Ancient Term Research Articles

Country or State? Reconceptualizing Kukka in the Korean Enlightenment Period, 1896-1910

The Korean enlightenment period, 1896--1910, was characterized by intellectual experimentation and adaptation, as the leading intellectuals attempted to reconcile the new ideas and models originating from the West, as well as from contemporary Japan and China, with the very powerful equivalents from the Korean-Confucian tradition, and in constant consideration of the circumstances of the day. This study examines a key example of the reformulation of a traditional concept, that of kukka (commonly translated as "state"). The new meanings involved a wider array of concerns, including political legitimacy, sovereignty, and even rights. Furthermore, the notion of kukka provided the enlightenment activists an opportunity to get to the heart of their urgent concerns: What kind of Korean nation and polity should prevail in the brave new world of competing civilizations, and what should the enlightenment intellectuals' role be in this process? Two competing revisions of this ancient term emerged--one insisting that the kukka constituted a collective entity of people, land, and government and the other adopting a perspective that equated kukka with the ruling authority, or the "state." This study argues that the former, collectivist notion of the kukka was the first and foremost reconceptualization of this term in the Korean enlightenment period. Furthermore, the two contrasting concepts of kukka corresponded to differing views about the appropriate political form for Korea at the time. Ironically, while those who adopted the Western-oriented, statist notion of kukka called for an authoritarian ruling order dominated by a powerful state, the intellectuals who advocated the more liberal, people-centered concept of the collective kukka attempted to reconcile their political theory with, of all things, Confucian teachings. The Confucian intellectual tradition supported these activists' collectivist definition of kukka by establishing the concept of kukka-as-family, by providing a holistic connection between self-cultivation and the condition of the larger kukka, and by validating the efforts of sagely activists, such as the enlightenment thinkers, in working to save the kukka. In an important sense, the enlightenment project can be viewed as the latest in a long history of Confucian reform movements in Korea.

Public Penance and Private Sin: The Clinton "Scandal" in Ancient and Modern Terms

Public Penance and Private Sin: The Clinton "Scandal" in Ancient and Modern Terms

The 'Tribes' of Israel? a Bible Translator's Dilemma

This article written from a Bible's translator's perspective takes issue with the way in which the use and translation of certain ethnic terms in the Hebrew Bible con tinues to distort the understanding of ancient pre-monarchic Israelite society. The dominance of models drawing from western-European systems is no doubt a con tributory factor. What kind of social entity is suggested by these terms? What in fact was the social character of ancient pre-monarchic Israelite society? The paper focuses attention on the problem of 'tribal identity' in pre-monarchic Israelite soci ety. A review of the complex process of 'retribalization' in the African context is taken as a basis for reflecting on the Israelite case. It is suggested that social pro cesses in some contemporary peasant societies offer useful insights for understand ing ancient societies. In conclusion a reinterpretation of ancient Israelite kinship terms as used in the Hebrew Bible is attempted.

A Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Titles and Terms. Dilwyn Jones

<i>A Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Titles and Terms</i>. Dilwyn Jones

DANCE AS A COMPONENT PART OF MUSIC GENRES IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE ARABIAN GULF

A critical review of the music genres of the Arabian Gulf countries reveals not only age-old genres still cultivated; it also reveals the ancient Greek term ?musik?? in its original meaning: sounds, movement and text are still united in this music. This applies to the music of all the Gulf countries, those with a long, traditional cultural history such as Yemen, Saudi-Arabia and Oman, but also those recently evolved States, which only a short time ago were desolate areas of no-man's land left to nomadizing Bedouins, such as Kuwait, the Arab Emirates and Qatar. The Bedouins, who have now settled permanently in these States, possess the same cultural background as their old-established neighbours, from whose area they originate. Due to the isolated geographic situation of the Arabian Gulf countries, compared with the Arab countries of the Mediterranean region they remained protected from foreign cultural influences up until the 1930s. The discovery of oil first gave rise to more intensive relations with Western foreign countries and the United States, which of course resulted in changes in cultural assets. However, these changes continue to proceed at a slower pace than those taking place in areas of the Mediterranean region that are overrun by tourists, with the result that on the Arabian peninsula ancient genres and traditions have survived to a stronger extent than anywhere else in the Arab region. The numerous genres to be discovered during a musical journey through the Arabian Peninsula can be divided preliminarily into the following categories:

Bulimia: An archival review of its history in psychosomatic medicine

The etymology of the ancient term bulimia is explored, and variant forms are presented from a range of printed works dating from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Twelve cases, reported from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, are described, analyzed, and discussed in terms of symptomatology, theories of causation, and treatment. Evidence is provided that bulimia, in the form of pathological voracity, has been described consistently for centuries. The historical findings are considered in relation to the form and status of the modern syndrome of bulimia nervosa. It is concluded that, for centuries, the symptom of bulimia has been occurring in conjunction with a variety of other symptoms and signs, forming putative syndromes, whose interpretation has been influenced by contemporary social and cultural factors and by developing medical knowledge.

Strabo 816: a note

This note is not concerned with the reliability of this information, but with the lexical singularity παλλ⋯ς, which has won widespread acceptance as an ancient sacral term, though our lexica display an uncommon, and indeed misleading, prudishness as to its meaning: ‘maiden-priestess’ (LSJ s.v. Παλλ⋯ς ii); ‘bei den Griechen in ägypt. Theben noch als sakraler Ausdruck = παρθ⋯νος' (Frisk, GEW s.v. παλλακ⋯); ‘A Thèbes d'Égypte pour désigner une prêtresse = παρθ⋯νος' (Chantraine, Dictionnaire s.v. παλλακ⋯).Pubescent temple-prostitutes had no place in Hellenic religious life, and it might be thought surprising that there was a Greek word for them; yet Strabo offers the term without explanation or speculation as to derivation or dialectal provenance, apparently confident that it is indeed Greek and not a foreign loan-word. The Greeks who frequented Upper Egypt were not a group of largely homogeneous origin, who might have preserved in quasi-colonial isolation an archaism obsolete elsewhere in the Hellenic world. No such usage is mentioned in ancient discussions of the derivation of Pallas, wide though the etymological net is cast in the attempt to explain Athene's title: see, e.g., sch. Il. 1.199–200 (with Erbse's note), sch. Od. 1.252, P. Oxy. 2260 (early second century a.d.).

Leuko-araiosis: an ancient term for a new problem.

Recent research with computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of the brain has revealed a type of tissue change for which no fitting term exists. The change appears as areas of decreased density on CT and changed signals of the white matter in MR images. Because neither a definite pathological change nor a specific clinical deficit has been linked with the CT and MR changes, a designation is required that limits itself to describing the changes themselves. We propose "leuko-araiosis". The Greek root leuko-, signifying "white", has found wide usage in modern medical terminology: e.g. leucine, leukocyte, leukorrhoea. Also several precedents exist for its application to the white matter of the central nervous system: e.g. leukoencephalitis, leukomyelitis, leukotomy. Araios is an adjective meaning "rarefield", and the suffix -osis converts the adjective to a noun meaning "rarefaction, diminution of density", a word used in the Hippocratic Collection to describe a state of excessive porosity of the lung. A descriptive term precludes premature presuppositions and encourages the search for causes.

A 20th–Century Approach to Heterophony: Mark Kopytman'S ‘Cantus II’

Plato discussed the term ‘heterophony’ in his Laws, Part VII, The technique was widely in use by the Notre Dame school of composers in 12th-century Paris. Much of the indigenous music of the Near East and Africa is rich with it. Indeed, there is an important example in the Credo of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis. The Israeli composer Mark Kopytman has in recent years transformed this ancient term into a vital 20th-century technique, and made it the language of some of his important compositions. One of these, Cantus II for violin, viola, and cello (1980), will be performed at the ISCM World Music Days during March in Budapest.

The significance of endothelial stomata and stigmata in the rat aorta

Perfusion of arteries with dilute silver nitrate produces in the endothelium (a) a pattern of pericellular black lines, which we earlier interpreted as a marker of the physiological electrolyte pathway (Zand et al. 1982), and (b) focal black deposits on or between the cells, either ring-shaped (stomata) or solid (stigmata). The purpose of this study was to clarify the nature and significance of these controversial structures. A glutaraldehyde-fixed normal rat aorta was perfused with silver nitrate; 17 typical stomata and stigmata were photographed en face, then studied on ultrathin serial sections. When seen en face, they fell into three groups: (I) 4 stomata in endothelial cells; (II) 6 stigmata in endothelial cells; (III) 7 stigmata on intercellular junctions. By electron microscopy, (I) all the stomata in endothelial cells corresponded to myoendothelial herniae. (II) Of the 6 stigmata in endothelial cells, 4 corresponded again to myoendothelial herniae, 2 corresponded to blebs (it seemed likely that these blebs had existed in vivo, but the possibility of a fixation artefact could not be excluded). (III) Of the 7 stigmata on intercellular junctions, one corresponded to the diapedesis of a mononuclear cell; the other 6 did not correspond to visible endothelial changes and are best interpreted as points of normally higher permeability. We conclude that stomata and stigmata (under the conditions of our experiments) can be explained in at least 4 different ways, depending in part on their location (in cells, on junctions). These ancient terms therefore remain useful for descriptive purposes, as long as it is realized that their significance in any given case must be determined by electron microscopic study.

Honored guest presentation: abulia minor vs. agitated behavior.

The neurological analysis of complex behavioral states associated with serious brain disease not infrequently is a difficult task. In many such cases, the signs of minor degrees of akinetic mutism were found when deliberately looked for. Recognition of this feature greatly facilitated interpretation. The ancient term abulia is suggested for the specific neurological syndrome comprising slowness, decreased responsiveness, apathy, etc. Akinetic mutism is its extreme form. A lesser degree of abulia is here termed abulia minor. The attributes of abulia minor are described, and the neurological conditions with which it had been found associated are listed. Preliminary conclusions as to the anatomical localization of the syndrome are presented. The literature on akinetic mutism is reviewed, and a few special observations are commented on--paradoxical activity, the telephone effect, and reflex attention. The application of the newer knowledge of cerebral neurotransmitters to akinetic mutism is illustrated. At the beginning of the study the focus was on abulia, but it was natural that sooner or later the contrasting state of behavioral hyperactivity or agitation would have to come under equal scrutiny. A list of conditions in which psychomotor agitation was a feature has been compiled from personal files. The localization of the disease process in hyperactive states is compared with that in abulia. A few special observations on hyperactive states are presented, along with a note on a unique syndrome termed anideation. There has gradually emerged a concept of a continuum of behavioral activity extending from abulia at one end through eukinesia to hyperactivity at the other end. Involvement of specific fundamental integrative circuits is postulated. This morning we have been enthralled by Computers in Neurosurgery, Neurobiology in Neurosurgery, and Humanism in Neurosurgery. What could be more natural for a neurologist than to talk about Neurology in Neurosurgery. And how best to pay homage to the great lady of Medicine than by offering a modest example of her handiwork. Thus, I am led to discuss a neurological theme which has recently occupied my attention. To anticipate a little, I shall be talking about two somewhat opposite states: on the one hand there is abulia--slowness, apathy, and lack of spontaneity--and on the other hand, agitation and hyperactivity. By way of explanation, this study originated during the bedside examination of patients with brain damage and serious impairment of analysis appeared not only formidable but even impossible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Mediators of Inflammation

THIS BRIEF review will cover only some of the important aspects of the subject but will try to define an outline from which one can gain a reasonable concept of current knowledge and proceed to further detailed investigation if he desires. One is also directed to recent detailed reviews 1-3 which should be of considerable interest. From the time of the original stimulus (heat, ultraviolet, toxins, antigens, trauma, etc) to the restitution of normal function there is a very complicated, and for the most part unknown, series of humoral and cellular events described by the ancient term, inflammation. A mediator may be defined as an endogenous chemical agent which takes an active part in the development of the inflammatory response. We are then concerned primarily with chemical (mediator) agents which are associated with and responsible for the events occurring during inflammation. Exogenous agents which induce inflammatory responses are not

‘Acedia’ 700–1200

Among the seven deadly sins, none is more interesting to study for its historical development and the complexity of its meaning than the sin of acedia. For while its companions — with the possible exception of avarice — remained fairly static through the centuries of medieval thought, and indeed have remained so to the present, acedia presented a variety of faces and changed in its very nature, from the moment when it entered Christian teaching in the West to the fifteenth century. In Christian thinking, pride has always been pride; its psychological roots may have been explained in agreement with different philosophical and psychological systems, and its manifestations may vary according to changing attitudes and experiences, but its nature has remained essentially unchanged. The same is true of envy, wrath, lust, and the others. But not so with acedia. A reflection of the complexity which this concept acquired during its medieval lifetime can still be seen in the totally different connotations which its names have for the cognoscenti of today. The ancient term acedia fascinates because it suggests such phenomena as spiritual dryness, ennui or WeItschmerz, while its vernacular equivalent sloth, as everyone readily agrees, stands for something so common and ordinary that it hardly deserves a second thought.

The ΓΡΥΛΛΟΣ Papyrus

Γρ⋯λλος, Lat. gryllus, is the ancient technical term for a kind of caricature (iocosa tabella) as opposed to serious painting or drawing. No monument of art to which this term could be applied with any probability was known up to a few years ago. But in the last number of the Classical Review Professor D. L. Page has pointed out that in an illustrated literary papyrus published recently the word γρ⋯λλῳ must refer to the drawings transmitted in that same text. With this I agree; and I should like to put before the readers of Greece &amp; Rome the main facts about that strange document as I now see them.

Ancient terms

Journal Article Ancient terms Get access Sylvester Sylvester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s13-I, Issue 25, 22 December 1923, Page 489, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s13-I.25.489 Published: 22 December 1923

Ancient terms

Ancient terms Get access C. Swynnerton C. Swynnerton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s11-V, Issue 112, 17 February 1912, Page 138, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s11-V.112.138f Published: 17 February 1912

Ancient terms

Ancient terms Get access Ernest Weekley Ernest Weekley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s11-V, Issue 108, 20 January 1912, Page 51, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s11-V.108.51b Published: 20 January 1912

The fossil flora of the Culm Measures of North-west Devon, and the palæobotanical evidence with regard to the age of the beds.

The carboniferous rocks which occupy an area of 1200 square miles in Devon, Somerset, and Cornwall, are generally known as the Culm Measures, a name first applied to them by Sedgwick and Murchison in 1838; the word "culm” being an ancient Devonshire term for the impure coal, which is confined to one horizon in these beds in the neighbourhood of Bideford. Sedgwick and Murchison, in their classic memoir on the physical structure of Devonshire (1840), instituted a twofold division of these rocks, the Upper and the Lower Culm Measures, and this classification is maintained here. At the present time, our knowledge of the Lower Culm Measures is on an altogether different footing to any which we possess of the Upper division.

THE PASSAGE OF DIFFEBENT FOODSTUFFS FROM THE STOMACH.

In the transfer of food from the stomach to the intestine two factors are concerned, the gastric waves of peristalsis and the pyloric sphincter. It is now known that under normal conditions the peristaltic waves course from the middle of the stomach to the pylorus without interruption during the whole of a digestive period. How the waves affect the food is determined by the action of the pylorus. If the pylorus remains closed, the repeated waves over and over again churn the food with the gastric secretions; if the pylorus opens, these same waves act as the motive power to force the food onward. The determinative function of the pylorus was recognized by the fathers of medicine, for they gave the ancient terms pylorus (keeper of the gate), rector and janitor to the sphincter, and assumed that it possessed a will which fixed the fate of ingested food. Van

Ancient cookery term

Ancient cookery term