Ancient Scientists Research Articles

Historical and legal analysis of the institute of necessary defense

Within the framework of the article, it is substantiated that the necessary defense is the basis of human dignity, inextricably linked to natural rights, and in the context of a full-scale war in Ukraine, the analysis of the prerequisites for its occurrence acquires special importance in order to guarantee the effectiveness of the norms of international law. It is emphasized that Greece, India and Egypt were among the first states whose scientists analyzed necessary defense, but necessary defense acquired the greatest development as a natural human right under the influence of the lawyers of Ancient Rome. It was revealed that one of the first among the ancient scientists who carried out important work on the application of the necessary defense on the basis of equality, but within the limits of the same social status, was carried out by Marcus Tullius Cicero. Legal confirmations and interpretations of the institution of necessary defense in Slavic history that are important for Ukraine and modern events are analyzed, including in the treaties of princes Oleg and Igor with the Greeks, as well as «Ruska Pravda».Significant transformations of the legal foundations of the institution of necessary defense in the legislation of European states under the influence of German philosophers of the 17th and early 18th centuries have been analyzed. A comparative analysis of the main principles of the positivist and natural theory of law was carried out. After the declaration of independence by Ukraine, a key stage took place, when the natural right to self-defense was enshrined in the state. This process contributed to the transition to a democratic form of government, requiring a revision of social values, reform of the legal system, and respect for civil rights. It has been proven that in the modern conditions of a full-scale war in Ukraine, the institution of necessary defense should be based on the principles of the rule of law, equality and legal certainty as much as possible. In the conditions of digitalization, the institute of necessary defense also needs analysis in the context of the effects of digital technologies on it, recognition of acceptable forms of protection.

Concept and significance of Shatkriyakala

The term Kriyakala refers to the recognition of the stages of a disease progress. This concept is mostly compared with disease pathogenesis. Kriyakala means the time of treatment or interception in the process of disease manifestation. Acharya Susrutha has narrated detailed concept of Shatkriyakala in 21st chapter of Sutrasthana. Shatkriyakala include six stages viz Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara, Sthansamshraya, Vyaktavastha and Bhedavastha. Kriya means Action or treatment. Early diagnosis of any disease helps to cure the disease successfully without much discomfort. This is an objective approach of ancient scientists helping for the clinical practice.

Introducing and Studying the Materials and Methods of Anesthesia and Analgesia in Ancient Iran.

In ancient Iran, humans have been looking for ways to anesthetize, control, and reduce pain to perform surgeries to treat diseases, which is evident in ancient scientists' medical and nonmedical works. Although modern anesthesia expanded with the introduction of ether into this process, this great success was achieved after years of suffering and with the efforts of scientists throughout history who have played an essential role in advancing this knowledge. In ancient Iran, may (wine) was one of the materials of anesthesia, as in the Avesta, and Minooye Kherad, the properties of wine as an anesthetic are mentioned. Marijuana and Haoma were also used as other substances. The creation of a "hypnotic sponge" in ancient times made general anesthesia and many surgical procedures possible in subsequent centuries. In the history of medicine in Iran, various terms such as Mokhadir (anesthetic), Monavim (sedative), Mosabbit (hypnotic), and Mosakkin (pain relief) have been used to control pain. The purpose of this research was to introduce and study the materials and methods of anesthesia and analgesia in ancient Iran. The results show that anesthesia owes its early progress in part to the works of early Iranian practitioners.

Embodied Sciences of the Ancients: The Self as Laboratory

Embodied Sciences of the AncientsThe Self as Laboratory Roger Jahnke (bio) There must be some primal force,But it is impossible to find,I believe it exists, but I cannot see it.I see its results; I can even feel it,But it has no form. —Zhuangzi The contemporary quest to understand the essential nature of mind and consciousness matches a pervasive fascination with discovering the most fundamental energy that infuses all. This quest is not new, but the same impulse also influenced methodical observers in ancient times. The ancient scientists of consciousness and energetics and contemporary physicists differ little in their passion to grasp the fundamental components of the world, universe, cosmos. Their findings are not very different. The immense gap between ancient and contemporary explorers is evident primarily in the enormous diversity of their methods of investigation and the huge difference in the nature of their laboratories. Sincere, ancient inquirers into the nature of beings and things did not have the capacity to build a cyclotron and split the atom, deploy an atomic bomb, or capture and analyze photons to investigate the dual, wave/particle nature of light. Yet they developed eloquent models of the universe. Arising naturally from their unique approach their working understanding of mind and energy was deeply profound. This understanding created practical tools and applications for medicine, healing, and positive self and social engineering, as well as a way of thinking and being that allowed individuals to arrange and manage their personal lives. As science anywhere means the observation, investigation, identification, and description of natural phenomena to determine essential nature and fundamental principles, it is obvious that the ancients were scientists in their own right. [End Page 155] Chinese Breakthroughs Among the many diverse ancient societies, the Chinese contributed a whole array of powerful innovations that had radical implications for both consciousness and technology. These emerged from an ancient system of organizing principles—Daoist science and its unique methods of exploration. Originally, what we now know as Daoist monasteries, were called "observatories" (guan 觀). A natural area such as a park or even an auspicious location in the wilderness is similarly described as an observatory. Daoist observatories were communities of devoted investigators of nature. Most modern scientists only observe outside themselves to explore the macrocosm and the microcosm. The profoundly innovative method in the Daoist observatory communities was the inclusion of inner observation to understand the macrocosm and the microcosm. In well-developed contemporary science this is referred to as "interoception," the act of being focused internally in both body and mind. The parallel observation of both the inner and outer worlds characteristic of Daoist observatories created an irrevocable link between humans and nature—a direct experience of the seasons and the cosmos. This remained a key dynamic in Chinese society until Western culture began to have its deconstructive effect in the 19th and 20th centuries. Now, unfortunately, China is worse than the West at persecuting those who pursue inner exploration. Through this inner science of Daoists, the findings that arose were astoundingly parallel to modern quantum physics. For example, Einstein's cosmological constant is close to the pervasive universal resource of the Chinese—the vital energy known as qi. The medical framework that arose from the Daoists' inner observations, such as particular wellness and healing arts, has remained constant and now exerts an increasingly significant effect on Western healthcare and even science. Inner cultivation methods from these ancient scientists are important for medicine, disease prevention, mental health, and spiritual cultivation throughout the contemporary world. An amazing list of practical innovations arose from the ancient Chinese approach to science. The plow was developed in China in 600 BCE, over 2000 years before it appeared to trigger the agricultural revolution in Europe. The decimal system and the place for zero in mathematics [End Page 156] were in use in China 2300 and 1400 years, respectively, before their adoption in Europe. The recognition of sunspots, the theory of deficiency diseases, the mechanism of the circulation of blood and the seismographic capacity to measure earthquake location and intensity were all in use in China between 1400 and 2000 years before their adoption in the West...

Matrija Bhava- Scientific Explanation and Its Research Potential

Though every human initiate life as single celled; still it possesses the traits of two- mother and father. Ayurveda stands firm on principles states that every “product of conception” is composed of Shadgarbhakara bhava that lay both anatomical and psychological genesis. Ayurveda states that the Matrija Bhava not only provides shelter and nutrition to the offspring but also forms soft organs of the fetus. Intra-uterine environment is a delicate phase for both mother and offspring. Actions of and around pregnant female can affect the offspring positively or negatively. These actions may be dietary, recreational, emotional etc. This is well versed without much advanced technologies the ancient scientists elaborated various methods to beget the healthy progeny. This lays emphasis on importance of Pre-Natal, Ante-Natal and Post-Natal Care for combating the teratogenetic effect and hence producing the best and fittest possible generation forward.

The Interaction between Hellenic and Persian Pharmacology: What's the output?

Background: Pharmacology has always been of utmost significance to Persian and Hellenic ancient scientists and presented their viewpoints in medical texts. The aim is to assess the interaction between Hellenic and Persian pharmacologists and the resulting output. Methods: Using descriptive-analytical method, primary Persian sources written by scholars such as Raban Tabari, Rhazes, Avicenna, and Jorjani, and also the works by prominent Greek scholars including Theophrastus, Hippocrates, Dioscorides, and Galen were searched using selected keywords, based on inclusion and exclusion critera, without time limit in domestic and foreign databases. Finally, the PRISMA diagram was drawn. Results: Studies show that Persian and Greek doctors have tried to develop the concepts of pharmacology and its applications interactively. In this research, pharmacology in Persian and Greek medical traditions is studied, and their mutual contributions are depicted. The concepts of medicine and pharmacology in Greek and Persian medicine are first analyzed. The reciprocal impacts of these two schools of pharmacology are explored, and at the end, the Persian scholars who have cited Greek scholars in their works are introduced. Conclusion: With the expansion of territories, ancient theories from the farthest lands entered the realm, introducing new drugs and ideas, which by the critical approach of the Persian scholars were sometimes modified and developed.

The First Message Incalligraphy By Muhammad bin Adam Al-Rusta’i Al-Balki Al-Kurdi (1237 )

This study is to investigate and clarify on an old small message which is about an important science and independent arabic language, which is calligraphy or the art of dictation and drawing of words and letters, which has elements and origins in which ancient scientists consider in various ways. Some of them refers to the facilitation of drawing common and frequently used words. Another part is intended to remove the ambiguity and confusion that occurs between similar words ,the last part is intended to explain its vocabulary and stem.
 The author of the message is senior Mohammed Adam (1160-1237) he called the first message: calligraphy is divided into preface and two chapters , the preface section introduced dictation with what it needs to draw and dictation . After that, in the fist chapter he addressed elements and origins of inscription in the second chapter addressed the things that should be considered beside its elements and divided into two hinges. The first hinge is about the letter that no stable image in Arabic language it is changeable in writing which is named hamza, in the second hinge is about the letters which has altered roots to indicate either combine, agglutination, increase, decrease, rupture, exchange or signify. Then, in a complemental way he mentioned that how to know and what the connection between (ya) and (waw). Hence, we investigated and clarified according to the scientific way and we tried do best put the texts as it exists if we met errors we tried to correct them. The author influenced and followed the path of the former scientists especially the kurdish version of book of Shafiyi Hajibi in which the author used some terms are differ from our time today in its meaning. Such as: topic, research, hinge and other scientific terms. The author used and cited a few verses and Hadith. So, we rely on many new and old sources we wrote abstract, introduction, conclusion and menu for the verses.

The role of national values in the upbringing of children in the family

Values are one of the concepts that is used to express the importance of material and spiritual wealth in something and events, Society, which does not lose its value, although these centuries are exchanged. As for national values – the concepts of “national”, “spirituality” and “value” include social workers who are concentrated at the intersection point. The article discusses the basics, theoretical and practical issues of educating preschool children on the basis of milly values. In order to reveal the topic of the article, the works of ancient Eastern scientists and sources related to national values in child education were analyzed.

Design of a Compact Camera Obscura

The camera obscura is a well-known optical device in the form of a closed box with a hole in one of its walls through which light rays pass, forming an inverted image of the external objects on the opposite wall, as can be seen in Fig. 1(a). Despite the simplicity of its basic design, they have been widely used by scientists and artists. In particular, dark cameras have been used throughout history to measure Earth-Sun distance. To do this, ancient scientists used cameras of enormous dimensions to accurately measure the variations in the apparent diameter of the Sun that depend on the Earth-Sun distance. This is because the farther the light travels inside the camera, the larger the projected image will be [Fig. 1(b)]. In this work, the construction of a compact dark camera for educational purposes is presented so that, having reduced dimensions, it allows the images to be very large.

Leonardo da Vinci and contemporary optics. Possibilities of applying the "The golden ratio" principle to optical design

Optics in general is an old science. Many brilliant researches have created both theory and practice in this field. Some of their achievements are still in use and some are unjustly forgotten. In this article, we tried to rethink some points of ancient scientists to show that they had "seeds" which are still important our days. In particular, the applicability of the "golden section" from nature to the modern, computational process of optical system design was tested experimentally. The authors propose to return to the past by analyzing the solutions generated by nature itself at the stage of choosing the initial optical scheme (starting point), which will further ensure its manufacturability and optimal production cost. At the same time, the approach based on the "golden section" is only an ideal addition to the use of modern technologies. There are discussed Design principles, current challenges, possible solutions and some applications. They could be used, for example, in optical design, at the stage of starting scheme or help making decision of optical system producibility.

التعلیل الصوتی لظاهرة الإعلال بالنقل فی ضوء علم اللغة الحدیث نماذج تطبیقیة من القرآن الکریم

عرض مواضع الإعلال بالنقل وتطبيقها على نماذج من القرآن الکريم، وتحليلها، ودراسة أبنيتها في ضوء ثوابت ومعطيات علم اللغة الحديث. المنهج المتبع في الرسالة: واقتضت طبيعة البحث ، تطبيق المنهج الوصفي الذي يقوم على تحديد الأبنية المعلة بالتسکين ووصفها وصفا دقيقا وتحليلها ، ثم مقارنتها بأصولها الأولى، وعرض تفسير القدماء وتحليلاتهم لما حدث بها من تغيرات ، وکذلک تعليلها تعليلا علميا يتفق ومعطيات علم اللغة الحديث بما قدمه من قواعد صوتية. Abstract Study has shown the rules of E’lal with its different types at the ancients. Applying them on models of the Holy Quran, analysing them and studying their structure in the view of modern linguistics. The research required appling the descriptive method which is based on defining the structure of E’lal, describing them accurately, analyzing them and then comparing them with their first origins and presenting the interpretation of the ancients and analysing the changes which happened to them, also explaining them in a scientific explanation which corresponds to the data of modern linguistics with what it introduced of phonemic rules . The researcher followed the comparative method which is based on comparing what the ancient scientists of linguistics introduced from the interpretations of the E’lal phenomena and the outstanding explanations which the modern phonemic studies reached to.

ARABIC LANGUAGE SONOROUS SOUNDS IN THE ANCIENT ARABIC LESSON OF SOUNDS: DESCRIPTIVE AND ANALYTICAL STUDY

Among what some oriental researchers had decided, and has been followed by many of modern Arab researchers, is that the ancient arabic linguistics didn't pay attention to sonorous sounds in Arabic language so well as their consideration to the mute sounds. Their point of view is that these sounds got only superficial mentions, therfore, they didn't arrive to define the nature of these letters pretending that ancient phonologique scientists were considering them casual sounds, a part of mute sounds, in addition their effectiveness to the script more than their effectiveness to the aural. Although, if we get back to the patrimonial phonetic resources and read our ancient Arab scientists achievement, we find the opposite. What they arrived to in their researches in the description of sonorous sounds in its physiological and physical parts, or in its functional and syntactic parts, is not far from that proved by modern researchers of phonetics. Thus, this research will, trough description and analysis, work on the study of sonorous sounds in Arabic language by our ancient scientists. It will also see in the importance of their sonorous achievement.

Theoretical foundations of coloring in the organization of fine arts classes

The article is devoted to the phenomena of the formation and distribution of color in nature, its role in the creation of works of art by ancient scientists and artists, the use of color science in the creation of works of art by great artist theorists. The future artist is also focused on teaching teachers how colors change under the influence of the environment, how to prepare and use paints.

Bhagvad Gita, gut microbiota, and mental health

There is a mysterious relationship between the diet and human behavior, which is reflected in the writings of many ancient scientists and philosophers and the same thing is also echoed in day-to-day conversations of many cultures, interspersed with nuggets of ancient wisdom. However, it is hard to find a standard classification in the modern science that links different diets to various human behavioral patterns. The recent research shows that, although gut microbiota residing in a human body influences its physical health and mental health, their diversity can be influenced by human dietary patterns. Thus, along with the medicine, diet too has emerged as a key player in the regulation of our physical and mental health. Therefore, dietary modification along with necessary medicines may be recommended for the management of various physical and mental disorders.

Растения философов: Интеллектуальный гербарий (Пшеница Аристотеля (глава 2), Сельдерей Авиценны (глава 5))

The journal continues to publish translations of chapters of the book by the famous phenomenologist Michael Marder “The Philosopher’s Plants (An Intellectual Herbarium)”. Two of the twelve stories were chosen — “Aristotle's Wheat” and “Avicenna's Celery”. The author analyzes the views of the ancient philosopher Aristotle and the medieval Persian philosopher and physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) on the nature of plants and their place in the diverse world of living beings, showing how the images of wheat and celery become an important part of their philosophical reflections. Marder emphasizes that the ancient scientists were alien to modern systems of biological classification. Each creation occupied its own niche and existed for a specific purpose. However, the contours of these teleologies were not at all what we imagine them to be. For example, for Aristotle, a noble man, a noble animal and a noble plant had more in common than two representatives of the same biological kingdom. In addition, the boundaries between them were quite shaky. A stupid person, unable to follow the strict principles of logic, was literally like a plant. Avicenna discovers in plants the “vegetable soul”, above which he puts the “animal soul”. He finds both of these levels in a person. Awareness of this totality is necessary, according to Avicenna, for genuine self-knowledge and, consequently, for the knowledge of God. The author of the book attempts to answer the question: what if the mixture of similar beings passing into and out of each other, characteristic of the ancient and medieval world, is not a fantastic fiction, but an insightful description of our transgenic present and future?

What can optical engineers learn from Leonardo?

Optics in general is an old science. Many brilliant researchers have created both theory and practice in this field. Some of their achievements are still in use, some are unjustly forgotten. In this paper we tried to rethink some points of ancient scientists to show that they had «seeds» which are still important ourdays. In particular, the applicability of the "golden section" from nature to the modern, computational process of optical system design was tested experimentally. Design principles, current challenges, possible solutions and some applications are discussed. They could be used, for example, in optical design, at the stage of starting scheme or help making decision of optical system producibility.

Знали ли древние греки натуральный обертоновый ряд?

Music theory, which developed in the course of a single musical-mathematical-astronomical synthesis, does not give a direct answer to the question posed – "did the ancient Greeks know the natural overtone series" as a reasonable system. Nevertheless, the musical theory in the preserved sources-original works, their fragments, compilations – came quite close to understanding of the existening of the phenomenon much later called "natural overtone series". The article attempts to find a correspondence between individual mathematically calculated intervals, the main system-forming generic tetrachordal structures (diaton, chroma, enharmony) and segments of the natural overtone series as evidence of the unity of the scientific and empirical (auditory) approach to achieving the best sound of Music, universal Harmony. The article is a revised and expanded version of the Lecture for students and teachers of conservatories "Musical acoustics in the works of ancient scientists" (Novosibirsk, 2009).

THE UZBEK MODEL OF BIOETHICS: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

Modern biomedical ethics is based on a rich tradition of systematic moral thought, both philosophical and religious. In the XXI century, the interaction and synthesis of natural and humanitarian disciplines are of paramount importance in the system of biomedical education. One of the ways to solve this problem for future specialists is to study the foundations of biomedical ethics, the formation of a bioethical culture of future doctors. Among the ancient scientists of Central Asia who became famous in the field of medicine and pharmacy, a prominent place is occupied by Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna), whose life and work can serve as an example of national and historical identity, patriotic education of the youth of Uzbekistan. The emergence of such a phenomenon as the "Muslim Renaissance" and in this context the life and work of Avicenna, his role in the history of the development of medicine in Uzbekistan, are devoted to many, which, like others, were included in the materials of this study. A kind of bridge from ancient medicine to the medicine of the Renaissance and further to modern medicine was the legacy of doctors in Central Asia and Arab physicians. At present, the social, legal and economic aspects of ethical problems of key issues of bioethics in the field of health, medicine and biomedical technologies in the context of the Islamic faith continue to be studied.

«Roses» and «thorns» of the international division of labor: dialogue with history and modernity

The authors considered historical and topical issues of the international division of labor (MRT). The analysis and parallel of MRI data by ancient scientists, researchers, scientists and experts of the XVIII, XIX, and XXI centuries. On the example of the European Union countries Greece, Spain and Portugal, the analysis of GDP, wages and unemployment as key indicators that characterize the economy of countries is carried out. The historical «cycle» of social structures is given and the dynamics of the ratio of the upper (B), middle (C) and lower (H) classes is shown. 
 It shows the current problems of world markets, taking into account sanctions, trade wars and the consequences of the pandemic. Prospects for the national division of labor (NDT) are defined.

Distributed peer review enhanced with natural language processing and machine learning

While ancient scientists often had patrons to fund their work, peer review of proposals for the allocation of resources is a foundation of modern science. A very common method is that proposals are evaluated by a small panel of experts (due to logistics and funding limitations) nominated by the grant-giving institutions. The expert panel process introduces several issues - most notably: 1) biases introduced in the selection of the panel. 2) experts have to read a very large number of proposals. Distributed Peer Review promises to alleviate several of the described problems by distributing the task of reviewing among the proposers. Each proposer is given a limited number of proposals to review and rank. We present the result of an experiment running a machine-learning enhanced distributed peer review process for allocation of telescope time at the European Southern Observatory. In this work, we show that the distributed peer review is statistically the same as a `traditional' panel, that our machine learning algorithm can predict expertise of reviewers with a high success rate, and we find that seniority and reviewer expertise have an influence on review quality. The general experience has been overwhelmingly praised from the participating community (using an anonymous feedback mechanism).