Ancient Turks Research Articles

BLUE WOLF AS TOTEM AND IDEAL-ARTISTIC SPIRIT IN THE SPIRITUAL WORLD OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE

The precious legacy of ancient Kazakhs to younger generations, one of the first values is indeed the language. Language is a witness of previous generation’s existence. Language and human existence are considered in unity, language phenomena are studied in combination with the worldview, culture, as well as system of thinking. Spiritual, cultural being determines our orientation in life, manifesting itself in a language. As we are all aware, many thousands of years ago, man lost in the fight against natural disasters more than it won. Development of human being as a race and language are considered together. We analyze them in unity with the worldview, culture and way of thinking. People who suffer from the rear, the elements, various catastrophes, evoked a variety of beliefs, believed in them. At the same time we still do not know which belief came first and which belief was applied last. One of the beliefs that arose from the old worldview is the totem of the "blue wolf” (Kok-bori). Since ancient times, the image of the wolf has occupied a large place in the traditional beliefs of different peoples. This image has a great place in the worldview of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia, especially the Turks, as a monument of material culture. In many sources, in Ancient Scripture, the wolf -beast is a predator of steppe origin, not an animal, but a mother animal, standing at the origins of its kind. In addition, foreign, Russian scientists, domestic researchers, referring to various sources, write that the ancient Turkic tribes reached the level of totem, they estimate it as a sacred beast, some elements are found in household attributes. The Turkic people include: Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Nogai, Bashkir, Tatar, Altai, Karakalpak, Uighur, Turkmen, Saka, Gagauz, Madiyar, Karachay, etc. Folklore and mythological networks manifest the spiritual world of the people and are fixed in the minds of the younger generation as a reflection of the universal worldview. This article analyzes the blue spirit storm of the Kazakh people, the totem "bori", the emergence and continuity of these beliefs at the present stage, the revival of the spiritual continuity of the ancient Turks and the Kazakh people and modern without losing the values of national cultural values, the viability of the principles and absorption Turkic spirit in the consciousness of generations.

ANALYSIS OF THE ROOTS OF DUALISM SEMANTICS EXISTING IN ZOOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMORPHIC IMAGES BELONGING TO ANCIENT TURKIC ART

The analysis of the processes of creation and development of material and spiritual values of the ancient Turkic peoples leading a nomadic lifestyle before our era is possible only when studying the subject world that has come down to us from the ancient Turks. The correct disclosure of the content of the mythological philosophical system and its symbols, images belonging to the ancient Turks, who left behind a rather small number of written samples and almost exclusively kurgan-type monuments, is based on a thorough, serious study of the hidden semantics of various zoomorphic or therioanthropomorphic compositions created by ancient masters on materials such as metal, bone and wood. The samples of decorative and applied art created by ancient Turkic masters differ not only in the plasticity of the forms themselves, compositional constructions and intense internal rhythmics, strict observance of the canons of the image. On each piece of art created by the ancient Turks, we can see an iconographic image of the harmony of the universe, which arose from the struggle of two basic life principles, one of the first philosophical systems of human civilization – dualism. The ancient Turkic art with its content was able to enrich the mythological thinking created by archaic times with new artistic forms and with new ethical and aesthetic elements. Compositions and images created by ancient Turkic masters could often fully express both artistic and philosophical, religious and ritual, and ethical content at the same time. This gave a powerful impetus to the appearance of art samples that could act as visual carriers of the mythological system inherent in the ancient Turkic world, and had a special language of description peculiar only to it. The research of the article is aimed at studying the influence of the aesthetic principles of dualism on ancient Turkic art.

Family-Mark of Identity and Spirituality of the Turkish Community in Romania

The family is one of the important institutions that has survived from the past to the present. In this paper I will try to present the structure and features of the Turkish family starting from the pre-Islamic, Islamic-Ottoman period until the modern period. The solid family structure and the order played an extremely important role in the mobility of the Turkish nation in a very wide geography that shaped history. To this end, I will provide brief information about the Turkish family, its importance to society, marriage ceremonies, communication between family members and other relatives, as well as some traditions specific to the Turkish family. The social structure of the family, the basic dynamics and the main driving force of society differ from society to society, from culture to culture as we will see also in the Turkish family. The ancient Turks, whose life and culture was nomadic, therefore, the structure and life of the family were modelled according to the conditions of nomadic life. Family members had to fight together against difficult living conditions. In this situation, children, girls and boys, have been involved in adult roles since an early age. In the old Turkish family, the man is a person with important functions and duties and the woman is the foundation of human society. The Turkish family in Romania can be presented from two perspectives: the Ottoman Turkish family and the modern Turkish family. By presenting the two components we will notice that the impact of modernism or rather of post-modernism is making its mark more and more, leading to the loss of traditional values that are intertwined with the spiritual crisis.

Čök/Sök Ritual in Altaic Shamanism from Ancient Turks to Present Day

The word čök which has only been found in Tepsey VI, Tuba II and one inscription from Adrianov’s collection, and has been interpreted differently by Turcologists such as Malov, Kyzlasov, Klyashtorny, Erdal, Orkun, Barutcu-Özönder and Aydın. In this study, the word čök identified in the Turkic runic texts of Siberia, and the associated ritual of libation have been evaluated as an ancient and common element in the Shamanism of Altaic peoples for the first time in Turcology. For this reason, traces of the concept have been searched in Tungus-Manchu, Korean and Mongolian as well as Turkic languages belonging to the Altaic language family. It has been emphasized that this word, which was recorded in different forms among Turkic and Mongolic peoples, can be an old and common Altaic word. In this way, the existence of Shamanism among the ancient Turks living in the Yenisei region has been exemplified with this word, and it’s been seen that this concept has been preserved until the 21st century in societies speaking Turkic, Mongolic and Manchu-Tungusic languages and perpetuating traditional Shamanism. And results of this research have been presented to the service of Turcology.

«Күлтегін», «Білге қаған» және «Тоныкөк» жырларындағы ортақ мо-тивтер: көне түркілік дүниетаным бейнесі

The written monuments of «Kultegin», «Bilge Kagan», «Tonykok» (VIII-IX centuries) describe the worldview, beliefs and customs of the ancient Turks, the hard time they experienced and the role of individuals in building a strong state. The concept of «Tengri» takes a special place in defining the ancient Turkic worldview in historical and genealogical poems. Blessed Tengri gave them a special energy, fighting spirit in establishing a great Turkic state. Interstate diplomacy, victorious campaigns, special merits of individuals in strengthening the state and their passing away, mourning their loss at the national level, beliefs and customs, habitat, and their attitude to nature are depicted. The article analyzes the microconceptions «Tengri», «state», «kagan», «batyr», «Akylgey dana», «unity of the country», «aruak» and others on the basis of plot connections. The complex nature of time, the strength of the spirit in preserving the unity of the country, the ideology of the struggle against the enemy state and other features are analyzed, the features of the ancient Turkic concept of «peace» are considered. In the poem «Bilge Kagan» and the poem «Kultegin» similarities of author’s signature, views, campaigns and common inhabitance can be observed. One of the main features manifested in the poem «Bilge Kagan» is respect for the ties between ancestors, brothers and sisters. In the ancient Turkic tradition-the rite of veneration and veneration of the aruak. The poem «Tonykok» describes the historical stages of the formation of the Turkic khaganate as a state. In the poem, Tonykok is described not only as an adviser, but also as a hero and commander of an army who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of the Turkic Khaganate as a strong state. The poem has an autobiographical, historical and genealogical character.

Digitalization capabilities of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National Uneversity Museum and exhibition service through QR – code application

This article offers methods of organization of digital QR-code and audio-guide tour by improving museum and exhibition activity of the university. Today, taking into account the modern needs of customers and tourists there is an opportunity to view museum and exhibition exhibits online and offline, choosing the right language and listening to interesting information. To revitalize the marketing services of our university, we offer a digital service by updating the pages of the site and launching a «museum and exhibition exhibits» page. World experience shows that QR-code services are very suitable for customers, including guests and tourists. The author’s signature is presented in the article, which are: firstly, QR-code for the website of the L.N. Gumilyov ENU, and secondly, the QR-code of «Ancient Turkish records» presented by the authors for the «Museum and exhibition exhibits» page.

The turkic identity in the novel «Death of the grey fierce» by the turkish writer Kh. N. Atsyz

Turkish writer Hussein Nihal Atsyz began writing historical novels in the middle of the 20th century. His historical dilogy "Fierce Gray" had a significant impact on the self-consciousness of the Turkish society, illuminating the deep layers of history. The power and desire for stability of the great states founded by theTurks is proved through historical facts and interpreted by a high artistic style. The first book of the historical dilogy "Fierce Gray" by Kh.N.Atsyz is called "Death of the Fierce Gray". The storyline of the story described in the novel is the foundation of the Turkic Khaganate, its division into two parts, and the fierce struggle that this state waged against the Chinese dynasties. The struggle against the Chinese armies, in which success was on the side of the Turks, then on the side of their enemiesin a fierce battle, is described reliably and without embellishment. The author describes in an artistic form the heroism of the ancient Turks, who, despite the stubbornness and cunning of a strong enemy, not only fought for the land, but also tried to preserve their Turkic identity. The article deals with the question of the specific content of the concept of Turkic identity in the historical novel "Death of the Fierce Gray" by Hussein Nihal Atsyz. &nbsp

По следам потомков небесной матери: от мифа к семантике сакрального ландшафта

The article contains a cultural research and is reconstructive by nature. It offers the author’s interpretation of the sanctuary of the early Turkic era (7th—9th centuries), which is part of the archaeological site, the Bozok Medieval Settlement. The Bozok settlement is located on the territory of Kazakhstan’s capital city of Nur-Sultan, on the shores of the Buzykty Lake. The sanctuary is the key asset of the site, which was later on surrounded by the residential and industrial structures of the Bozok settlement (10th—13th centuries) and then, the elite necropolis of the 14th—16th centuries. The author’s interpretation of the sanctuary is centered around the factors of choosing the lake landscape, caused by the cosmological concept of water purity and the connection between the water and the feminine principle. Water as a source of life, resonates with the nature of motherhood, with the image of a swan and refers us to the cult of Umai, the Great Mother Goddess of ancient Turks, the patroness saint of warriors. The name of the BuzyktyLake also has a profound sacred meaning in the Turkic culture. The etymological study of the toponym “Buzykty” reveals its historical depth known from the ancient Turkic era and the complex semantics of meaning that traces its origin to the mythological characters of the Oguz Kagan and the Heavenly Maiden Umai. The uniqueness of the site (planigraphy, human sacrifice), its geocultural landscape, along with the analysis of the limnonym and the swan mythologeme, make it possible to create a hypothetical model of the rituals, which can explain the sanctuary as a site for secret warriors’ rites.

СЎНГАК МОЗОР-ҚЎРҒОНИ ТОПИЛМАСИ ВА УЗАНГИНИНГ ТАРИХДАГИ АҲАМИЯТИ

In this article, the authors reveal the new Sungak burial found there in the Charvakreservoir area of Bostanlyk district of Tashkent region and the ancient significance of the stirrup. It is said that stirrup was originally created by nomadic peoples, spread widely during the Turkish Khaganate, and revolutionized its political activity as a nomadic state with a large cavalry army.Due to its natural location and richness of minerals, the Charvak Basin was one of the few places where the ancient Turks had important strategic and metallic objects of interest. The last mound is a monument tonomads and semi-settlers within the khanate. It is scientifically substantiated that the stirrup found here was widely used in the territory from Altai to Central Asia in the 6th-9th centuries

Роль музыки в системе духовных ценностей и культуры предков татар в эпоху средневековья

Research objectives: To reveal the specificity of folk and professional musical traditions and their moral and aesthetic significance in the life of the medieval ancestors of Tatars. Research materials: The study uses general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and the main methods of historical research – namely, the historical-comparative method and the method of historical periodization. Following the principle of historicism, the author analyzed a significant number of historical sources that reflect the development of musical culture among the ancestors of Tatars from its beginnings to the middle of the sixteenth century. Also, she used the results of archaeological and ethnographic research presented in monographs, articles, and other academic publications. Basic information about the development of musical culture among the medieval ancestors of Tatars is contained in the monuments of oral and written poetry (epic legends of the ancient Turks, the dastan “Idegey”, the poems of Muhammadyar, etc.), as well as in the notes of Arab and European travelers (Ahmed ibn Fadlan, Ibn Dasta, William of Rubruck, and John of Plano Carpini). Some aspects of this phenomenon are considered in a number of historical, musicological, and ethnomusicological studies (M. Khudyakov, L. Gumilev, M. Nig­medzyanov, G. Makarov, G. Saifullina, etc.). Results and novelty of the research: The study revealed that the origins of the musical traditions of the Tatar ethnos, formed mainly in the Middle Volga region, extend back to the common Turkic forms of artistic creativity. Later, music acted as an invariable attribute of socially significant and everyday forms of artistic activity (cult, court, military, folklore) of the Tatars’ ancestors in Volga Bulgharia, the Golden Horde, and Kazan Khanate. During the Middle Ages, there was an active development of diverse genres of both vocal and instrumental music. Its stable original basis was noticeably enriched with new intonations and rhythms emanating from the repertoire of musical traditions of various ethnic groups. A special mission in the spiritual life of society was carried out by the types and genres of spiritual and secular poetry closely related to music (chanting performances, including some with instrumental accompaniment). They functioned as an effective means for moral and aesthetic education, combining a variety of pedagogical functions with strong emotional impact. By the sixteenth century, the musical culture of the Tatar people formed into an integral, reified, and original system.

МЕЖДУ ТЮРКОЛОГИЕЙ И КИТАЕВЕДЕНИЕМ: ТВОРЧЕСКАЯ БИОГРАФИЯ ДОКТОРА ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО НАУК А.К. КАМАЛОВА (К 60-ЛЕТИЮ УЧЕНОГО)

The article discusses scientific works of Ablet K. Kamalov who is one of the leading historians of Kazakhstan, an outstanding expert in Oriental Studies. It dwells on his achievements and contribution to the study of important problems of history and culture of the ancient Turks, Turkic-Chinese relations, history of Uyghurs of Central Asia and China. Of great significant for social sciences are books written by A.K. Kamalov, including those devoted to the military and political history of the Uyghur Kaghanate (744-840 AD) and to the history of the Turks and Iranians of Tang China (618-907 AD). Based on the analysis of the Chinese sources and their comparison with the ancient Turkic runic inscriptions, A.K. Kamalov could reconstruct and characterize the main stages of the nomadic Uyghurs who dominated on the vast territory of Inner Asia in the VIII-IX cc. and highlight the role and place of the ancient Turkic and Iranian peoples (Sogdians etc.) in the history of the Tang Empire. The article also emphasizes the contribution of the scholar to the study of various aspects of the history and culture of contemporary Uyghurs and Dungans of Kazakhstan, as well as international relations in the Chinese province Xinjiang in the 1940s describing them as the last stage in ‘great game’, a competition between great powers for domination in Central Asia. The article also reveals pedagogical activity of A.K. Kamalov, who made a significant contribution to training young university teachers and scholars working in humanities across Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

A MODERN ACHIEVEMENT ON THE BASIS OF EASTERN MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY: 30 AUGUST VICTORY

The concepts of management and leadership are phenomena that have existed since the existence of humanity. Both of these concepts have undergone significant evolutions over the centuries in which humanity has developed. The concept of management, which is one of the important descriptors of the organizational field, has emerged in different ways in different environments. Different styles of management have led to the emergence of different leadership behaviors in organizational environments. One of the most important reasons for the formation of different leadership styles in different organizational environments is cultural values. In societies with different cultural value patterns, the experiences of socio-economic life also differ. Here, the unique aspects of social values shape many basic elements. The management and leadership styles of the society or the organizational structures within the social structure are one of these basic elements. As the management and leadership styles of the countries change, the management and leadership styles of the organizations also differ. One of the most important distinctions in this regard is made with the distinction between east-west culture in the literature. The eastern management culture and leadership styles differ from the western approaches. This difference is also reflected in the understanding of management and leadership in social phenomena. As a matter of fact, the ancient Turkish and Eastern philosophers, who described the times spent with wars and struggles on the subject, touched on important points. Philosophers have made references to the foundations of management philosophy and leadership with their predictions about management in many works from Kutadgu Bilig to the works of Hsun Tzu examining the art of war. Similarly, rooted victories in the Turkish administrative culture, in which the eastern management philosophy was used, were won in the wars and the struggle for independence. One of the most important of these victories is the 30August Victory. It is possible to say that in this victory, which represents an important turning point for the Turks to gain their independence, many successful management behaviors, which the eastern philosophers have made their subject, were also used. In this sense, in this study, it is tried to examine the importance of the 30 August Victory, which is an important representation of the struggle for existence of a country that takes Western values as an example, as well as the eastern-based administrative behaviors.

Yakut Ritual Dance “Pattern”: concepts of life and death

This article reviews the Yakut ritual dance called “Pattern” which is connected to archaic funeral rite and to the concepts of life and death intrinsic to Yakut culture. The purpose of this article is to find in this dance symbolic and image-bearing elements indicating major concepts in the Yakut consciousness — concepts of life and death; to show the exceptional value and significance of “life” constant in ethnos consciousness; to address the Yakut ritual dance “Pattern” as one of the ways to display life in dance images; and, analysing the meaning of dance structure and choreography, to demonstrate transformation of “death” into a new quality, a symbol of “life”. The present study reveals the meaning of ritual movements by which death “changes into” life. The methodological basis of the article consists of the analysis of bibliographic sources on Yakut ritual dance. The content and meaning of the dance movements are identical to the worldviews of the ancient Turkish people and their concepts of life and death.

Relations between the ancient Turks and the Yenisei Kyrgyz at the turn of the early Middle Ages (ancient Turks at the turn of the early Middle Ages)

It is represented in an article the history of the Turks till the second half of the 1st millennium A.D., from migration period out of Central Asian steppes to boundaries of the Chinese empire and their resettlement to the Altai Mountains, when the Old Turkic state was at its greatest height, took control the number of sedentary agriculturist oases and successfully confronted the major powers of that time - Chinese Persian and Byzantine empires. Throughout the vast territory of the Sayan and Altai Mountains and Central Asian region there are represented all major types of funerary and memorial constructions of the Old Turks, which constitutes burial places according to the ritual of inhumation accompanied by riding horses or rams and memorial complexes in the form of vertically dug stone plates fences with vertically fixed stone steles. Authors of the article consider designated historical period of the Old Turkic history from the perspective of interaction of the Old Turks and Kyrgyz, who resided in the territory of Minusinsk Hollow. Mutual relations between those two peoples took various forms in different times: unabashedly hostile passively feudatory, when the Yenisei Kyrgyz preferred not to show pure resistance to the Turks. However, such instability of their own position has not disturbed the Kyrgyz to expand the range of their own vassals.

The Influence of ancient Turkic civilization on traditional Chinese culture

Part of the lands inhabited by ancient Turkic peoples today belong to the territory of the People’s Republic of China. For centuries BC, the Turkic tribes in Central Asia fought each other to become a unified state and fought for the creation of a state. The historical circumstances mentioned were widely spread in the dynastic chronicles of China, were included in written sources, in the writings of travelers and historical originals of the Muslim world, all this led to the development of relations between the Chinese and Turkic peoples. The study of the history of the ancient Turkic peoples by Chinese researchers is of great scientific importance. For example, in the official Chinese chronicle “twenty-four stories”, written in different eras, data related to the ancient Turks were translated from Chinese into modern Kazakh and subjected to scientific revision. This is one of the unique sources directly related to the Turkic history. Since ancient times, it has become obvious in the history of science that the Turkicspeaking peoples contributed to the development of relations between the West and the East, as well as developed bilateral relations. In the Chinese chronicle, the Turks were called the descendants of the Huns. The word “Turks” was used only in reference to the representatives of the ruling aristocratic family among the Turkic-speaking nomads. In later times, the Turki acquired political significance, as other tribes under their rule began to be called them. In this context, this article examines the influence of the Ancient Turkic language on traditional Chinese culture in the fields of language, literature, music, dance, household and industrial equipment, and religion. Key words: Turkic, Chinese, civilization, tradition, culture, ancient Turkic civilization, traditional Chinese culture.

Bozkır Kültüründen ve Altın Orda Hanlığı’ndan Devralınan Miras: Kırım Hanlığı’nda Kabile Aristokrasi ve Karaçu Beyleri

The tribal aristocracy in The Golden Horde Khanate and its successors, shaped by the steppe culture, developed with the elements inherited from the ancient heritage of geography. Since the Asian Hun State, the legacy of four numbers, which has come to the forefront in political, military and social life, has found its place in the name of the Four Beys System / Four Karaçu Beys. The four beys system has become one of the essential elements of the administration in addition to the Khanate position in the Crimean Khanate. The beginning of this system is based on the 4000 soldiers given to Cuçi in the land and tribal division made by Genghis Khan to his sons and the Kıyat, Seycut, Kinhit and Hüşin tribes to which they belong. Although the Mongolian tribes, which were a few in number in the ancient Turkish homeland of Cumania, they tried to keep the rule under the leadership of the Kıyat, and lost their authority after the silence of the Ak Orda (White Horde) dynasty. With the leadership that changed hands between the Mangit and the Sirins, the intertribal balance of power was transferred to the Sirin, Barın, Argin, Kipchak and Mangit tribes under the leadership of the Sirins, who played an active role in the establishment of the Crimean Khanate. The Tribes played an active role in both, internal and external affairs of the Crimean Khanate under the chief Karaçu of the Sirin tribe. After the Crimean Khanate came under the Ottoman protection, the Karachu beys, on the one hand, became the assurance of the Genghisids to hold the throne, on the other hand, they became the control element of power of the Genghisids. The Karachu beys’ keeping the interests of their tribes above everything, has turned the relations in the north of the Black Sea into a slippery ground where the balances were constantly changing.

ETHNOPEDAGOGICAL POTENTIAL OF THE CHUVASH CULTURE: FROM ANCIENT TURKIC RUNES TO MODERN LITERATURE

This work is devoted to the study of the educational potential of the Chuvash traditional written culture. The main aspect on which the conclusions of the study are based is ethnopedagogical one. The authors study the cult images of the ancient Turkic era in their application to the verbal culture of the Chuvash people and the possibility of using archetypal representations in pedagogical practice. Samples of Turkic peoples’ oral folk literature, mainly of the Chuvashes, as well as texts written in the Orkhon-Yenisei runic tradition were used as the research material. The authors turn to methods of comparative analysis of the studied material. The worship of the sky and the female deity is quite well known in ancient Turkic culture. Traces of respect for them are found even in runic monuments. Their direct analogs are found in Chuvash legends, fairy tales and songs. The mention of the goddess Ama ‘mother’ is most often found in prayers. Her image of the Chuvash was also compared to the image of fire, naming the goddess Vut ama ‘Fire mother’. The Chuvash people also preserved the veneration of land and water, which is observed in mythology, religious rites and cultic literature. These images are one of the central elements in the value picture of the Chuvash people’s world. They are used in the system of preschool and primary education for teaching and educational purposes. From this work authors’ point of view, mythological representations are essentially an ancient layer that unites the Chuvash with other Turks and at the same time gives an original sound to modern Chuvash culture. The transformation of the ancient Turkic worldview into artistic images should be considered as a deep specificity that emphasizes the unique features of the Chuvash ethnos. Thus, especially revered phenomena among the ancient Turks are the sky and the female deity. Their veneration was clothed in expressive forms. With the passage of time, poetic images and traditions were woven into religious rituals and oral literature of the Chuvash, and then passed into the artistic elements of modern Chuvash literature.

QƏDİM TÜRK, ŞUMER VƏ QAFQAZ ALBANİYASININ İZLƏRİNİ ÖZÜNDƏ ƏKS ETDİRƏN TOPONİMLƏR AZƏRBAYCANIN ETNİK TARİXİDİR

The comparative study of such important issues as the formation of the ethnogenetic process of the Azerbaijani people, covering the period from the beginning of the first millennium BC to the VIII-XII centuries AD, is a topical issue in terms of the ethnogenesis of our nation. One of the historical facts is that ethnoses engraved toponyms in history by naming the areas inhabited by them by their ethnic names. Therefore, the fact that the ethnic names of the ancient Turkic, Sumerian and Albanian ethnoses are found in the territory of Azerbaijan in modern times is evidence that these places belong to our ancestors. Key words: Ancient Turks, Caucasian Albania, Sumerians, ancient toponyms, ethnic history

Ещё раз о сакральной местности Ötüken: история вопроса и современная интерпретация

В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы происхождения и месторасположения сакрального места для древних хунну, тюрков, кыргызов, уйгур, карлуков, по некоторым данным, монголов. Исследуются проблемы историографии, уровень изучения, этимология и лингвистический анализ Отюкена. Но среди ученых отсуствует единное мнение о месте расположения и этимологии онима. Описываются исследования ученых о топониме Одуген (Өдүген) в Туве и связанных с ними народных поверий и легенд. Ötüken или Ötükаn — названия местности в Центральной Азии, предположительно на территории современной Монголии. Есть и мнения о том, что сакральная местность расположена в Туве. Местность Ötüken известна с VIII в. в орхонских надписях средневековых тюрков. Исследователи склонны считать, что этому священному горно-лесистому месту поклонялись ещё древние хунну (гунны). После падения Второго Восточно-Тюркского каганата (682–744 гг.) взявщие власть уйгурские каганы основали Уйгурский каганат (744–840 гг.), расположили свои ставки у горы Ötüken. Расскрывается значение, месторасположение и роль сакральной местности Ötüken в политической и идеологической жизни этих государств.

Ancient Kyrgyz writing(from ancient times to the 10th century A.D.)

The article deals with the ancient Kyrgyz writings as pictography, logography, identification marks (en tamga) and phonography. The object of the research is the Yenisei written monuments: Minusinsk and Tuvanian. The Minusinsk written monuments are characterized by the so-called «animal style», the predominant style of art of the Scythian era, especially characterized by the depiction of animals.Petroglyphs of the Scythian-Siberian animal style were found in an ancient grave on the high mountain Bai-Dag of Tuva. The article analyzes the graphic styles of the Karasuk and Tagar cultures, in which wild animals were totem symbols, and focuses on written monuments found in Kopen, Kapchaly and Uybat, which have preserved in the style of Scythian-Siberian traditions. The “animal style” is also characteristic of the monuments of the Kazylgan culture. So, on the Syyn-Churek rock, petroglyphs of about 300 animals, drawings of people and solar signs are captured.The author also analyzes a new type of communication in the form of symbol, tamga signs, which arose because of the development of cattle breeding and were used by the Min-sui nomadic herders at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Generic and family of tamga signs were passed down from generation to generation, one of the reasons for the appearance was the marking of animals. Over time, their function has expanded. Later, in the 4th-10th centuries, tamga signs spread widely over the vast territories of Steppe Eurasia.The article traces the continuity of logographic writing in the culture of the Turkic peoples. The article considers the Khakass ornament in the Chaatas culture and in the Tyukhtyat culture, as well as Tuvan ornaments and their Kyrgyz origin. The author also explores ornaments at the burial grounds of Sagly-Bazhy II, Kazylgan, Kokel; reveals the semantics of geometric, plant, zoomorphic patterns. The narrative character of the patterns, historicity, realism and musicality of Kyrgyz ornaments are noted.An important point in the article is the definition of the phonographic character of the Orkhon-Yenisei writing used by the ancient Turks in the 6th-10th centuries. The author believes that the Orkhon-Yenisei writing is based on the Yenisei writing of the ancient Kyrgyz. The Yenisei writing is graphically and in content very close to the Talas runic graphemes