This scientific research discusses the historical and philosophical consideration of the spiritual and moral meaning and significance of symbolic images in the process of spreading the Christian faith. The purpose of this work is to identify the main symbolic traditions perceived by Christian thinkers from the ancient philosophical heritage. Of particular interest is the opportunity to trace and analyze in the historical and philosophical context the main correlation strategies of symbolic images, and their new meanings, inherited from ancient philosophical thought. In this regard, it seems important to focus on the main and most vivid meanings of Christian symbolism, in particular, in its applicability to anthropological problems. The theoretical and practical significance of the scientific research is to identify the features of Christian symbolism, perceived from the ancient symbolic tradition, and their correlation with the spiritual and moral social and personal requirements of society in the process of spreading the Christian faith. While studying this problem, the author uses general logical methods of theoretical knowledge and methods of scientific research: comparative analysis and synthesis, generalization, analogy and a systematic approach. As a result of this scientific research, the author shows the special meaning of the ancient symbol, as well as the importance and relevance of its reception. It also demonstrates the use and filling ancient symbolic images (in specific situations) in the Holy Scripture and the Holy Tradition of the Christian Church with new meanings in the process of spreading the Christian doctrine and spiritual and moral improvement of a person.