Ancient Games Research Articles

Sacred Games: nietzsche and huizinga in dialogue – an inquiry into the olympic and paralympic games

ABSTRACT This article examines the sacredness of modern sports games by comparing the Olympic and Paralympic Games with the ancient Greek Olympics and analysing the evolution of ethos between ancient and modern games. Drawing on the theories of Johan Huizinga and Friedrich Nietzsche, it identifies an originary structure of sacred play that contributes to the formation of social and cultural identity. Concepts of sacredness, rituality, and agonism in ancient games are explored to understand their influence on modern games. Through a hermeneutic investigation of Huizinga and Nietzsche’s works, the article identifies six fundamental elements of sacred play: inviolable rules, space separated from daily reality, symbolic and cultural meaning, experience of transcendence, reflection of myths and meanings, and self-affirmation, self-overcoming and creativity. These elements are applied to the modern Olympic and Paralympic Games, highlighting their presence in shared rituals and symbols. The discussion focuses on the tension between the traditional Olympic Ethos and the current Efficiency Ethos, highlighting the possible implications on the elements of Olympic sacredness. Finally, it calls for critical reflection on the values and practices of the Olympic and Paralympic Games to preserve their sacredness over time.

Analysis of Science-Physics Concept According to The Independent Curriculum in the Traditional Boi Game

An ancient game that has often been played from generation to generation in the Maluku region is the boi game. The boi game can be used as science-physics learning material according to the curriculum in force at school in the hope that it can make the learning process effective and efficient. This research aims to analyze the science-physics concepts found in the traditional Boi game in Allang Village, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku. The research was conducted using descriptive methods with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, and document studies. The results of the analysis show that when the player applies force to the ball so that the ball moves and touches the stone structure and/or touches the body of the opposing player, the concepts of kinetic energy, elasticity, momentum, impulse, collision, work, force, and displacement are identified. The position of these concepts in the independent curriculum is at the junior high school phase D and high school phase F

Pengembangan Aspek Motorik AUD Melalui Permainan Englek

At this time the traditional game of engklek is no longer known and developed in the community, this incident can be triggered by several factors such as the existence of games which are available on cellphones which can result in most children today not being aware of the traditional game of engklek. This research is motivated by the important aim of knowing the existence of the traditional engklek game so that it can improve motor skills that will develop in the child’s body, but not only that, there are also cognitive, language and artistic aspects contained in it. The engklek game is an old game or what is called an ancient game in Indonesia which originates from the Dutch period. Most respondents stated that this game was based on England. This game is also known as “Throwing Stones” or “Gacok” (Yulita, 2017). There are several explanations for the aspects of this game, such as jumping in children can show aspects of gross motor skills. Then children can do different jumps. However, children’s language comprehension can be observed when they actively participate in games, especially if they consist of several groups. When a child is shown the shape of the image in the traditional engklek game which is geometric in shape consisting of a circle, rectangle and square, their cognitive understanding can be observed. From this, young children or AUD will learn that geometry has many different shapes by playing this game. All of this is the child’s understanding that they cannot live their lives without other people, but all problems must be resolved responsibly. Therefore, this research was carried out through observation methods which were carried out by applying various qualitative approach techniques, including those related to research and development.

Effectiveness of Using the Congklak Game in Improving the Numeracy Skills of Grade 1 Elementary School/MI Students

One unique component that contributes to an individual’s intellect is their capacity for calculation. The Congklak game is one of the most useful educational tools for helping primary school pupils improve their numeracy abilities. An ancient game that continues to rise in popularity in Indonesian society is congklak. This kind of research uses experimental methodologies and is quantitative in nature. Pre Experimental Designs is the design that was employed in this study. One Group Pretest-Posttest Design is the type of pre-experimental design that is employed. A significant value (p) of 0.000 < 0.05 was found for the Paired Sample T-Test analysis, yielding a value of t = -11.730. This demonstrates that class I students at SDN 22 Bilah Hulu had a different average numeracy ability before and after receiving learning materials in the form of the classic game congklak. After receiving learning materials in the style of the classic Congklak game, students’ average numeracy skill is higher than it was prior to receiving the conventional Congklak game learning materials. This study demonstrates the efficacy of the classic Congklak game learning resource in raising primary school students’ numeracy proficiency.

The Digital Ludeme Project: Combining archaeological and computational methods for the study of ancient board games

Archaeologists and computer scientists have both studied board games since the early days of their fields. Early archaeologists had an interest in identifying ways of playing the games of antiquity, and they applied diffusionist models fashionable at the time to trace the development of games from antiquity to the games played in nineteenth century Europe and North America. In time, a huge amount of data on ancient games was collected, and in the last thirty years archaeologists have studied games as they relate to social processes. In parallel to this, artificial intelligence (AI) research has utilized board games, primarily as testbeds for developing AI techniques, but also as an application domain. Archaeological and AI methods are combined in the Digital Ludeme Project, which documents the preserved knowledge of ancient games and uses computational techniques to evaluate research questions that can be addressed through AI playouts of proposed rulesets for games.

Es nuestra tradición: the archaeological implications of an ethnography on a modern ballgame in Oaxaca, Mexico

AbstractPre-hispanic ballgames have an extensive temporal depth and geographical breadth across Mesoamerica, with over 1,500 ball courts recorded on 1,200 archaeological sites in Mexico alone. It is likely that ballgames played critical but variable roles in how communities related to each other. Most interpretations emphasize ballgames as cosmological rituals and legitimation practices exclusive to elites, perhaps often overlooking the more mundane sociopolitical processes and reasons why they carried such critical meaning for people of all classes and statuses. Ethnographic research on modern ballgames played by Indigenous and mestizo communities today can helpfully provide some insights or maybe deeper understandings into ancient ballgame practices and their relation to Mesoamerican communities. While modern games are not isomorphic with the ancient games, the duration of these traditions underscores their continuing importance and their relativity to current research. In this article I present the results of an ethnographic study of the modern ballgame pelota mixteca de hule (Mixtec rubber ballgame) in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca. Considering the results from the ethnographic data, I then discuss an archaeological case study in the Nejapa Valley of southeastern Oaxaca where numerous ballcourts were recently documented over the past decade.

The significance of Prayer and its healing power. Or, playing Go with God

All the religious traditions raise endless prayers for living aids, those spread all over human lives. Without the hope that in all our needs and trials we have ‘someone’ to second us, so powerful that can help us overcome anything that stands in our path (more accurate 'against our wish'), most religious traditions would not be given any consideration, for humans become religious mostly when falling into a trial of life. By this hope religiousness flourishes and religious offer develops. Still, there is another way of considering prayer, one of spiritual becoming, diverse, and at the same time equally tender. It doesn’t offer goods, or aids, or anything specific, instead, it is professed by many spiritual persons that stood in the divine’s company. Theologians call it apophasis, spiritualists call it contemplation. Non-believers assert that the ‘responses’ of prayers followed by the ‘altering’ of reality is merely a mental projection, a Placebo effect of believing in prayer’s effect, or even just a mere coincidence. Either way, we need to learn prayer’s genuine significance and what it really provides. As for the subtitle, it is an allusion to the ancient game of Go whose main skill is to 'know' in advance tens, hundreds, or even infinite moving variables with their follow-ups, so you can be prepared and have a prepared answer every time to any move the teammate would make.

Debunking the Diffusion of Senet

Abstract Senet—perhaps the most famous of all the games of antiquity—has captured the imagination of scholars and lay people alike. Recognized as a game played by the Egyptians since the beginnings of archaeological research, and one of the first ancient games to be recognized outside of Greek and Roman texts, it has been one of the most discussed games of antiquity both in academia and in popular media. Nevertheless, understanding of this game remains incomplete. New evidence and more nuanced interpretations of old evidence continues to expand on our knowledge of senet. This paper seeks to correct some of the misconceptions about the game, which often seek to trace the development of later board games to senet. Furthermore, it aspires to encourage scholars from all disciplines who study games to critically reevaluate common conceptions of games relevant to their regions and time periods.

Revisiting tRNA chaperones: New players in an ancient game.

tRNAs undergo an extensive maturation process including posttranscriptional modifications that influence secondary and tertiary interactions. Precursor and mature tRNAs lacking key modifications are often recognized as aberrant and subsequently targeted for decay, illustrating the importance of modifications in promoting structural integrity. tRNAs also rely on tRNA chaperones to promote the folding of misfolded substrates into functional conformations. The best characterized tRNA chaperone is the La protein, which interacts with nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts to promote folding and offers protection from exonucleases. More recently, certain tRNA modification enzymes have also been demonstrated to possess tRNA folding activity distinct from their catalytic activity, suggesting that they may act as tRNA chaperones. In this review, we will discuss pioneering studies relating posttranscriptional modification to tRNA stability and decay pathways, present recent advances into the mechanism by which the RNA chaperone La assists pre-tRNA maturation, and summarize emerging research directions aimed at characterizing modification enzymes as tRNA chaperones. Together, these findings shed light on the importance of tRNA folding and how tRNA chaperones, in particular, increase the fraction of nascent pre-tRNAs that adopt a folded, functional conformation.

Effects of playing Go for education and psychological treatment

The ancient board game Go is traditionally used as educational tool in East Asian countries. Recently, neurobiological and psychological evidence has been found on the effects of Go playing regarding various intellectual and emotional factors. In this survey, we summarize these results and develop a coherent picture of the value that Go can add to education, as well as to psychological treatment. We will also briefly highlight what makes Go special as compared to other commonly played board games.

The relevance and spiritual significance of the training of national sports in educational institutions

From ancient times, various games, arts, and entertainment were widespread among the people. Passing on the forms of arts and games from generation to generation, our people have basically preserved their continuity, their own style. Now every nation in the world has its own unique samples of culture and art, which were published due to various historical and social circumstances. But, it is very difficult when, despite various natural disasters, wars and other negative phenomena, for many centuries to maintain and increase, improve their national traditions, way of life, life, including folk games. The younger generation is handed over the most valuable in spiritual terms, life-long, in which importance increases from year to year. In the same way, unquenchable samples of our national culture and art in the field of physical culture and sports, if they continue to develop in educational institutions, we can assume that the task is to adequately continue the work of ancestors who absorbed the irrepressible power of physical qualities in their descendants combined with intellectual, with the help of massive national games - completed.

Adaptable Conversational Machines

In recent years we have witnessed a surge in machine learning methods that provide machines with conversational abilities. Most notably, neural‐network‐based systems have set the state of the art for difficult tasks such as speech recognition, semantic understanding, dialogue management, language generation, and speech synthesis. Still, unlike for the ancient game of Go for instance, we are far from achieving human‐level performance in dialogue. The reasons for this are numerous. One property of human‐human dialogue that stands out is the infinite number of possibilities of expressing oneself during the conversation, even when the topic of the conversation is restricted. A typical solution to this problem was scaling‐up the data. The most prominent mantra in speech and language technology has been “There is no data like more data.” However, the researchers now are focused on building smarter algorithms — algorithms that can learn efficiently from just a few examples. This is an intrinsic property of human behavior: an average human sees during their lifetime a fraction of data that we nowadays present to machines. A human can even have an intuition about a solution before ever experiencing an example solution. The human‐inspired ability to adapt may just be one of the keys in pushing dialogue systems toward human performance. This article reviews advancements in dialogue systems research with a focus on the adaptation methods for dialogue modeling, and ventures to have a glance at the future of research on adaptable conversational machines.

Games and AI: Paths, Challenges, Critique

In 2006, the first-person shooter F.E.A.R. makes headlines in the gaming world. One feature in particular attracts much attention: the non-playable characters seem to behave intelligently to a degree yet unseen in computer games. From earlier productions like No One Lives Forever 1 & 2 (2000, 2002), players were already familiar with NPCs that are able to seek cover under fire and to leave it at random in order to shoot back at the player. In F.E.A.R. that happens too, but in a much more realistic manner. Computer-controlled enemies attack players in a coordinated way. If one member of the enemy team comes closer, he gets supportive fire by his team members. If the player attacks them, enemy forces remain in cover until they are immediately threatened.Ten years later, an AI system called AlphaGo beats the human world champion Kim Sung Yong in the ancient board game Go in five rounds—final score: 4-1. The global community of Go players is perplexed, almost shocked, even though the victory did not totally come out of the blue. Already in October 2015, an earlier version of AlphaGo was able to beat the European Go champion Fan Hui. However, Hui’s playing level was significantly lower than that of Kim Sung Yong (2-dan out of possible 9-dan levels).As these introductory examples illustrate, the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and games can basically be studied from two perspectives: The first is the implementation of AI technologies in games, in order to improve the game experience in one way or another, for example with the intention to make it more believable, more immersive, or simply more enjoyable. The second is the use of games as a benchmark, a learning or test environment to evaluate, but also demonstrate, the current state of AI technologies. Both perspectives have gained enormous importance in recent years—technically, but also culturally and economically.

Історія більярдного спорту в закладах вищої освіти України

Вступ. У статті розглянуто історію більярду взагалі та історію становлення більярдного спорту на теренах освітянської України. Мета дослідження – проаналізувати становлення й розвиток більярдного спорту. Методи дослідження – аналіз історичної й спортивної літератури з теорії та практики становлення й розвитку більярдного спорту на теренах освітянської України. Результати дослідження. Любов людства до гри з кулями або м’ячами почалася настільки давно, що, мабуть, неможливо встановити точну дату народження більярду, як, утім, і його історичну батьківщину. Сучасна історія більярду починається в ХV–ХVI ст. у Європі. Слово «більярд» походить або від французького «billard», назви одного з кілочків, або від слова «bille» − куля. Найбільшого поширення набули дві версії виникнення більярду в Європі. Згідно з однією з них, піонерами тут є англійці, згідно з іншою – французи. Історія більярду продовжується й у наші дні. У Національному університеті фізичного вихо- вання і спорту України (1998 р.) за ініціативи ректора Платонова В. М. почали готувати тренерів із більярду. Завжди основу збірної України становили студенти. Так, чемпіонами світу з піраміди ставали студенти Я. В. Тарновецький (двічі), Є. О. Новосад та М. О. Пудовкіна. Чемпіонами Європи з пулу – В. І. Пацура та К. І. Половінчук. Багато чемпіонів світу серед юніорів вийшло з освітянських терен України. Висновки. Сьогодні, коли відбуваються істотні зміни в багатьох сферах життя нашого суспільства, помітно змінилося в Україні й ставлення до більярду і як до виду спорту, і як до одного із засобів активного відпочинку. Більярд – красива стародавня гра, грати в яку не просто приємно й цікаво, але й престижно. Пальму першості у створенні більярду оскаржують англійці та французи, але в нас її вважають своєю національною грою. Є в нас власні корифеї більярду, свої фахівці з виробництва столів і київ, є навіть школи

Native Hoops: The Rise of American Indian Basketball 1895–1970 by Wade Davies

Reviewed by: Native Hoops: The Rise of American Indian Basketball 1895–1970 by Wade Davies Shawn Secatero (bio) Wade Davies Native Hoops: The Rise of American Indian Basketball 1895–1970 University Press of Kansas, 2020 American Indian basketball has continued its prominence in Native sports as this book, Native Hoops, retraces its origins through dirt courts on the reservation, city basketball courts, and aging rims. Through extensive interviews and experiences of former players, Wade Davies provides the reader with a history lesson through the organization of American Indian basketball from 1985–1970. The book provides an analysis of talented Native players who molded this sport across our country to promote community pride, wellness, and playing strategies. As part of my review, I will take a holistic approach in addressing each of these aspects by incorporating the spiritual, mental, physical, and social well-being aspects of the book. In terms of spiritual well-being, Davies demonstrates a synopsis of the origins of basketball that acknowledges the purpose, background, and overall giftedness of playing American Indian basketball. The book's main focus points illustrate that basketball continues to captivate Native communities that cherished basketball and used it as a means of experiencing identity, pride, and well-being. Davies maps out an excellent brief history of basketball's roots through Dr. James Naismith, who invented the sport. Furthermore, Davies delves into the relationship of similar and historical Native sports that resemble basketball, such as the Mayan and Aztec ancient games of pok-ta-pok and ullamaliztli (p. 15). Several noted successful teams during the early 1900s included the Carlisle Indian School and the Haskell Institute, which embraced basketball and continued its prominence to inspire other rising teams such as the World Famous Indians (WFI), the Sioux Traveler Warriors, and the Fort Shaw Indian School Girls Basketball Team. Many of these players attended boarding schools far away from their homes and needed an outlet to handle the pangs of homesickness, cultural disconnections from their communities, and cultural loss. The book provides excellent research on American Indian basketball and its impact on many tribal groups throughout our country by acknowledging the mental well-being of thinking, heart, character, wisdom, and future. Davies provides a glimpse into his personal experience of living on the Navajo Nation reservation in the book's introduction and conducted interviews that contribute to the rich description of each community or artifact of basketball. As part of the [End Page 93] boarding school era, the author explains that school administrators liked basketball, which brought morale to the schools, increased community involvement, and promoted athletic enticements for students to stay at the boarding schools. For example, the author states, "The Indian schools used basketball to promote discipline in three ways: positively by relying on orderly design and rules orientation of the game to teach teamwork, sportsmanship and obedience" (p. 78). However, several school superintendents reported, "School records fail to demonstrate that basketball or any other sports had any profound influence on general academic performance or discipline." In another example, the book states that "Indian school athletes did not always focus their energies on impressing or defying non-Natives. They competed just as fiercely and proudly against other native teams vying for recognition across Indian country. As their communities had always done through traditional sports, they used basketball to share something in common with and distinguished themselves from each other and forge bonds and settle differences between localities and tribes" (p. 122). In terms of addressing physical well-being in the book, Davies acknowledges the importance of American Indian basketball through self-care, environmental factors, change, and the healing of players. He writes, "A basketball court was a warrior arena. If symbolically so" (p. 120). Davies provides impressive insight into the physical stamina of players and refers to these player strategies as "streaks of lightning" or Rez Ball, which describes the defensive and offensive plays of Native players including fast breaks. "Rez ball exists along a stylistic continuum extending across the twentieth century," Davies writes, "and should be understood as a product of an incremental evolution induced by changes of the overall sport (p. 270–71). He further describes the winning traditions of American...

AI for Ancient Games

This report summarises the Digital Ludeme Project, a recently launched 5-year research project being conducted at Maastricht University. This computational study of the world’s traditional strategy games seeks to improve our understanding of early games, their development, and their role in the spread of related mathematical ideas throughout recorded human history.

Два кістяні гральні набори з Ольвії

Світ дитинства у давньогрецьких колоніях Північного Причорномор’я залишається ще недостатньо вивченим. Важливою складовою повсякдення кожної дитини є різноманітні ігри, які допомагають адаптуватися до дорослого життя. Публікація вводить до наукового обігу знахідку низки предметів грального призначення. У роботі зроблена спроба реконструкції однієї з дитячих ігор з використанням фалангових і таранних (астрагалів) кісток домашніх тварин, яка побутувала у кінці V – на початку IV ст. до н.е. у давньогрецькій колонії Ольвія.

Using Go in teaching the theory of computation

With increased public interest in the ancient game of Go since 2016, it is an espe- cially good time to use it in teaching. The game is an excellent source of exercises in the theory of computation. We give some exercises developed during our research on Go which were then used when teaching this subject at Monash University. These are based on One-Dimensional Go (1D-Go) which uses a path graph as its board. They are about determining whether or not a position is legal and counting the number of legal positions. Curriculum elements that may be illustrated and practised using 1D-Go include: regular expressions, linear recurrences, proof by induction, nite automata, regular grammars, context-free grammars and languages, pushdown automata, and Turing machines.

Ancient American Board Games, I: From Teotihuacan to the Great Plains

Abstract Besides the ubiquitous patolli—a race game played on a cruciform gameboard—the Aztecs had obviously a few other board games. Unfortunately their names have not been recorded. We owe to Diego Durán, writing in the last quarter of the 16th century from local sources, some hints of what appears to be a “war game” and a second, different race game that he calls ‘fortuna’. A close examination of some Precolumbian codices shows a rectangular design with a chequered border, together with beans and gamepieces, which has correctly been interpreted as a board game. Many similar diagrams can be seen carved on stone in temples and public places, from Teotihuacan (c. 4th-7th century AD) to late Toltec times (9th-12th century AD). Of this game too we do not know the name. It has tentatively been called quauhpatolli (“eagle- or wooden-patolli”) by Christian Duverger (1978)—although this seems to have been the classic post-conquest Nahuatl name for the game of chess—or “proto-patolli”, and more concretely “rectángulo de cintas” (rectangle of bands) by William Swezey and Bente Bittman (1983). The lack of any representation of this game in all Postcolumbian codices, as painted by Aztec artists commissioned by Spanish scholars interested in the Aztec culture, is clear indication that the game had disappeared before the Spanish conquest, at least in central Mexico. No Aztec site shows any such gameboard. Fortunately this game had survived until the 20th (and 21st!) century but located in the Tarascan country, now the state of Michoacán. It was discovered, unchanged, in a Tarascan (Purepecha) village by Ralph L. Beals and Pedro Carrasco, who published their find in 1944. At that time Beals and Carrasco had no idea the game was attested in early codices and Teotihuacan to Maya and Toltec archaeological sites. In Purepecha the game is called k’uillichi. There is evidence of an evolution that led to a simplification of the game: less tracks, less gamesmen (in fact only one per player, while k’uillichi has four), and less ‘dice’. From a “complex” race game, the new debased version turned to be a simple single-track race game with no strategy at all. It is possible that this process took place in Michoacán. (A few examples of the simplified game were found in some Tarascan villages.) Also it seems the widespread use of the Nahua language, which the Spanish promoted, led to calling the game, and/or its dice, patol. As it was, patol proved to be very appealing and became very popular in the Mexican West, finally reaching the Noroeste, that is, the present North-West of Mexico and Southwest of the United States. This seems to have been a recent trend, since its progress was observed with much detail by missionaries living in close contact with the Indians along what was called the ‘Camino Real’, the long highway that led from western Mexico to what is now New Mexico in the U.S. The Spanish themselves seem to have helped the game in its diffusion, unaware of its presence. It is clearly with the Spaniards that the patol game, sometimes also called quince (fifteen), reached the American Southwest and settled in the Pueblo and the Zuñi countries. It is there that some newcomers, coming from the North or from the Great Plains, and getting in contact with the Pueblos in the 18th century, found the game and took it over. The Kiowas and Kiowa Apaches are noted for their zohn ahl (or tsoñä) game, while the Arapahos call it ne’bäku’thana. A careful examination of zohn ahl shows that it has kept the basic features of an ancient game that came—in Spanish times—from Mexico and may have been popular in Teotihuacan times. Its spread northward—through the Tarascan country—is, hopefully, well documented.

Technology Focus: Formation Evaluation (August 2018)

Technology Focus The future is here; a machine can learn games and beat the world’s best players. What a fascinating time we are living in—Industrial Revolution 4.0. In December 2017, news broke that AlphaZero decisively beat the world’s best players in chess after its older sibling, AlphaGo, defeated the world champions in the ancient game of go a couple of years earlier. These games have been won by machine learning and artificial intelligence. What effects will Industrial Revolution 4.0 have on the upstream oil and gas business in general and petrophysics in particular? We should see more intelligence and automation in measurements, processes, work flows, and operations, which should result in more-consistent results, better-quality answer products, and less nonproductive time (i.e., improved quality, efficiency, and productivity with less cost). Historically, petrophysics is based on physical principles or empirical relationships, as illustrated in paper SPE 191296 on predicting crude-oil viscosity. With Industrial Revolution 4.0, a new era in petrophysics has begun. The logging tools are smarter (as demonstrated in paper SPE 190062 dealing with environmental corrections to some of the deliverables of pulsed-neutron logs that can be performed automatically). And the operational and data-interpretation work flows are more automated (as shown in paper SPE 187040, which details formation testing and sampling jobs that can be done semiautomatically through standardizing terminologies, measurement uncertainties, and data quality-control criteria). In playing games such as go and chess, machines learn on the basis of man-made game rules. In petrophysics, rules are often data-driven, so data quality becomes critically important. It is always true that having bad data is worse than having no data. Density, representativeness, and coverage are other parameters of the data besides data quality that are required for data-driven petrophysics. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 189807 Characterization of Reservoir Quality in Tight Rocks Using Drill Cuttings: Examples From the Montney Formation, Alberta, Canada by A. Ghanizadeh, University of Calgary, et al. SPE 188804 Low-Resistivity Pay Identification in Lower Cretaceous Carbonates, Onshore UAE by J.L. Ruiz, ADCO, et al. SPE 187371 Saturation Mapping in the Interwell Reservoir Volume: A New Technology Breakthrough by Alberto F. Marsala, Saudi Aramco, et al.