.

Dynamic simulation and parametric sensitivity study in reactive CO2 capture systems – A solvent comparison study

The control of CO2 emissions released in the atmosphere is an indisputable need in order to avoid environmental and health consequences, as well as to reach European and global targets for climate change confrontation. During the last decades, various methods have been proposed towards this direction. As fossil fuels remain dominant in the energy field, technologies focused on CO2 capture have been developed, known as Carbon Capture Systems (CCS). During the last decade, CCS have managed to become cost-competitive in relation to other technologies. However, CCS need to receive strong policy support in order to develop solid and applicable business cases. This work studies reactive absorption, a post-combustion method to remove CO2 from flue gases using aqueous chemical solutions that react with CO2 and capture it. In specific, this paper focuses on two alkanolamines as absorbents, Monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP).Following previous work, a dynamic model was developed in Matlab®, simulating transient behavior of a packed column for reactive absorption. The methodology followed to solve the set of partial differential equations describing the problem was the Finite Differences Method (FDM). Based on experimental data from a pilot plant various scenarios were tested in order to investigate the reaction of the system in different operational perturbations, such as flow disturbances, changes in temperature and in the solution’s molarity. These factors were studied parametrically and the outcome of these simulations was used to perform a Sensitivity Analysis (SA) in order to determine the important parameters influencing CO2 absorption performance.The parametric analysis showed that the inlet gas flow rate was the most influential factor determining the CO2 absorption level for both solvents. In following, the temperature of the liquid entering the column was also statistically important having strong impact on absorption. Surprisingly, the flow of the lean solvent wetting the column seems to have lower impact than the gas flow. Thus, increased solvent flow does not ensure respective enhancement of the CO2 absorption. Molarity is also very important as the quantity of amine in the solution determines the quantity of the captured CO2. In terms of reaction time towards disturbances, changes in liquid molar flow, liquid temperature and molarity seem to lead to higher reaction time until the system reaches a new steady state value (2–5 min). Finally, the results showed that there is a maximum capture level, beyond which the absorption cannot be further enhanced for specific conditions.

Effects on Surface Area, Intake Capacity and Regeneration of Impregnated Palm-Shell Activated Carbon with Monoethanolamide and 2-Amino-2-Methyl- 1-Propanol Equipped For CO2 Adsorption

Granular palm shell activated carbon (AC) was impregnated separately with monoethanolamine (MEA) and 2-amino- 2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) to improve its natural capacity and selectivity for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. The total surface area, micropore volume, as well as the heterogeneity of the impregnated AC particles was considerably reduced due to impregnation. CO2 intake of impregnated 500 μm AC particles improved significantly and adsorptive capacity of 500 μm MEA-impregnated AC particles improved by 172% and 44% comparing to non-impregnated and AMP-impregnated AC particles respectively. Solid state amine stoichiometric results indicated that adsorption capacity of unhindered amine (MEA) is higher than that of hindered amine (AMP) by 50% contrary to liquid amines standard stoichiometry. Exhausted AMP-impregnated beds were regenerated by sweeping at room temperature with stream of pure nitrogen (N2) flowing at 60 ml/min for 4 hours. Heating up to 75°C was required to regenerate exhausted MEAimpregnated beds. Increasing feed gas flow rate has adverse effect on breakthrough time more than increasing bed operating temperature. Breakthrough time was utilized to evaluate the performance of the different adsorption beds.

Performance and Mechanisms of Triethylene Tetramine (TETA) and 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solutions for CO2 Capture

Nonaqueous amines are currently being explored for energy-efficient postcombustion CO2 capture, but the absorption capacity and regeneration efficiency of most absorbents still need to be further improved. In this work, a mixture of triethylene tetramine (TETA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) dissolved in ethanol was chosen as a nonaqueous absorbent for CO2 capture and performed with high absorption loading and regeneration efficiency. In addition, the changes of the components during the absorption–desorption process and reaction mechanisms of nonaqueous absorbents were explored by 13C NMR spectroscopy and compared with those of aqueous absorbents. The results showed that TETA/AMP/ethanol had higher absorption loading and regeneration efficiency (3.71 mol kg–1, 95.4%) after the fifth regeneration cycle than TETA/AMP/water (3.54 mol kg–1, 38.8%) when the amine mass concentration was 40 wt %. CO2 capture by TETA/AMP aqueous and nonaqueous solutions proceeded by two different mechanisms. Polycarbamate...

Enhancements in mass transfer for carbon capture solvents part I: Homogeneous catalyst

The novel small molecule carbonic anhydrase (CA) mimic [CoIII(Salphen-COO−)Cl]HNEt3 (1), was synthesized as an additive for increasing CO2 absorption rates in amine-based post-combustion carbon capture processes (CCS), and its efficacy was verified. 1 was designed for use in a kinetically slow but thermally stable blended solvent, containing the primary amines 1-amino-2-propanol (A2P) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). Together, the A2P/AMP solvent and 1 reduce the overall energy penalty associated with CO2 capture from coal-derived flue gas, relative to the baseline solvent MEA. 1 is also effective at increasing absorption kinetics of kinetically fast solvents, such as MEA, which can reduce capital costs by requiring a smaller absorber tower. The transition from catalyst testing under idealized laboratory conditions, to process relevant lab- and bench-scale testing adds many additional variables that are not well understood and rarely discussed. The stepwise testing of both 1 and the novel A2P/AMP solvent blend is described through a transition process that identifies many of these process and evaluation challenges not often addressed when designing a chemical or catalytic additive for industrial CCS systems, where consideration of solvent chemistry is typically the primary goal.

Simulation of Carbon Dioxide Removal by Three Amine Mixture of Diethanolamine, Methyldiethanolamine, and 2-Amino- 2-Methyl-1-Propanol in a Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

The present paper investigates the simulation of carbon dioxide removal from natural gas stream by a mixture of three amines of diethanolamine (DEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and 2-amino- 2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) in a hollow fiber membrane contactor made from polypropylene using finite volume method (FVM). The effect of structural parameters of length and thickness of membrane and diameter of shell on the removal efficiency was studied and the optimized values were calculated. The calculations were made with the assumption of two-dimensional symmetric geometry and compared with those of three-dimensional one. The effect of number and size of the meshes on the simulation results was also studied. The simulation results were validated against the experimental values from the literature. The results imply that the increase in the length and decrease in the thickness of membrane enhances the removal efficiency. As a result, higher quantities of carbon dioxide are transferred from the shell to the membrane and amine solution inside the tube which decreases the effluent CO2 of shell and increases the average concentration of CO2 in the membrane and tube sides. The changes in effluent CO2 of shell with respect to amine solution concentration and influent CO2 indicate the insignificant influence of influent CO2 concentration on the removal efficiency.

High regeneration efficiency and low viscosity of CO2 capture in a switchable ionic liquid activated by 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

Switchable ionic liquids (SILs) are novel green non-aqueous absorbents for energy-efficient post-combustion CO2 capture. However, their regeneration efficiency and viscosity still need to be improved. SILs can be activated by some alkylol amines to improve their regeneration efficiency and reduce viscosity. In this work, mixtures of the SIL 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU)/ethanol and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) were used for CO2 capture. The constitution of the absorbent was optimized. Absorption and regeneration were investigated, and the detailed reaction mechanisms for CO2 capture were analyzed using 13C NMR and FTIR. The results demonstrated that CO2 could be absorbed to form carbonates in two ways. On the one hand, CO2 reacted with DBU and ethanol to directly form carbonates. On the other hand, CO2 initially reacted with AMP to form carbamates, and then, the carbamates reacted with ethanol to form carbonates. The CO2 loading of the optimized absorbent was 2.98molkg−1. The saturated absorbent began to desorb at 80°C, and the regeneration efficiency reached 99.3% when the temperature rose to 120°C. After five cycles, the regeneration efficiency remained over 90%. Compared to DBU/ethanol, the regeneration efficiency of the DBU/AMP/ethanol mixtures was significantly better, while the viscosity was greatly reduced, which is beneficial for the industrial application.

Synthesis and characterization of a biodegradable polyaspartic acid/2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol graft copolymer and evaluation of its scale and corrosion inhibition performance

Herein, a novel polyaspartic acid derivative, polyaspartic acid/2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol graft copolymer (PASP/AMP), was synthesized via a ring-opening reaction using polysuccinimide (PSI) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP).

Single Process for CO2 Capture and Mineralization in Various Alkanolamines Using Calcium Chloride

To replace the thermal regeneration method of absorbent in the CO2 capture system, a novel method of CO2 absorption–mineralization was investigated. In this study, various alkanolamine absorbents, such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), were applied to the CO2 absorption–regeneration process with different regeneration methods via thermal treatment and mineralization. Calcium chloride was added as a calcium source in the mineralization process. Integration of absorption and mineralization defined as a single process was proposed in this study to resolve the excessive requirement of energy in a conventional amine regeneration process, leading to enhanced working capacity and desorption rate without increasing the regeneration temperature. This method provides an increment of working capacity 1.3–3 times higher than the conventional thermal amine-scrubbing process. Among the tested amines, MEA exhibited the highest increase ...

Parametric analysis using AMP and MEA as aqueous solvents for CO2 absorption

Chemical absorption (or reactive absorption) is a common technique used for gas sweetening purposes, capturing acid components from point source emissions or even from ambient air (Cheng and Tan, 2011). CO2 reactive absorption is extensively studied as it is a very effective process, targeting to the emissions reduction of this dangerous greenhouse gas, with wide perspective for further optimization. Reactive absorption combines physical absorption and reaction between acid components and basic solvents, thus the modelling of these mechanisms is challenging and requires a multi-component design (Koronaki et al., 2013).In this work, a rate-based, steady state model, based on the two-film theory, is presented and it is validated for two alkanolamine based aqueous solvents, Mono-ethanolamine (MEA) and 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). The model predictions are validated against data extracted by experiments conducted in a pilot scale absorption column with random packing. The comparisons between the model results and the experimental data reveal satisfactory predictions of the various parameters’ profiles along the column.A parametric analysis is performed, investigating the effect of inlet gas and liquid flow rates, the initial liquid loading, the type of packing, the initial amine solution concentration and the gas and liquid inlet temperatures on the CO2 absorption efficiency and on the temperature of the liquid getting out the column. The sensitivity analysis shows that the gas flow rate entering the column is the most important factor influencing the CO2 removal efficiency. In addition, inlet liquid temperature has the greater statistical significance on the outlet liquid temperature. The comparison of the two solvents under the same reference conditions shows that MEA is more efficient as solvent for CO2 absorption.

Prediction of acid gas solubility in amine, ionic liquid and amino acid salt solutions using artificial neural network and evaluating with new experimental measurements

In this work presented here attempt is prediction of acid gases (carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) loading capacities by employing artificial neural network (ANN) model in 51 single and blended alkanolamine, ionic liquid and amino acid salt solutions as commonly and new industrial absorbents in large domain of operational conditions. Also for evaluating extrapolation capability of ANN, new experimental data on CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions of Potassium Glycinate blended with Piperazine (PZ) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) at different temperatures and pressures are measured. It should be mention that CO2 solubility data for these two solutions are not available in literature. For developing ANN, solution pH, total mass concentration, partial pressure of CO2 and H2S, apparent molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure and temperature are assumed as inputs. A band of 2982 experimental data points for CO2 and H2S loading capacities have been collected from literature to create the suggested ANN. The best structure of the suggested network is achieved by employing these literature data points. The network is trained by algorithm of Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation, consists of 9 and 6 neurons in first and second hidden layers, respectively. For the hidden and output layers, Tan-sigmoid transfer function is utilized. The output results of developed network show that suggested network that is created with solubility data of single and blended alkanolamine, ionic liquid and amino acid salt solutions has capability to predict accurately CO2 and H2S loading capacities in dissimilar commonly and new industrial solutions with Average Relative Deviation (ARD %) equal to 2.7992, Mean Square Error (MSE) value of 3.7468 × 10−5 and correlation coefficient (R2) equal to 0.9984.

Performance and reaction kinetics of CO2 absorption into AMP solution with [Hmim][Gly] activator

Absorption and regeneration of a new aqueous blend of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium glycinate ([Hmim][Gly]) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) were investigated. The physicochemical properties of [Hmim][Gly]-AMP mixed solution with varying molar ratios were obtained at different temperature, and the results demonstrated that the mixed solution had a low viscosity with a high solubility of CO2. It was found that the reactivity of AMP was significantly enhanced with the addition of [Hmim][Gly], and the absorption of CO2 into the mixed solution was independent of temperature within a range of 298–323K. The optimal regeneration temperature and time were 333K and 60min, respectively. The mixed solution could be regenerated efficiently after three cycles. Furthermore, the study of 13C NMR spectrum indicated that the reaction between CO2 and the [Hmim][Gly]-AMP solution was zwitterionic mechanism. Based on zwitterionic mechanism and two-film model, the kinetics of CO2 absorption into the mixed solution was investigated in the temperature range of 298–323K by employing a double stirred-cell absorber. The kinetics region was considered to be a fast pseudo-first order, and the second order reaction rate constant was calculated as follows: k2,[Hmim][Gly]−AMP=1.57×107exp(−3088.92/T).

Verification of a solvent optimization approach for postcombustion CO2 capture using commercial alkanolamines

This paper verified a phase equilibrium approach for optimization of conceptual solvents by using process simulations of commercial solvents N-methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) aqueous solution, for a conventional absorption/desorption based postcombustion CO2 capture process. The simulated total heat/total equivalent work for the investigated tertiary/hindered amines has the same trends as those based on the phase equilibrium approach for conceptual solvents with the same heat of reactions. Moreover, the simulated CO2 working capacities for the commercial solvents agree well with those obtained with the phase equilibrium approach for the corresponding conceptual solvents, verifying the phase equilibrium approach. Results of parametric tests using the AMP aqueous solution illustrate that there is an optimal lean loading for the lean solution and an optimal temperature for the stripper inlet solvent to achieve the least total equivalent work/total heat.

Density of unloaded and CO2-loaded aqueous solutions of piperazine and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and their mixtures from 293.15 to 333.15 K

ABSTRACTThe densities of unloaded and partially carbonated piperazine (PZ) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) aqueous solutions and their blends were measured at temperatures of 293.15 to 333.15 K. The results of these measurements were used to calculate excess molar volumes assuming that the volume of carbon dioxide dissolved in the solutions was zero. The excess molar volumes were correlated as a function of the CO2 mole fraction using the Redlich–Kister equation. The results of the actual density are discussed in comparison with the case if no volume expansion occurs during the loading of the solutions. The no-volume-expansion model can be used to give an initial estimate of the density, while the Redlich–Kister equation is suitable for a precise density estimation. It must be noted that the no-volume-expansion model does not require any parameters except the density of the unloaded solution, unlike the Redlich–Kister equation, whose coefficients are regressed from experimental data.

Prediction and validation of physical property for a CO2 capture agent of aqueous (potassium citrate + 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol)

A blended solution as a CO2 capture agent was composed of potassium citrate (PC) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). Density, viscosity and surface tension of the blended solution were determined in the range of (293.15–323.15) K, respectively. Physical characteristics of the blended solution were discussed and compared with that of single component and other blended systems. Correlations were developed to predict the three physical properties of the blended solution. Results indicate that when overall concentration of the blended solution increases, quality of the solution increases to result in the increase of values of the three physical properties. The three physical properties decrease as both temperature and AMP molar ratio in the blended solution increase. Prediction values from the correlations and experimental values fit reasonably well. The correlations for the three physical properties can give extra data of the system of (PC + AMP) solution.

Foaming of CO2-Loaded Amine Solvents Degraded Thermally under Stripper Conditions

Foaming of amine solutions remains a problem for natural gas sweetening and post-combustion carbon capture. New amine-based solutions are being developed to replace monoethanolamine (MEA). This work tested the foaminess of MEA and three alternatives (methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AEPZ), and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP)) before and after thermal degradation; two methods were used to describe the foaminess. Foam was only formed after thermal degradation. The first method suggests foaminess, where AEPZ > MDEA > MEA; AMP, by contrast, did not conform to this model and formed a stable foam. The second method, using liquid physical properties, found that solutions that contained more degradation products (MEA, MDEA, AMP) showed different foaminess than those that did not (i.e., changing the chemistry during degradation strongly impacts the foaminess, which is observed). The foaming of these degraded samples demonstrates complexity that cannot be replicated by simple model solutio...

Removal of Carbon Dioxide by Emulsion Liquid Membrane Containing Blended Amine

The capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) by aqueous alkanolamine is the most cost effective technology available today. However, some problem such as amine losses, corrosion and low absorption rate arise when aqueous alkanolamines is used as an absorbent. To overcome these problems, liquid emulsion was introduced as an alternative for CO2 removal. However, the main concern of using liquid emulsion is the stability of the emulsion. In this study, a formulation containing mixture of blended alkanolamine was used. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) were used as extractants and were mixed with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to form the aqueous phase. Meanwhile, the organic phase consists of kerosene and Span 80. The emulsion was prepared by homogenizing both phases at speed of 10 000 rpm for five minutes. The stability of the MDEA-AMP emulsion was determined and the CO2 absorption by the emulsion was measured. This study showed that using 8 mL MDEA and 4mL AMP, the stability of the emulsion was 74.00% and 48.05% of CO2 was removed.

PDU-Scale Experimental Results of CO2 Removal With Amp/Pz Solvent

Abstract :This paper provides a discussion concerning results of CO2 removal from a gas mixture by the application of aqueous solutions of ethanoloamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) promoted with piperazine (PZ). The studies were conducted using a process development unit. Research of such a scale provides far more reliable representation of the actual industrial process than modelling and laboratory tests. The studies comprised comparative analyses entailing identical energy supplied to a reboiler as well as tests conducted at similar process efficiencies for both solvents. The results thus obtained imply that using AMP/PZ enables reduction of the solvent heat duty. Moreover, while using AMP/PZ temperature decrease was also observed in the columns.