Ancillary Material Research Articles

Repairing Material for Embankment Using a Bottom Sludge of Age-Old Reservoir

At the moment, there are 210,000 reservoirs in Japan, and 70% of them have already aged more than 100years. Consequently, it becomes serious problems such as the decline of usable capacity due to deterioration, declining quality of reservoir water, and alluvial bottom sludge. Therefore, it is imperative that the improvement of reservoirs. Especially, bottom sludge is difficult to transport to outside of reservoir because it has high water content and high organic matter. Since it becomes difficult to secure the landfill recently. Bottom sludge is really required to utilize effectively on site. In this research, ancillary material is utilized to decrease water content from bottom sludge and the development of repairing material for embankment has attempted. In this research, blast-furnace type B and stabilized soil with cements which is effective to the highly organic soft clay were utilized as a solidification material. Then, plaster powder (milled plaster board), paper sludge ash and bamboo powder (milled bamboo) were used as an ancillary material. In order to develop a new repairing material for embankment, unconfined compression test and cone index test were carried out. As a result, it was revealed that the additive rate of solidification material for required strength could be decreased effectively by using above-mentioned ancillary materials.

<i>Cantar de Mio Cid</i> (review)

Reviewed by: Cantar de Mio Cid Roger Wright Alberto Montaner Frutos (ed.), Cantar de Mio Cid. 2ndedition. Madrid, Biblioteca Clásica. 2007. cccl + 827 pp. ISBN 978-84-8109-615-6. When the second edition of Montaner's Cantar de Mio Cidwas presented in a blaze of publicity, the press were especially impressed by his use of video-microscope technology to read hitherto illegible words (e.g. El País, Friday 9 November 2007, p. 44). Since the words thus revealed were in the event the ones previously hypothesized, aficionados of the poem are more likely to be impressed by the huge increase since 1993 in the already lengthy commentary material; the whole has grown from 828 to 1177 pages. Much of this is necessary, due to the scholarship produced in the intervening years; the bibliography has doubled, from 42 pages to 85. There is a new 75-page section in the Introduction devoted to the physical manuscript itself (which the non-technical reader is advised to skip, in the footnote on p. ccliii); Montaner still dates this to the fourteenth century. There is unfortunately not a photo of even a single folio, so, as ever, we have to remain wholeheartedly grateful for the Burgos facsimile edition of 1988. For Montaner continues to work at the depressingly interventionist end of the editorial spectrum. He tells us encouragingly that 'en la duda, es preferible mantener la lectura del códice único' (242, with reference to the spelling of a Deynain line 1161), but, even so, immediately afterwards he fails to follow this advice with reference to lines 1179 and 1182, changing ver loto verlosand avyento aviérespectively. In all three of these cases he even misreports the manuscript readings, as being a Deyna, verloand avién, so we cannot even work out the actual text from the notes (the first of these is adeyna). Thus, at times he claims not to be emending when in fact he is. For example, the note to line 1096 tells us that he is reproducing the manuscript reading, but that is vieand his edition gives us veyé; he makes the same claim in that note for lines 2773, where the manuscript in fact has vienand the edition has veyén, and 2438, where he does indeed reproduce viecorrectly (though with an added accent). The key to this apparent self-contradiction is that Montaner hardly ever finds himself 'en la duda'. His rationale for inverting lines 1085 and 1086, for example, is simply that 'es obvio' (240). Even such a drastic emendation as adding six extra words (244, to line 1246) leaves him in no doubt that what he is doing is restoring an omission rather than inventing an addition: 'se impone restituir la formula aquí empleada'; indeed, so sure is he of his own instincts that when he chooses to add the unattested words 'El Cid' to the manuscript version of line 3180 (278) he insultingly adds ' om. ms', as if Per Abbat should have known what Montaner would prefer the composer to have said. This cavalier attitude to the text makes the use of the edition itself in detailed research inadvisable. The problems are compounded by preserving the first edition's confusing structure of presenting three different sets of ancillary material (in addition to the cosmically proportioned Introduction); the notes at the foot of the page, the critical apparatus after the text, and the 'notas complementa-rias' after that. Enlightenment for every line thus needs to be sought in three different places, a complication which deserved to be eased in a second edition. Thus it is still the case, for example, as it was in the first edition, that in line 1125 the manuscript's de(which all other editors reproduce correctly) is changed to a, because Montaner thinks that that is what ought to have been written; that the translation at the foot of the page (71) corresponds to this conjecturally emended sentence without any hint that it has been [End Page 260]emended at all; that the comment in the apparatus criticus thoughtfully points out that everybody else is out of step...

The Distaff Gospels: A First Modern English Edition of Les Évangiles des Quenouilles (review)

Reviewed by: The Distaff Gospels: A First Modern English Edition of Les Évangiles des Quenouilles Susan Small (bio) Madeleine Jeay and Kathleen Garay, translators and editors. The Distaff Gospels: A First Modern English Edition of Les Évangiles des Quenouilles. Broadview. 2006. 325. $18.95 A welcome companion piece to Madeleine Jeay’s 1985 edition of the late-fifteenth-century Les Évangiles des Quenouilles, this first modern English edition, by Jeay and McMaster colleague Kathleen Garay, is also an important contribution to our corpus of medieval texts in translation. Included in this edition are translations of two manuscripts: the Paris Manuscript: BnF fr. 2151 (attributed to Fouquart de Cambray, Anthoine du Val, and Jean d’Arras, called Caron) and the anonymous Chantilly Manuscript: Musée Condé 654, as well as a list of translations of names in the texts, an extensive introduction, a note on the text, illustrations, six appendices, a select bibliography, and an index. The ‘distaff’ of the title is the rod – or ‘staff’ – from which yarn is wound onto a spindle. In figurative terms, it is the mechanism by which the thread of the oral narrative – a collection of folk wisdom (or ‘gospels’) told by a group of peasant women (the evangelists of the title) – is spun into a written text by the male narrator, an unidentified cleric. The systematic displacement operated by this framing device (literal to figurative, oral to written, female to male, craft to art, personal to public, occult to open) also serves, as Jeay and Garay observe, both to situate The Distaff Gospels in a narrative tradition and to distance them from it. It is this narrative irony – what Peter Haidu has termed the ‘aesthetic distance’ of medieval narrative – manifested here as parody, mimicry, and an ambiguous anti-feminism, that makes of what would otherwise be a collective cultural artifact (albeit a very productive one) a piece of lively (and sometimes raucous) social commentary. The narrator and the women engage in deep play, a medieval literary cock and hen fight. As Jeay and Garay put it, using a term borrowed from Laura Doyle Gates, the clash of the sharp and singular male pen and the ‘active and multiple [female] distaves’ – with, I might add, a good measure of scabrous content thrown into the mix – concretizes the workings of the ‘“active and multiple” text itself.’ Jeay and Garay’s translation is very much in keeping with both the playfulness and the subtlety of this practice. The deftness of their linguistic touch activates the multiple meanings, the ambiguities, the semantic possibilities of the text, and their extremely useful footnotes leave it open to further exploration. In fact, my only quibbles with the translation and its ancillary material are grammatical, not semantic: a misuse of the subjunctive (‘remains’ for ‘remain’), a certain imprecision (‘the distaff side’ given as the English equivalent of ‘tomber en quenouille,’ for example), and the truly unfortunate confusion of direct and indirect [End Page 232] discourse, which mars the ending of what is, in all other respects, a remarkable and carefully-crafted introduction. The appendices – selections, in English, from The Decameron, The Romance of the Rose, The Fifteen Joys of Marriage, François Villon’s Testament, Christine de Pizan’s Ballad 26 and The Book of the Three Virtues, and On the Properties of Things by Bartholomew the Englishman – are delightful additions to the body of the text. The translations themselves (all either done or adapted by Jeay and Garay) are charming, viz. this, from Villon: ‘And the thighs, / Are thighs no more, but thighlets, / Flecked with spots, like sausages.’ Each text is clearly referenced and is introduced in terms of its relevance to The Distaff Gospels, be that structural (The Decameron), thematic (The Romance of the Rose), moralistic (The Fifteen Joys of Marriage), stylistic (Testament), or scientific (On the Properties of Things). These introductions are very useful, as is the inclusion of the texts themselves, although the length of some of the selections tends to promote a reading of the texts as texts and to diminish their illustrative function. In other words, one tends to get involved in the texts themselves and to forget that one is reading them in terms of...

Reviving Literary Discussion

Over the past decade, participation in book discussion groups has blossomed. Libraries have experienced a similar growth in expectations from book club members about the services and resources that can be supplied. Working with book groups gives the library the opportunity to engage a large community of active and passionate readers. But there are challenges to providing these services. One of the great challenges faced in supporting book discussion groups is supplying enough copies of the book being discussed for each group member. In addition to the books, groups often are seeking author information, book reviews, discussion questions, and ancillary material to enhance their encounter with the book. The development of Johnson County's Book Club to Go Kits are part of a strategic direction to offer support to local reading groups and to build the community of readers. Here, members of the Johnson (Kans.) Library discuss their response to readers' needs for book club titles and discussion resources. Virginia Hermes, who retired in 2007, served as readers' advisory specialist at Johnson County's Central Resource Library. Mary Anne Hile serves as collection development manager for the Johnson Library, and earned her MLS at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Johnetta L. Frisbie is Johnson Library's fiction development librarian, and holds an MLS from Emporia (Kans.) State University.--Editor The woman consulting her list of Book Club to Go Kits (BCTGK) has been here before. She stands in front of the shelves of bags, reviewing the titles her book club wants to read next and skipping over the ones already marked off. Planning ahead is easy because of the library's check-out period of two months with one renewal. Plenty of time! She can choose from among many types of books--biographies, chick lit, ethnic, literary, mystery, nonfiction, classic, young adult crossover, and men's interests. All readers can be accommodated. The large print copy required by one of her club's members is not a concern. Most of the kits have corresponding large print and audio formats for each title available in the library's collections. Will the kits provide good fodder for discussion.) This also is a guarantee. All of the titles chosen for kits not only contain themes and issues that lend themselves to good discussion but also have discussion guides included either in the book itself or available on the library's website. Actually, she learned how to conduct a book club in this very library. The library offers sessions on how to facilitate a book club, in addition to the How to Start a Book Club link on its website and book discussion groups, led by library staff, to join and from which to learn modeling. Is this book club heaven, or what? WHY BOOK CLUB KITS? WHY NOW? Oprah Winfrey re-energized interest in literature and book clubs when she started her book club in 1996. As a result, public libraries all over America have needed to respond to renewed popular demand for books appropriate for book club discussion and for how-to information about forming and conducting book clubs. In this context, the Johnson Library staff reviewed its reader services for meeting the goals of its own strategic plan and addressing the Reading at Risk report from the National Endowment for the Arts (www.nea.gov/pub/ReadingAtRisk.pdf). The library's strategic plan charges staff with providing convenient and personalized materials for patrons and had already itemized book club discussion kits as an objective. From this review emanated a literary plan, Cultivating Readers and Writers: Building a Literary Tradition. This plan has several tangible goals including more--and more innovative--literary programming, developing a Find a Good Book page on the library's website, and promoting book clubs. The BCTGK collection is one product of this plan. How does one start? The outcomes identified in the plan were for abstract ideas such as Creation of a richer literary culture in Johnson County and Literature is a means to discussing more serious issues facing our community and our culture. …

English Renaissance Drama: The Imprints of Performance

AbstractThis essay won the 2007Literature CompassGraduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section, co‐sponsored by the Society for Renaissance Studies.This article considers formulations of performance in printed playtexts of the English Renaissance. Before professional theatres are established, printed plays such asGorboduc(1565) tend to resort to fragmentary narrative descriptions in order to communicate performance practice to readers. The rise of professional theatres contributes to the modification of printed drama, as writers, printers and readers slowly work out a system for encoding the relevant narrative and theatrical information in abbreviated forms (lists ofdramatis personae, speech prefixes, stage directions, scene locations); accordingly, early printed editions ofTamburlaine(1590),The White Devil(1612) andSejanus(1605 and 1616) are examined, with particular attention paid to para‐texts such as title‐pages, dedications, printers’ prefaces and letters to readers. This ancillary material, usually rooted in the laudatory language of advertisement, encourages particular reading and imaginative strategies through its constructions of a play's performance history and theatre audiences. This article contends that early modern formulations of page and stage are more dynamic, more synergistic, than a binary that opposes ‘literary’ and ‘theatrical’ logic will support.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2008: Content Refinement, Continuing Medical Education Credit, Web Site Improvements, and More

Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2008: Content Refinement, Continuing Medical Education Credit, Web Site Improvements, and More

"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man": Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism (review)

Reviewed by: "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man": Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism Michael Patrick Gillespie (bio) "A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man": Authoritative Text, Backgrounds And Contexts, Criticism, edited by John Paul Riquelme, with the text edited by Hans Walter Gabler, with Walter Hettche. New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2007. xxx + 490 pp. $11.25. Before I begin this review, I should make clear my connections with the editor, the project, and the publisher. I have known John Paul Riquelme for over twenty years and have admired his Teller and Tale in Joyce's Fiction for longer than that.1 I am thanked in the preface of this volume for my early response to a questionnaire, though my inability to recollect what I said makes me wonder about the value of my contribution. And I have edited two of Oscar Wilde's works—The Importance of Being Earnest and The Picture of Dorian Gray—for the Norton Critical Editions series, working with the same excellent editor at Norton, Carol Bemis, who was involved with Riquelme's [End Page 166] project. Having noted all this, I still cannot imagine that my enthusiasm for this edition would have been one jot less had none of these connections existed. In a market that already has a number of fine editions of Joyce's first published novel, Riquelme has produced a masterful compilation of scholarship, interpretation, and background material supporting a superb text version of the novel. Any edition of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man will present the compiler with difficult choices. A Norton Critical Edition, because of its prescriptive layout, its wide-ranging target audience (from high school students to seasoned literary critics), and the expectations already raised by Margot Norris's superlative Norton Dubliners, offers a daunting trial. In every respect, Riquelme has met those challenges. Perhaps the trickiest decision for this edition lay in selecting the copy text. In this regard, Riquelme very shrewdly turned to the best editor of Joyce's writing available, Hans Walter Gabler. For the past thirty years, Gabler has been writing about the textual cruxes of A Portrait and has produced an important edition of his own, brought out by Garland Publishing in 1993. Riquelme's choice to use Gabler's 1993 version in this edition has allowed Gabler to join his project. Although the Norton volume does not contain Gabler's full editorial apparatus, it does benefit from his abilities as a textual critic. Further, the judicious selection of Gabler's notes and his masterful introduction to the compilation of the work will enable anyone with an interest in Joyce's composition process to form a clear sense of how the book came together. Ancillary material shows equal attention to detail and balances accessibility with sophistication. Riquelme's explanatory notes fill in the intellectual, historical, cultural, and spiritual contexts from which the narrative emerges without overburdening the reader with excessive and intrusive asides.2 The chronology of historic events from 1798 to 1916 provides a useful thumbnail sketch for readers unfamiliar with the political background alluded to in A Portrait (227-30). And a series of political cartoons and broadside covers graphically illustrates English and Irish attitudes toward Charles Stewart Parnell and the political events that defined his career (241-44). Of course, the value of the Norton Critical Editions has always depended upon the secondary material in their volumes. Their aim to appeal to broad audiences makes the selections to be included in these sections both crucial and difficult. In his choices, both for background information and for critical commentaries, Riquelme has shown great sensitivity to the central cultural issues that give direction to the narrative and to the interpretive issues that demand the reader's attention. The "Background and Contexts" section begins with essays relating [End Page 167] to the Irish nationalist movement (227-303). Although the names of the essayists will have little familiarity for any contemporary reader without a broad knowledge of nineteenth- and early-twentieth century Irish history, the writings provide invaluable material for understanding the political tensions that run through the opening and closing sections...

An Abnormal Liner Fracture about 4 Consecutive Cases

The experience of Alumina ceramic liner fixed in a metallic shell is not new ; From 1983 to 1999 , 555 components of this type with a titanium screw in shell design were implanted . Recently a review of the first 117 cases with a mean follow up of 12 years were presented. No ceramic fracture were recorded. In 1989 a new press fit shell fixation system replaced the screw in design; This material was implanted from 1989 to 1997. The shape of the liner was an angle of 5°40’ , a liner in excess of 2 mm .A centraliser to insure the correct setting. The shell thickness was limited in order to allow the grid fixation One fracture of the rim (Shipping) was discovered during revision surgery performed elsewhere for acetabular loosening; This revision was performed 4 years after a trauma with fracture of the patella in a fore board trauma. No other fracture was recorded with this design (over more than 1500 implanted). Starting in 1997 a new press fit socket was introduced with a sand blasted surface covered with HA. To be able to retain the same liners , the thickness of the shell were increased resulting in a thin Alumina component for the small sizes (50 mm for a 32 mm head.) . In 1999 a slight modification of the design were made. Recessed liner of 1 mm , ancillary material with a system to insure as well polyethylene or alumina liner fixation. At the moment 5 fractures of this design were recorded (one coming from another institution).

Information Density in the Development of Spoken and Written Narratives in English and Hebrew

This study compares what we term information density in spoken versus written discourse by distinguishing between 2 broad classes of material in narrative texts: narrative information as conveyed through three types of propositional content—events, descriptions, and interpretations (Berman, 1997)—and ancillary information as conveyed by nonnovel, nonreferential, or nonnarrative material. One hundred sixty texts were analyzed across the variables of modality (writing, speech), development (4th-, 7th-, and 11th-grade students compared with adults), and language (English, Hebrew). Calculation of information density revealed no significant differences between languages, indicating that the analysis has general applicability. Increase in narrative information proved to be a function of modality rather than age, because, across the population, spoken texts contained far more ancillary material than written. By contrast, the nature of narrative content changed as a function of development, with interpretive material increasing with age. The study thus underscores 2 key features of narrative text construction: Modality has a distinct effect on information density, and, with age, the core of narrative information (events and descriptions) becomes fleshed out by interpretive and story-external elements.

Automated egg counting and sizing from scanned images: Rapid sample processing and large data volumes for fecundity estimates

The production of eggs in a fish population is a fundamental parameter in fisheries management and ecology. Management decisions are based largely on the abundance and composition of the spawning stock; hence it is essential to estimate the contribution of viable eggs by females of various ages, which may depend on the size and maturation schedules in females of younger ages, and the size and reproductive senescence of older ones. The level of recruitment may also be influenced by the size and quality of eggs. Egg quality can be characterised in a number of ways; however, the most useful methods are those that are efficient and widely available. Estimating potential fecundity and egg size in fish and invertebrate populations has been hindered by the processing time, toxicity, and resources required by traditional methods. We have developed an imaging-based technique that counts and measures oocytes from a gravimetric gonadal sub-sample in relatively little time and at low cost. Sub-samples were preserved in a non-toxic formulation of Gilson's solution, which offers an alternative to other preservatives commonly used in fecundity studies. The technique uses high-resolution optical scans of plated oocytes, imaging software, and user-defined object classifications to separate oocyte from ancillary material likely to be present in a processed sample. Estimates of misclassification are as low as 1% (false-negatives) in automated counts.

Lower Temperature Electrolytic Reduction of CO2 to O2 and CO with High-Conductivity Solid Oxide Bilayer Electrolytes

Ceramic oxygen generators (COGs) with a bilayer-electrolyte (erbia-stabilized bismuth oxide/samaria-doped ceria) architecture were developed to produce pure oxygen from at lower temperature (below ) for potential use in NASA’s Mars exploration mission. Major factors that influence oxygen generation include the oxygen-ion conductivity of the solid-oxide electrolyte, applied current, operating temperature, and fuel utilization ( ratio). The COG voltage power losses were due to internal resistance and electrode polarization. Higher temperatures resulted in higher oxygen generation rates due to reduced cell resistance. However, lowering the COG operating temperature is very important and the bilayer COGs showed promise for operation below , thus reducing the required power consumption, expanding ancillary material selection, decreasing fabrication cost, and potentially extending mission time.

The Circumpolar Arctic vegetation map

Abstract. Question: What are the major vegetation units in the Arctic, what is their composition, and how are they distributed among major bioclimate subzones and countries?Location: The Arctic tundra region, north of the tree line.Methods: A photo‐interpretive approach was used to delineate the vegetation onto an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) base image. Mapping experts within nine Arctic regions prepared draft maps using geographic information technology (ArcInfo) of their portion of the Arctic, and these were later synthesized to make the final map. Area analysis of the map was done according to bioclimate subzones, and country. The integrated mapping procedures resulted in other maps of vegetation, topography, soils, landscapes, lake cover, substrate pH, and above‐ground biomass.Results: The final map was published at 1:7 500 000 scale map. Within the Arctic (total area = 7.11 × 106 km2), about 5.05 × 106 km2 is vegetated. The remainder is ice covered. The map legend generally portrays the zonal vegetation within each map polygon. About 26% of the vegetated area is erect shrublands, 18% peaty graminoid tundras, 13% mountain complexes, 12% barrens, 11% mineral graminoid tundras, 11% prostrate‐shrub tundras, and 7% wetlands. Canada has by far the most terrain in the High Arctic mostly associated with abundant barren types and prostrate dwarf‐shrub tundra, whereas Russia has the largest area in the Low Arctic, predominantly low‐shrub tundra.Conclusions: The CAVM is the first vegetation map of an entire global biome at a comparable resolution. The consistent treatment of the vegetation across the circumpolar Arctic, abundant ancillary material, and digital database should promote the application to numerous land‐use, and climate‐change applications and will make updating the map relatively easy.

Adiabat_1ph: A new public front‐end to the MELTS, pMELTS, and pHMELTS models

The program adiabat_1ph is a simple text‐menu driver for subroutine versions of the algorithms MELTS, pMELTS, and pHMELTS [Asimow et al., 2004; Ghiorso et al., 2002; Ghiorso and Sack, 1995]. It may be used to calculate equilibrium assemblages along a thermodynamic path set by the user and can simultaneously calculate trace element distributions. The MELTS family of algorithms is suitable for multicomponent systems, which may be anhydrous, water‐undersaturated, or water‐saturated, with the options of buffering oxygen fugacity and/or water activity. A wide variety of calculations can be performed either subsolidus or with liquid(s) present; melting and crystallization may be batch, fractional, or continuous. The software is suitable for Linux, MacOS X, and Windows, and many aspects of program execution are controlled by environment variables. Perl scripts are also provided that may be used to invoke adiabat_1ph with some command line options and to produce output that may be easily imported into spreadsheet programs, such as Microsoft Excel. Benefits include a batch mode, which allows almost complete automation of the calculation process when suitable input files are written. This technical brief describes version 1.04, which is provided as ancillary material. Binaries, scripts, documentation, and example files for this and future releases may be downloaded at http://www.gps.caltech.edu/∼asimow/adiabat. On a networked computer, adiabat_1ph automatically checks whether a newer version is available.

The Circumpolar Arctic vegetation map

Abstract. Question: What are the major vegetation units in the Arctic, what is their composition, and how are they distributed among major bioclimate subzones and countries? Location: The Arctic tundra region, north of the tree line. Methods: A photo-interpretive approach was used to delineate the vegetation onto an Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) base image. Mapping experts within nine Arctic regions prepared draft maps using geographic information technology (ArcInfo) of their portion of the Arctic, and these were later synthesized to make the final map. Area analysis of the map was done according to bioclimate subzones, and country. The integrated mapping procedures resulted in other maps of vegetation, topography, soils, landscapes, lake cover, substrate pH, and above-ground biomass. Results: The final map was published at 1:7 500 000 scale map. Within the Arctic (total area = 7.11 × 106 km2), about 5.05 × 106 km2 is vegetated. The remainder is ice covered. The map legend generally portrays the zonal vegetation within each map polygon. About 26% of the vegetated area is erect shrublands, 18% peaty graminoid tundras, 13% mountain complexes, 12% barrens, 11% mineral graminoid tundras, 11% prostrate-shrub tundras, and 7% wetlands. Canada has by far the most terrain in the High Arctic mostly associated with abundant barren types and prostrate dwarf-shrub tundra, whereas Russia has the largest area in the Low Arctic, predominantly low-shrub tundra. Conclusions: The CAVM is the first vegetation map of an entire global biome at a comparable resolution. The consistent treatment of the vegetation across the circumpolar Arctic, abundant ancillary material, and digital database should promote the application to numerous land-use, and climate-change applications and will make updating the map relatively easy.

Chinese Aesthetics and Literature: A Reader (review)

Reviewed by: Chinese Aesthetics and Literature: A Reader Karl S. Y. Kao (bio) Corinne H. Dale, editor. Chinese Aesthetics and Literature: A Reader. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004. xxi, 247 pp. Hardcover $81.50, ISBN 0-7914-6021-5. Paperback $27.95, ISBN 0-7914-6022-3. As explained in its Preface, this book is modeled after Japanese Aesthetics and Culture: A Reader, edited by Nancy Hume (State University of New York Press, 1995), a book designed for use by non-Asianist college instructors in their teaching of Japanese literature. Like Hume, Dale is a professor of English, and she has done a similar volume on Chinese literature, likewise intended for nonspecialists. Although most readers of China Review International probably would not be "non-Asianists" in Hume's sense—most are probably specialists of Chinese studies or avowed students of it in one related area or another—this volume could be of interest to them as a source book for a class in Chinese literature. The book contains eleven essays selected from various sources on Chinese philosophy and literature. In addition, there are an Introduction by the editor that explains the selections, an outline history of Chinese literature, and ancillary material such as the headnote that precedes each essay and the annotated classified bibliography, which includes a bibliography of bibliographies, general reference books, studies on various genres, et cetera. The title of the book is indeed an attractive one for students of Chinese literature in general. But it should be pointed out that one of the words featured in it, "aesthetics," is itself not a focus of inquiry; no essays in the collection are specifically devoted to the topic. Dale's Introduction explains that aesthetics is here understood in a general sense of "artistic values or preferences" based on a "philosophically informed understanding of human experience." In other words, philosophy is assumed to play a role in the shaping of literature and could help explain its properties and values. Organized apparently with this understanding, the selection includes, besides essays on Chinese literature itself, philosophical writings concerning the traditional Chinese worldview, cosmogony, and cultural outlook. The selections are taken from existing sources, mostly by scholars eminent in their own fields, and many of them may in fact give students in different fields of Chinese studies, including literature, a feeling of déjà vu. The first three essays are by Pauline Yu and Theodore Huters (joint authors), Roger Ames, and Tu Wei-ming, and they all go back to the early philosophical or mythological sources to find the origins of Chinese conceptions of cosmology and the world and of the Chinese cultural outlook. Students of sinology will reencounter such ideas as the one that the Chinese worldview is organic, characterized by a correlational thinking about all things in the universe—ideas that Joseph Needham and his collaborators in their work on Chinese science and civilization [End Page 302] have made widely known. Frederick Mote's notion of the "uncreated world" of Chinese cosmogony is also often reiterated. These concepts are here best described in Ames' essay, the second in the collection, titled "Language and Interpretive Contexts" (adapted from his introduction to Ames et al., eds., Interpreting Culture Through Translation: A Festschrift for D. C. Lau [1991]). In concise, lucid language, Ames explains from a comparative perspective the fundamental differences between the Western and Chinese worldviews. Tu Wei-ming approaches the question of Chinese cosmogony through the concept of ch'i (qi) in his "The Continuity of Being" (originally included in Leroy S. Rouner, ed., On Nature [1984]). Drawing from both early Confucianism and Neo-Confucian writings, Tu argues that qi in these traditions is at once the "basic stuff" that makes up the cosmos and the "vital force" that energizes all modalities of being, thus making it possible to see matter and spirit as one and the same, undifferentiated and undifferentiable. Tu further emphasizes the concept of "transformation" in place of creation; according to this view, humanity is but part of a great continuum of being. The first essay, Yu and Huters' "The Imaginative Universe of Chinese Literature" (originally an introductory essay to Chinese literature for the book Masterworks...

Histoire de Clarisse Harlove (review)

604 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION 12:4 his Collection might be seriously confused by contradictory or at least contrasting sections? The varied tenor of the Collection, while moving it in the direction of literature and enabling modest praise for it from its editors, would have enfeebled it as a work of practical moral guidance for his contemporary audience. Like some of the other projects—large and small—featured in this set of volumes, the ends and means of the Collection are open to question, which makes me a little uneasy with the tendency of the Clarissa Project editors (Keymer apart) to create apologiae for what are, in fact, some of Richardson's more dubious enterprises . Nevertheless, I am also much humbled by the hard work, erudition, and enthusiasm of all the contributors to these volumes, and I am sure that other readers will join me in gratitude for having these elusive documents made available in an authentic format. Lois A. Chaber American Intercontinental University in London Samuel Richardson. Histoire de Clarisse Harlove. Trans, l'abbé Prévost. Ed. with notes by Shelly Charles. 2 vols, 883, and 787 pp. Paris: Éditions Desjonquères, 1999. FFr390. ISBN 2-84321-017-8. The first edition of Samuel Richardson's Clarissa was published in three instalments of seven volumes between December 1747 and December 1748, the last three volumes appearing just two months before Henry Fielding's Tom Jones. After 250 years, the debate about the relative merits of these two great novels continues, yet in one respect Tom Jones has been far more fortunate than its predecessor . Readers of Fielding's novel have a wealth of modern, annotated editions from which to choose, including the standard scholarly edition by Martin Battestin and Fredson Bowers, in both its original hardcover form and its corrected paperback reprint, the more recent Oxford edition by John Bender and Simon Stern, the Norton edition by Sheridan Baker, and the Penguin edition by R.P.C. Mutter, with a new Penguin by Thomas Keymer forthcoming. Clarissa, in contrast, did not receive an annotated edition until 1985, when Angus Ross's huge single-volume Penguin made the first-edition text available for the first time since its initial publication , and provided the only set of explanatory notes that the novel had ever received. In 1990, a facsimile edition of the heavily revised and expanded eightvolume third-edition text of Clarissa was published by AMS, and in 1998 three volumes of accompanying material, Samuel Richardson's Published Commentary on Clarissa, 1747-65, were published by Pickering and Chatto, but Ross's Penguin remained the only annotated edition of the novel. Shelly Charles's superb new edition of Antoine-François Prévost's translation of Clarissa is important in many ways. Like Ross's Penguin, it makes available a text that had long been out of print. Lettres anglaises, ou Histoire de Miss Clarisse Harlove (1751), almost as much an original novel as a translation, was last published in 1846, and relatively few readers have access to any edition of REVIEWS 605 this influential work. Thomas Beebee's "Clarissa" on the Continent (1990), a fine comparative study of Prévost's French and Michaelis's German translation, has made little impact on the recent wave of Clarissa studies: largely, I suspect, because neither Prévost's nor Michaelis's versions of Clarissa is well known to students ofeighteenth-century fiction. Editions Desjonquères deserve our gratitude for making Prévost's Clarissa available in a handsome, robust, and affordable twovolume edition. And Shelly Charles has performed a valuable service in editing the work with such thoroughness and care: the introduction, the copious annotations, and the ancillary material are all of exceptional quality. Although Richardson knew no French, or any language other than English, and although he never crossed the channel, Clarissa became, in Prévost's translation, a canonical work in France. In his biography of Richardson, Alan McKillop cites figures suggesting, surprisingly, that for several decades in the mid-eighteenth century, the novel most often found in private French libraries was Mme de Graffigny's Lettres d'une péruvienne, followed closely by French translations of Pamela, Tom Jones, and...

Recent advances in methods for measuring the dynamic response of geological materials to 100 GPA

Modeling certain classes of hypervelocity impact events requires laboratory materials data for benchmarking purposes. These data include Hugoniot states, release paths and strength. Two classes of impact techniques have been employed for measuring equation-of-state properties for rocks and rock simulants. These techniques both use velocity interferometer diagnostics. One, employing a sample-in-projectile geometry, provides high-precision Hugoniot data and continuous release trajectories for dry or water-saturated materials. The majority of the present experiments have been performed with this geometry. The other, employing a sample-in-target geometry, provides loading path and Hugoniot data as well as limited release data. Materials studied by these two techniques have included a variety of tuffs, rhyolites, carbonates, grouts and an epoxy-alumina mixture. Uncertainties in the results from these techniques have been estimated by analyzing the effects of errors in observables and ancillary material properties.

RUPERT BUNNY STRUCTURE AND SURFACE

Preliminary study on works by Rupert Bunny in the University of Melbourne Art Collection hasfocussed on the examination of ancillary material (such as sketchbooks, photographs and looseleaf drawings), and microanalytical and technical visual examination of a number of oil sketches and finished works, to determine characteristic materials and methods used by the artist. This paper examines evidence regarding the development of Bunny's work including changes in his method of depicting form andworking with paint, and presents the initial findings of the project.

Hot isostatic pressing of mechanically alloyed CuNb powders

The high hardnesses of mechanically alloyed powders, as well as their often irregular shapes, make them difficult to densify by conventional sintering schemes. Consolidation of mechanically alloyed powders is thus most often accomplished by hot extrusion or a variant thereof. Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) is a potential route for densification of mechanically alloyed products. In this paper, the authors report on densification progression and describe partially densified microstructures of mechanically alloyed Cu-Nb powders. hot isostatic pressing is also a process for which extensive modeling has been developed. The models are robust ones, and software is now available to predict density as a function of process temperature, pressure and time, provided the ancillary material mechanical and thermal properties are available. The authors also report on the suitability of using this tool for predicting densification during HIPing of mechanically alloyed products.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS: GRADING SOFTWARE PROGRAMS ACCOMPANYING SELECTED PRINCIPLES TEXTS

An increasing number of non‐statistical software packages are being written as supplementary instructional material for economics Principles texts. This paper reviews the software programs currently available as ancillary material to eight major Principles texts. To avoid simply listing what the programs do, a detailed framework for economic software evaluation was created and applied to each program. This evaluation instrument gives the reviewer a total of 31 questions, in jive different categories, to guide the software review. A summary table is presented which allows direct comparison of each package across each of the five evaluation categories.