Ancient Research Articles

희랍의 고대 교육과 에로스

The purpose of this study is to examine how Eros as a methodological principle of Greek Paideia worked and changed in different regions and times of Greek, accepting Marrou's perspective on Eros that flowed as a common 'principle' or 'method' of Greek Paideia. Examining how Eros worked in Greek "Warrior Culture" and "Scribe Culture" is more meaningful than an overview of the ancient history of Greek education. It can dynamically explain the mechanisms by which practical knowledge(activity) and theoretical knowledge(concept) are transmitted in education today, respectively.

Yoga Tourism: A Journey towards Holistic Wellness

The recognition of International Yoga Day, first proposed by India in 2014 and celebrated annually on June 21, highlights the importance of yoga as a global wellness practice. In the Indian context, Yoga Day emphasizes India's cultural heritage and ancient traditions, promoting national pride and encouraging widespread practice for holistic health. It serves as a reminder of yoga's spiritual and philosophical roots, offering a deeper connection to its origins. On the international stage, Yoga Day fosters global unity, highlighting yoga's role in promoting physical and mental well-being. It underscores yoga’s universal appeal, transcending borders to unite people in health and mindfulness, and showcases India’s contribution to global wellness through an ancient yet adaptable practice. Yoga, an ancient practice rooted in India, has evolved significantly over the centuries, blending spiritual, mental, and physical disciplines to promote holistic well-being. The word "yoga" is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj, meaning "to unite" or "to join." This concept of union originally referred to the connection between body, mind, and spirit, which remains central to the practice even today. Yoga has journeyed through various historical phases, transforming from a spiritual and philosophical pursuit in ancient times to a global wellness trend in the modern world. Yoga tourism is often hosted in serene, natural environments like mountains, beaches, and forests. This immersion in nature enhances the healing experience, promoting relaxation, reducing mental fatigue, and increasing a sense of oneness with the earth. Yoga tourism is an emerging trend where individuals travel to engage in yoga practices, seeking physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. This article explores the literature surrounding yoga tourism, its growth, benefits, and the potential impact on both the tourism industry and the individuals participating in it. The study also investigates the motivations behind yoga tourism and its influence on holistic wellness, using a combination of literature review, secondary data, and qualitative insights. This article emphasizes the evolution of yoga from its ancient spiritual roots to its modern global prominence, highlighting the transformative journey of yoga practices over time. It also explores how yoga has adapted to contemporary wellness needs while preserving its core principles of union and balance.

Development of polyols analogous to neopentyl glycol and trimethylolpropane for the production of oleic acid-based biolubricants

Vegetable oils and animal fats have been known and used as lubricants and fuels since ancient times. However, the chain structure of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) generate limitations that discourage the use of these raw materials as lubricants. As an alternative to improve the physicochemical and thermo-oxidative characteristics of natural oils, the use of polyols without the β-hydrogens in the triacylglycerols structure is an efficient solution for the production of biolubricants. In this context, a series of polyols, analogous to trimethylolpropane (TMP) and neopentyl glycol (NPG) was synthesised and applied in the synthesis of polyol esters based on oleic acid. These esters were prepared by homogeneous catalysis using p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) and are intended for use as biolubricants. The synthesised polyols were characterized by one and two-dimensional NMR. The derived polyol esters were purified and had their structure confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The polyol esters showed high viscosity index (189 – 222), thermo-oxidative stability (Tonset between 258 and 285 °C), and low melting points (between –19.4 and –47.6 °C). Furthermore, polyol esters showed reduced friction coefficients (0.021 – 0.041) and scar wear diameter on the metallic surface (0.274 – 0.448 mm). In addition to the satisfactory results of thermal stability and lubricity, which suggest the potential of these molecules as lubricants, all molecules were considered environmentally safe when evaluated through the Zebrafish toxicity model.

Bacopa monnieri confers neuroprotection by influencing signaling pathways associated with interleukin 4, 13 and extracellular matrix organization in Alzheimer's disease: A proteomics-based perspective

Alzheimer's disease, a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly, is characterized by the accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, triggering oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Current therapies focus on symptomatic treatment rather than targeting the underlying disease-modifying molecular mechanisms and are often associated with significant side effects. Bacopa monnieri, a traditional Indian herb with nootropic properties, has shown promise in neurological disorder treatment from ancient times. However, its mechanisms of action in Alzheimer's disease remain elusive. In this study, a cellular model for Alzheimer's disease was created by treating differentiated IMR-32 cells with beta-amyloid, 1–42 peptide (Aβ42). Additionally, a recovery model was established through co-treatment with Bacopa monnieri to explore its protective mechanism. Co-treatment with Bacopa monnieri extract recovered Aβ42 induced damage as evidenced by the decreased apoptosis and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis identified 21,674 peptides, corresponding to 3626 proteins from the Alzheimer's disease model. The proteins dysregulated by Aβ42 were implicated in cellular functions, such as negative regulation of cell proliferation and microtubule cytoskeleton organization. The enriched pathways include extracellular matrix organization and interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling. Bacopa monnieri co-treatment showed remarkable restoration of Aβ42 altered proteins, including FOSL1, and TDO2. The protein-protein interaction network analysis of Bacopa monnieri restored proteins identified the hub gene involved in Alzheimer's disease. The findings from this study may open up new avenues for creating innovative therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease.

Ziziphus jujuba: Applications in the Pharmacy and Food Industry

Ziziphus jujuba has been used since ancient times in traditional Eastern medicine. It is widely cultivated in numerous countries between the tropical and temperate climatic zones due to its high ecological plasticity and resilience to adverse weather. The different classes of chemical compounds contained in the plant are the reason for its medicinal properties. Research shows that every part of Ziziphus jujuba, the leaves, fruits and seeds, demonstrate therapeutic properties. This review focuses on the chemical composition in order to establish the relationship between the plant and its clinical use. Various biological effects are summarized and discussed: anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, gastrointestinal, etc. Apart from medicinal uses, the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba are edible and used in fresh and dried form. This literature review reveals possible medical applications of Ziziphus jujuba and its great potential for improving the diet of people in areas where the plant is abundant.

Historical aspects of the emergence of private international law: ancient and medieval periods

Historical aspects of the emergence of private international law: ancient and medieval periods

Alzheimer's Disease and Its a Diagnosis, Symptoms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, predominantly affecting individuals over 65 years old, though a rare form can manifest in younger people. Globally, AD accounts for approximately 75% of the more than 35 million dementia cases, with projections suggesting the number could rise to 115 million by 2050. The precise etiology of Alzheimer’s remains largely unknown. Historically, dementia has been recognized since ancient times, with significant milestones in understanding and terminology occurring from the 17th century onwards. Alzheimer’s disease is identified by symptoms such as confusion, personality changes, language difficulties, mood swings, and short-term memory disturbance. Pathophysiologically, AD is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) which cause brain damage. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, neuroimaging, neuropathological findings, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, vascular issues, and psychosocial elements. Current treatments focus on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to manage symptoms, particularly in the mild to moderate stages of the disease.

Study on the Influencing Factors of Heart Disease

With the continuous development of technology and scientific research, people are constantly exploring the mysteries of the universe and human. Since ancient times, most people have died under various incurable diseases, which has led to a need for more knowledge about diseases to help humans resist diseases and help people explore the world to the next level. According to years of data statistics, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are one of the diseases with the highest mortality rate, and heart disease is included in it. According to statistics, around 695000 people died from heart disease in 2021, which is an extremely large number, so this paper needs to conduct research on heart disease more. This experiment aims to identify and analyze data related to heart disease, as well as use correlation methods to discover the impact of different factors that contribute to heart disease. By doing so, experimental results can be obtained and conclusions can be drawn regarding the research topic. Through experimental results, it can help people understand the different degrees of influence of the causative factors of heart disease on heart disease, maintain good lifestyle habits in daily life, and provide some tips and assistance for medical treatment. And this experiment can provide some reference for future research on heart disease and contribute to the development of drugs and medical technology.

The Influence of Hashadev Madawan's Sijokavyas on Sanskrit Literature

Since ancient times, Sanskrit poetry has been world-famous for its structure, theme, rasa, characters, etc. It can be seen that the structure of modern Sanskrit poetry is completely different from this traditional form. Because of the greatness of ancient Sanskrit poetry, it was transferred to other languages and literature. But today, Sanskrit poetry tends to adopt the literary styles of other languages and its literature. Various literary styles and writing styles from all over the world have found their way into the Sanskrit language today. As such, Sijo poems are a type of poetry that has gained acceptance in the field of modern Sanskrit poetry. It is a style of poetry that exists in South Korea. It is a poetic style that completely records the things to be said in three lines, different from the four-line sloka system of Sanskrit poetry. This article depicts some Sijo poems mentioned in a book, named Shirisha Pushpeshu Vrishtibindavaha, a collection of poems by Dr. Harshadev Madhavan, who is one of the leading modern Sanskrit poets. It is clear from this study that Sijo, Haiko, Tan, and other forms were introduced in Sanskrit poetry and these types of literary forms are suitable for Sanskrit language and literature.

Qualitative Study on Influencing Factors of Online Shopping in India

Due to the change of times, amazing revolutionary changes have taken place in today's era. One of these is the Internet, due to which Marshall McLuhan's phrase in which he said that the world is a global village became meaningful. While defining 'World is Global Village', he had said that people will be connected with each other through some technology instead of meeting physically, which can receive and send information, like in today's time, social media. It is doing. No area of the world has remained untouched by the influence of online media. Today, daily essential items of human life are being bought and sold online. Every basic need of daily life can be demanded from anywhere and at any time while sitting at home. The traditional shopping, which has been going on since ancient times, where the buyer used to inspect and buy the goods himself or with the help of an associate, is changing at a rapid pace in the changing era. All the products available from shops to big malls are being purchased through web sites or apps. No one would have ever dreamed that a customer would be able to buy goods manufactured abroad directly after viewing them online, but all this became possible due to the technological revolution.

Санкции – странный феномен

The history of international economic sanctions is simultaneously old and relatively young. The first sanctions recorded in written history were applied in ancient times, but the newly introduced punitive economic measures received legal status only after the First World War. At first, sanctions were not given much political significance and there were not many of them. The situation changed radically after the Second World War and especially after the collapse of the USSR. The rapid increase in sanction activity over the past two decades is a manifestation of the desire of the United States and its satellites to protect their position as a world hegemon. The punitive economic apparatus, the most powerful in the United States, is set up for sanction activity and generates restrictions and prohibitions as the main products of its activity. To paraphrase the philosopher Rene Descartes, the western sanctions government officer use to say: “I authorize, therefore I exist”. International economic sanctions are losing their original function as a means of preventing military conflicts and are turning into an economic weapon. But, paradoxically, attempts to interpret them as an instrument of economic policy are not valid, if only due to the fact that working with the categories of “efficiency”, widely used in economic science, is impossible in the case of sanctions. Instead of “efficiency”, the term “effectiveness” should be used, but measuring the latter, unlike “efficiency”, is impossible; therefore, the phenomenon of sanctions, as such, largely goes beyond the scope of economic science. The nature of modern sanctions is perverse. Their use not only entails economic degradation and destruction of the institutional structure of society in the target countries, but also causes damage to the sending countries. Most modern sanctions are illegitimate and have no moral justification. Sanctions and their systematic application are nothing more than a geopolitical weapon used to undermine the sovereignty of independent states. This article shows the historical evolution of the sanctions mechanism, its degeneration and transformation into a stable institutional entity.

Dietary curcumin supplementation enhances growth performance and anti-inflammatory functions by modulating gut microbiota, microbiota-derived metabolites, and expression of inflammation-related genes in broilers.

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenolic substance that has been widely used since ancient times for its multiple beneficial functions. However, whether CUR affects growth performance of broilers by altering gut microbiota and metabolite and the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary CUR supplementation on growth performance, anti-inflammatory function, intestinal morphology and barrier, cecum microbiota and metabolite profile of broilers. Sixty 1-day-old male broilers were randomly divided into control group (CON, fed a control diet) and CUR group (fed a control diet supplemented with 200mg/kg CUR) after 2 days of adaptation. Results showed that after feeding to 52-day-old, compared with CON broilers, the CUR broilers showed improved feed utilization efficiency and growth performance. Furthermore, the CUR broilers showed an improved intestinal morphology, which was demonstrated by a lower crypt depth in the jejunum. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and non-targeted metabonomics (LC-MS/MS) analysis results showed that the cecum microbiota ecology and function were significantly improved, and the abundance of beneficial flora and metabolites were increased, while the harmful bacteria and metabolites were significantly decreased. In addition, RT-qPCR results showed that CUR significantly reduced inflammatory responses, promoted the formation of the mucosal barrier and enhanced digestion, absorption and transport of lipids and glucose related genes expression in the intestine. These above findings demonstrated that dietary CUR supplementation improved growth performance, intestinal morphology and anti-inflammatory functions, mainly by manipulating cecum microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites, which provides a credible explanation for the growth-promoting effect and anti-inflammatory functions of CUR and aids our understanding of the mechanisms underlying.

Надання безоплатної правової допомоги населенню у процесі здійснювання навчальної діяльності: аспекти міжнародного та українського історичного досвіду

The article highlights the issues of international and Ukrainian historical experience of providing legal aid in general, and frees legal aid in the course of educational activities in particular. The author traces the peculiarities of this process from its origins to the present day. The author argues that the provision of free legal aid in the context of educational activities is a multifaceted process which, both in the world and in Ukraine, has been taking place for centuries in various forms and under the influence of various factors. It is emphasized that its undoubted prerequisite was the legalization of the legal profession and the establishment of an extensive system of legal education. The author emphasizes that these facts were the result of the growing importance of law in the process of regulation of social relations. The author analyzes the main stages and features of the European historical experience of legal aid in the period of Antiquity, theMiddle Ages and theModern era. The author also considers some historical experience of providing free legal aid in the context of educational activities which took place in Ukraine. The author proves that Ancient Rome was a pioneer in creating an extensive system of legal education and developing various forms of legal aid. The author establishes that the real establishment of the system of free legal aid, in particular, in the course of educational activities, took place only in the 1920s, and at first it was localized and limited mainly to the United States. It is argued that its implementation became possible as a result of a long scientific discussion in previous years, during which a new approach to legal training with a priority on practice was developed, and a form of such training – “legal clinic” – was found. The author shows that legal clinical education is considered to be one of the most effective today. The nature and peculiarities of the spread of legal clinical education, as well as the development of the relevant legal framework in Ukraine are traced.

A mathematical perspective on Romanisation: Modelling the Roman road activation process in ancient Tunisia.

Romanisation is a multi-faceted historical phenomenon with profound and lasting cultural impact on the ancient world. In the modern-day territory of Tunisia, this is particularly manifest during the first four centuries AD, under the reign of the Roman Empire. We derive a reduced, operational concept of Romanisation as a cultural diffusion process that is observable in the archaeological remains of the Roman era settlement system. We then introduce a novel mathematical model that computes spatio-temporal approximations for the Romanisation of the settlement system. The model is based on the concept of temporal road activation and makes minimal assumptions regarding input data quality. The results of our study contribute to the understanding of the time dynamics of the region's road network, under the influence of Romanisation. Our model can be applied in similar archaeological research scenarios, to generate spatio-temporal backbones for the analysis of otherwise intractably complex social processes.

Reconsidering Enslaved People in Ancient Greek Art at the Harvard Art Museums

ABSTRACT In response to the Harvard Art Museums’ ReFrame Initiative and the publication of the “Harvard & the Legacy of Slavery” report, the author reevaluates the display and discussion of images of enslaved people in ancient Greek art in the museum gallery. Ancient Greece relied heavily on the labor and crafts produced by enslaved people, and while enslaved people are common subjects of ancient art, a critical analysis of their representations and interpretations is not standard in art historical or museum discourse. This paper proposes a reading of these images that prioritizes the voice of the enslaved person and proposes strategies to foster dialogue about this topic in the art museum. In particular, the author recommends avoiding euphemisms in nomenclature and in annotated “chat” labels and invites alternative readings of images that take the embodied experiences of enslaved people in the ancient world into consideration.

A Compendium of G-Flipon Biological Functions That Have Experimental Validation.

As with all new fields of discovery, work on the biological role of G-quadruplexes (GQs) has produced a number of results that at first glance are quite baffling, sometimes because they do not fit well together, but mostly because they are different from commonly held expectations. Like other classes of flipons, those that form G-quadruplexes have a repeat sequence motif that enables the fold. The canonical DNA motif (G3N1-7)3G3, where N is any nucleotide and G is guanine, is a feature that is under active selection in avian and mammalian genomes. The involvement of G-flipons in genome maintenance traces back to the invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans and to ancient DNA repair pathways. The role of GQs in transcription is supported by the observation that yeast Rap1 protein binds both B-DNA, in a sequence-specific manner, and GQs, in a structure-specific manner, through the same helix. Other sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) also engage both conformations to actuate cellular transactions. Noncoding RNAs can also modulate GQ formation in a sequence-specific manner and engage the same cellular machinery as localized by TFs, linking the ancient RNA world with the modern protein world. The coevolution of noncoding RNAs and sequence-specific proteins is supported by studies of early embryonic development, where the transient formation of G-quadruplexes coordinates the epigenetic specification of cell fate.

Some style tendencies of Hellenism which formed the basis for the pictorial canon of Eastern church rite

The article systematically presents and substantiates the stylistic concept of some unique artistic tendencies of Hellenism, which share a common sacred nature with the pictorial canon of eastern churches. It also proposes updated retrospective artistic principles to reassess the role of these tendencies. This finding allows us to reveal additional roots of the pictorial canon and review the cause-and-effect relationship between the narrative-symbolic-decorative attributes of ancient funeral rituals and the spiritual-philosophical foundations of early Christian art. It suggests filling the gaps in art history and cultural studies within the framework of relevant themes by introducing modeled and unified conceptual-categorical constructions into scientific circulation. The purpose of the research. The main purpose of the article is to rethink and systematize some artistic and stylistic tendencies of the Hellenistic’s era in late antiquity, from which all Eastern church pictorial traditions drew their conceptual and stylistic foundations during their formation period. The methodology. A combination of specialized methods was applied: historical-comparative method for identifying key artistic tendencies; cultural-deductive method for formulating artistic categories; abstraction method for delineating key stylistic features of sacred attributes, as well as for identifying differences and similarities; expert artistic assessment method for theoretical characterization, substantiation, and expansion of conceptual-categorical components; stylistic correlation method for unifying newly discovered stylistic connections of Hellenistic artistic products and the Christian tradition. The combination of the listed methods allows us to reveal the concept of the stylistic basis for the pictorial tradition in the church paraphernalia of the Eastern rite and to systematize the existing authoritative evidence base regarding to origins of the pictorial canon of the Egyptian and Greco-Roman periods. Conclusions. Our analysis shows that in the broad context of the formation of the pictorial canon, peculiar to the churches of the Eastern rite, some artistic trends of the first centuries of the new era turned out to be an unchanging and stable conceptual basis for the pictorial canon in a complex artistic and philosophical coordinate system. Thus, the artistic canon of the Eastern churches, formed between the VI and IX centuries, is nothing more than a borrowed status-functional category for the multi-level gradation of Christian value aspects with specific techniques and means of Hellenistic fine art of the times of ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman syncretism. Their intermedial nature and appellative character in relation to the Theogony of the ancient world limit the traditional interpretation of the Christian symbolism of the vast majority of canonical images in the artistic plane. The scientific novelty. For the first time our research analyzed the cause-and-effect relationship between canonical Christian stylistic attributes and Greco-Roman and Egyptian features as the ideological basis of the latter for the formative role of the former. It reassessed and re-evaluated some Hellenistic artistic tendencies in terms of their significance and complexity. A number of expanded cultural and art historical concepts and categories of the ancient world are proposed and substantiated.

The history of post-Soviet Armenia through its political myths and symbols

We address the semiotics of conceptual shifts in the dominant discursive political and sociocultural practices of the Post-Soviet Armenia. The political history of independent Armenia is expressed through dominant political symbols and concepts, with a heterogeneous mixture of mythologized ancient history, Soviet and anti-Soviet ideologies. Attempts to create new symbols or re-interpret old ones led to significant transformations in the main discursive practices, which could form the foundation for the legitimization of the Armenian political identity. In general, if we depart from the substantive aspects, semiotic operations are governed by two main transformational principles: recursion and inversion, precisely those that Levi-Strauss described in relation to myth. At the same time, different cycles of this process can coexist in the same socio-cultural space. The political post-Soviet history of Armenia is divided into four periods, each of which is associated with a specific political regime (1990 - 1998; 1998 - 2018; 2018 - 2020; 2020 - up to present). Each of them gives rise to different political myths, both dominant (official) and oppositional, but in general, they are all based on the basic vocabulary that was formed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Therefore, from the point of view of symbolic conceptual patterns, they are all based on the transformation (negation, inversion, and recursion) of the previous stages. Thus, the initial stage was characterized by a revaluation of values: everything Soviet was to be denied, and the Republic of Armenia of 1918-1920 was considered as a model. However, the new authorities intended to establish themselves through the myth of the creation of a fundamentally new - namely, a political nation, therefore, a tension has emerged between the concepts of reincarnation and creation. Soviet Armenia is contrasted with non-Soviet Armenia, which is then split into two opposed concepts: the First vs. the Third Republic. Then their “reconciliation” took place. It is reflected in the metanarrative of the Three Republics, and the Soviet Armenia occupies a worthy place as an intermediate link from incomplete to full-fledged independent statehood. In the 1900s, primordial narratives were revived, asserting the immutability of Armenia, starting with the legendary progenitor Hayk. At present, there is an obvious attempt to create the concept of the “Fourth Republic” based on the negation of the previous ones, up to the rejection of the Declaration of Independence as a Soviet legacy and the annulment of previous symbols (the coat of arms, the anthem, the Mount Ararat).

Mediating Antiquity in Mehmed ʿAli's Egypt: Rationalism and Its Limits in Rifaʿa al-Tahtawi's Ancient History Textbook

The major project of Arab Nahda studies since the mid-2000s has been to develop an understanding of the Nahda that goes beyond the movement's own self-understanding; that is, beyond its rhetoric of “awakening” (the literal sense of nahḍa), national renewal, and rupture with the recent past. Scholars have approached this task in a variety of ways, notably by retracing continuities between 19th-century Arabic cultural production and that of earlier centuries; by analyzing the economic underpinnings of the culture of the Nahda and the salience of local class interests in its formation; by studying the relevance of transnational circulations of ideas; by investigating popular culture; and through detailed studies of individual figures and of subjective experience in the period.1 A central challenge in this reconceptualizing of the Nahda has been that of accurately identifying and explaining the shifts within the era; that is, in a way that neither simply reproduces the movement's conception of itself, nor fails to appreciate properly the social transformations of which the Nahda was a part. This challenge has been tackled with impressive results in certain domains of cultural production, notably the intersection between print culture and Islamic thought.2

A short historical essay on the development of biology

The aim is to study the developmental stages of the science all living things – biology in the aspect on the concept of changes ideas about carriers of life: from the simplest to the most complex organism. Search-bibliographic and historical method, which allowed for determining the main steps in the chronological development of biology. Biology as a science was formed over the centuries in the ancient history of mankind thanks to efforts and achievements of the most outstanding scientists of different countries of the world. Scholars divide the history of the development of biology into several periods: heuristic or empirical, morphological or descriptive, microscopic, physiological and genetic. Such periodization is quite conditional. Separate periods sometimes coincide in time. Scientific discoveries that underlie this periodization at the same time, resulting in the parallel accumulation or relevant knowledge. The article present scientists who studied the biology of microorganisms, plants, fungi, animals, humans at all levels of their structural organization. The article reflects the history of the development of biology as a science in dates and names.