Ancient Chinese Culture Research Articles

The symbolism of the mask in the theatrical art of the West and East

The article examines the ancient and unique culture of the mask, analyzes the features of its perception, understanding and interpretation in different theatrical traditions of the West and East (ancient Greek tragedy, comedy dell'arte, Chinese no-si theater, Peking opera, etc.). Particular attention is paid to how the mask is interpreted and used, based on tradition, to create and enhance stage effects and deepen meaningful symbolism in modern performances. The relevance of this work lies in the typology and classification of common and distinctive characteristics of similar, but at the same time unique artifacts of various theatrical cultures of the East and West on the example of the use of masks in productions in the past and present. Addressing this topic can help to establish intercultural ties, facilitate intercultural communication and reduce the degree of civilizational contradictions in a multipolar world. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the results of processing the original selection of case studies, scientific publications and literary sources. The purpose of the study is to search for the features of the perception and understanding of masks in various theatrical systems. To achieve this attitude, the history of masks in different countries, their semantics are analyzed, in particular, the ancient Chinese thermal culture and the ancient Greek theater, as well as the Italian comedy dell'arte are compared. In conclusion, we note that in different theatrical systems, the mask has unique symbols and uses. Thus, it reveals the complex and contradictory human nature, reveals the unknown and people's fear of reality, embodies and expresses emotions, provides the rhythm and sharpness of the development of the drama, deepens the meaning of ongoing events.

Study on the Image of Mountain Gods in Shanhai Jing

Shanhai Jing is an ancient document in pre-Qin period, known as one of the "Three Wonderful Books". As a masterpiece of mythological scriptures, Shanhai Jing contains rich mythological stories and images of gods and humans. The Wuzang Mountain Classics records many mountain gods and their sacrificial processes, which is an important part of its contents.This paper mainly takes this as the research object, and pays full attention to the relevant texts of the Wuzang Mountain Classic from the outside to the inside through the classification of the image of mountain gods, analysis of the sacrificial ceremony process and exploration of the reasons for sacrificial ceremonies. The paper provides a deeper analysis of the ancient "animism of all things" as a way of worshipping the ancestors. This type of research not only deepens the understanding of the text of the Shanhai Jing, but also provides a specific grasp of the ancient Chinese sacrificial culture, which has certain research value.

Cross-cultural Communication of Ancient Chinese Astronomical and Calendar from the Perspective of Multimodal Cognitive Discourse Analysis

Cultural soft power plays an increasingly crucial role in the international competition. Therefore, how to effectively spread 24 Solar Terms culture has become one of the main focuses for cultural scholars. The paper is based on the multimodal cognitive analysis, and it interprets the clip video Saying China Festival which enjoys a great popularity in overseas cultural communication. Various modalities including image, colour and sound reflect three levels of 24 Solar Terms culture: material, behavior and spirit levels, shaping the image of ancient Chinese culture through metaphor and metonymy. Relying on the results of the investigations, several practical suggestions of the cross-cultural communication are put forward: First, we ought to make use of the overlapped schemata to reduce the influence caused by the cultural differences, nonverbal modalities could be used frequently. Then, the stimulus of the overseas audience’s recognition of traditional Chinese cultural through emotional mechanisms is also a reasonable choice.

Study On Decorative Art of Greenbelt Pastel Lotus Embossed Wuzi Dengke Bottle In Qing Dynasty

China is a country with a long history of producing ceramics, leaving many exquisite and precious ceramic artworks. The ceramic involved in this paper is one of them. From the perspective of iconology, this study studies the Qing Dynasty porcelain “Greenbelt Pastel Lotus Embossed Wuzi Dengke Bottle” (GPLEWDB) through specific image analysis, including the form characteristics and symbolic meaning, historical background, and other contents of ceramic decoration. Then, according to the historical data, analyze the formation of the ceramic decorative art of social and cultural factors. This study attempts to change the traditional research methods of Chinese art history, in the form of case analysis, ceramic decorative elements of multi-level image analysis, to achieve a more in-depth study of ceramic cases. The study on the form and symbol of decorative patterns of GPLEWDB is helpful to link ceramic art research with ancient Chinese traditional culture, analyze the relationship between them, expand the perspective of traditional research, and promote the application of interdisciplinary research in ceramic research.

A Cultural Study of The Roof Beast in Traditional Chinese Ancient Architecture

Chinese traditional ancient architecture is an important part of Chinese ancient culture, and its architectural style is unique and exquisite. The roof beast is a kind of decorative element in traditional ancient architecture, its meaning is rich and far-reaching. The purpose of this paper is to explore the origin, evolution and cultural connotation of the roof ridge beast in traditional Chinese ancient architecture through the cultural research, and further deepen the understanding and understanding of ancient Chinese culture.

Visual analysis of inscriptions in the Tang Dynasty: a case study on the calligraphy style of Wang Xizhi

The art of inscriptions is one of the most important components of the glorious ancient culture in China. It is an essential method not only for ancients to record history and disseminate culture but also to provide original written and pictorial records for subsequent generations to learn about ancient Chinese culture. However, the art of inscriptions and calligraphy is currently not widely available because of its professional chirography, style and composition. Moreover, traditional calligraphy exhibitions cannot provide the public with an interactive and intuitive way to present the features of Chinese characters, such as stroke thickness. Therefore, in this paper, we present an interactive visual system to support the public in understanding and appreciating the calligraphic style of the inscriptions of the Tang Dynasty and the evolutionary path of the calligraphic style of Wang Xizhi. We first employ image processing technology to extract calligraphy features. Then, we help users explore the development of calligraphy from the spatial-temporal dimension and analyze the similarity between the works at two granularity levels: Chinese character structure and the works’ style. Furthermore, the system also provides a metaphorical visualization method to enhance the concretization of calligraphic appreciation. Case studies and comprehensive evaluation demonstrate the usability of our proposed visual analysis system of the calligraphic style of the inscriptions in the Tang Dynasty.

Disentangling the cultural evolution of ancient China: a digital humanities perspective

Being recognized among the cradles of human civilization, ancient China nurtured the longest continuous academic traditions and humanistic spirits, which continue to impact today’s society. With an unprecedented large-scale corpus spanning 3000 years, this paper presents a quantitative analysis of cultural evolution in ancient China. Millions of intertextual associations are identified and modelled with a hierarchical framework via deep neural network and graph computation, thus allowing us to answer three progressive questions quantitatively: (1) What is the interaction between individual scholars and philosophical schools? (2) What are the vicissitudes of schools in ancient Chinese history? (3) How did ancient China develop a cross-cultural exchange with an externally introduced religion such as Buddhism? The results suggest that the proposed hierarchical framework for intertextuality modelling can provide sound suggestions for large-scale quantitative studies of ancient literature. An online platform is developed for custom data analysis within this corpus, which encourages researchers and enthusiasts to gain insight into this work. This interdisciplinary study inspires the re-understanding of ancient Chinese culture from a digital humanities perspective and prompts the collaboration between humanities and computer science.

Open Letter to President Xi Jinping on the Climate Crisis

Although climate models predict that global heating will prove more devastating for China than for many other countries, and economic models have shown that a transition to a low-carbon economy would strengthen China in the long run, the Chinese leadership has failed to reduce fossil fuel consumption enough to avoid extremes of weather that are devastating the country. Not long after becoming president, Xi Jinping announced a project to ground “socialism with Chinese characteristics” in selected ideas from ancient Chinese philosophy and culture, promoting the agenda through quotations in his speeches from the Chinese classics, and especially Confucian and Daoist thought. These ideas turn out to be perfectly suited for a ‘reframing’ of worldviews that is required for thinking more productively about the climate crisis and developing political measures for dealing with it effectively. However, the Chinese leadership has failed to live up to its inspiring words, and has instead reverted to aggressive and repressive policies that are more in line with Chinese Legalism and Stalinism than with the Confucian, Daoist, and Marxist ideas that Xi Jinping has advocated. This has dealt a severe blow to China’s standing in the world and caused a huge loss of ‘soft power’ accumulated by previous regimes. With the United States in a shambles, the way is open for China to follow through on its promotion of traditional Chinese philosophy and take the lead, for the sake of the long-term well-being of its own people, in tackling the climate crisis—and thereby gain the greatest soft power triumph in history.

Analysis of the Creation Paths of Current Chinese Film and Television in the Context of Chivalrous Swordsman Culture

Chivalrous swordsman culture is an important part of traditional Chinese culture, with the development of the film and television industry, the connotation and extension of chivalrous swordsman culture have been expanding, which has distinct features and times value. However, overall, ancient Chinese chivalrous swordsman culture has distinct historical limitations, which partly has a certain negative impact on modern society. In the current Chinese film and television, elements of chivalrous swordsman are integrated into them in quantity, which has both rich cultural connotation and artistic value, and also affects the improvement of the innovation of the current film and television. Especially in the context of the creation of today's chivalrous swordsman film and television with a single theme and backward character shaping, the thinking of chivalrous swordsman culture needs further strengthening, reasonably applying the chivalrous swordsman cultural context to the creation of film and television, and innovating the cultural connotation of modern Chinese film and television. Therefore, this paper explores the connotation of Chinese chivalrous swordsman culture based on in-depth analysis of chivalrous swordsman culture and the spirit of chivalrous swordsman image, and explores the innovation paths of current Chinese film and television in the context of chivalrous swordsman culture in combination with the development trend of current Chinese film and television, so as to better bring guidance for the improvement of the connotation level of chivalrous swordsman spirit in film and television.

Masyarakat Maju dalam Peradaban Islam Perspektif Said Ramadhan al-Buthi

There have been many civilizations that have existed and developed throughout the world in human history, including Ancient Egyptian civilization, Ancient Greek civilization, Ancient Persian civilization, Ancient Chinese civilization, Ancient Indian civilization, Islamic civilization in the Middle East and North Africa, and so on. This research uses the library research method. In this research, the author searches for reference sources such as books, journals, and theses related to advanced civilizations in the perspective of Sa'id Ramadhan al-Buthi. The purpose of this research is to understand advanced civilizations in the perspective of Sa'id Ramadhan al-Buthi. Said Ramadhan Al-Buthi is a Muslim scholar who argues that a good civilization must be able to provide happiness and prosperity for humans as a whole and must be based on good moral and ethical principles as well as positive religious values. Al-Buthi's view of civilization also emphasizes the importance of moral and ethical values in creating a quality civilization, as well as the importance of the contribution of civilization to the progress of humanity and the well-being of society as a whole.

Reflection of Cultural Values in Traditional Chinese Costume

The culture of traditional clothing and jewelry is an integral part of the ancient Chinese civilization. Chinese traditional costume is distinguished by its rich content, relevance at any time, as well as its unique features. Traditional clothing was influenced by successive millennial dynasties that brought the chaos of war. Traditional Chinese clothing has not only become the embodiment of the Chinese concepts of "the unity of Heaven and man", "the ritual of respect for nature and harmonious coexistence with nature", but also a visual representation of the cultural characteristics of different dynasties and the level of development of production. Chinese traditional costume carries the thinking of many Chinese philosophical teachings and schools, reflects the clash and synthesis of agrarian and nomadic cultures of different regions of China. The value of culture carried by the Chinese traditional costume goes beyond the costume itself, it reflects both the social hierarchy, and the peculiarities of society management, and the national spirit. In this article, based on the objective and subjective conditions of the formation of the culture of Chinese costume and accessories, on the basis of ornaments, patterns, colors of garments, as well as on the example of the Shenyi robe that violated previous traditions, the features of the embodiment of Chinese traditional cultural values in clothing are considered.

Towards better long-tailed oracle character recognition with adversarial data augmentation

Deciphering oracle bone script is of great significance to the study of ancient Chinese culture as well as archaeology. Although recent studies on oracle character recognition have made substantial progress, they still suffer from the long-tailed data situation that results in a noticeable performance drop on the tail classes. To mitigate this issue, we propose a generative adversarial framework to augment oracle characters in the problematic classes. In this framework, the generator produces synthetic data through convex combinations of all the available samples in the corresponding classes, and is further optimized through adversarial learning with the classifier and simultaneously the discriminator. Meanwhile, we introduce Repatch to generalize samples in the generator. Since tail classes do not have sufficient data for convex combinations, we propose the TailMix mechanism to generate suitable tail class samples from other classes. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm obtains remarkable performance in oracle character recognition and achieves new state-of-the-art average (total) accuracy with 86.03% (89.46%), 86.54% (93.86%), 95.22% (96.17%) on the three datasets Oracle-AYNU, OBC306 and Oracle-20K, respectively.

Using SWOT Analysis to Solve the Problem of Forbidden City Brand Influence under the Background of New Media

The Palace Museum is not only comprehensive but also the largest museum of ancient Chinese culture and art. The Palace Museum brand is a cultural and creative brand derived from the landmark buildings of the Palace Museum through publicity and transformation in the new media era. The cultural and creative brand refers to the value transformation and empowerment of products by relying on personal wisdom and modern scientific and technological means this research seek to analyze the connection between consumers’ impression of the Palace Museum brand and brand loyalty in the new media background of Z era. This analysis concluded that the Palace Museum brand should not be over-commercialized or influenced by the fast-selling atmosphere of the Z era to reduce the actual value of the brand. As a state-supported transformation brand, the Palace Museum brand had a rich cultural value base and production resource support, but it abused brand IP to produce low-quality products due to the atmosphere of the times, resulting in a decline in brand image and loyalty. Therefore, in this context, due to the negative impression brought by the sub-brand and the strong internal and external competitive factors, the brand's image positioning has deviated, the value is reduced, and the brand loyalty is reduced. This paper uses SWOT analysis to split the overall factors of the Palace Museum brand to find solutions.

The study of Ming and Qing Dynasty Furniture Styles using Analysis the Principles of Furniture Design

In the Ming dynasty and qing dynasty furniture design of the main dimensions are analysis, studied the design scope of 5 furniture styles in Ming Dynasty and 5 furniture styles in Qing Dynasty, discusses the reflect practical, the concept of functional and aesthetic problems. Using qualitative research, descriptive research, analysis of the content.The results show that the concept of furniture in Ming Dynasty design is conceptually analysis, reflecting the philosophy of ancient Chinese culture, the physical properties of materials are human media, and the practical essence is simple shapes. Sturdy and durable furniture is a versatile function of furniture, the use of furniture comfort is not ergonomic, but reflects the aesthetic side. The elegant style and smooth lines, combined with the harmonious balance of curves and straight lines through the connection of carving and assembly, accentuate the unique shapes and delicate structures that accentuate the aesthetics of the furniture and the surface of the material. This paper analyzes the design style of furniture in Qing Dynasty conceptually and puts forward the concept of aesthetics and symbolic meaning which reflect the characteristics of ancient Chinese culture. In terms of ease of use, the design focuses on size and ergonomic curves, with an aesthetic influenced by the Ming Dynasty. Such as marble pearl decoration, latex coating, etc. Ming and Qing furniture not only influenced culture and art, but also the understanding of the structural level of furniture, which is the basis of modern furniture structure and will bring greater aesthetic value.

A Study on the improving effect of ancient Chinese poetry on depression — A case study of Dongpo Ci

BackgroundIn today’s society, the prevalence of depression in China is increasing year by year. It will not only affect the quality of life of patients but also endanger their lives. The generation of depression is inseparable from long-term negative emotions, which are the feedback of deep mental and spiritual problems. Therefore, the exploration of depression should not be limited to the physiological and genetic levels, and it is also closely related to the traditional social culture. The ancient Chinese culture has an important enlightenment on the regulation of depression. For instance, Dongpo’s poems, with a bold and uninhibited style, conveys the poet’s optimistic and open-minded mood and enables readers to immerse themselves in a positive mood. Therefore, this experiment aims to explore the improvement effect of Dongpo’s poems on patients’ depression.Subjects and MethodsIn the experiment, 34 students with depression screened by psychological tests in two universities were selected as the research objects, and they were equally divided into the experimental group (17) and the control group (17). The students in the control group were given general psychological counseling and care. On this basis, the students in the experimental group organized a weekly Dongpo word evaluation and exchange meeting, each lasting 90 minutes. The effect of depression was evaluated by the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), and the results were observed 8 weeks later.ResultsTable 1 shows the improvement effect of depression of the two groups of students. It can be seen from the data in the table that the depression of 34 students has improved to some extent. Among them, the HAMD score and SDS score of students in the experimental group decreased significantly after the Dongpo poems intervention, and their scores were lower than those of the control group, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant.Table 1.Comparison of HAMD and SDS scores between the two groups before and after intervention ($ \overline{x}\pm s $)GaugeGroupBefore InterventionAfter InterventiontPHAMDExperimental group37.38±3.6515.22±2.983.6120.001Control group37.67±3.7223.33±2.43SDSExperimental group80.12±7.6563.21±5.725.1320.001Control group81.22±6.6571.01±5.63ConclusionsLong-term depression easily turns into depression, which is very likely to cause depression and seriously endanger life and health. People should keep a good positive mood and avoid depression. This experiment verified that Dongpo poems had a positive effect on improving negative emotions because of its open-minded and positive values. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the positive impact of ancient Chinese poetry on patients when exploring depression.

A study on the variant characters in the stele inscriptions in the Later Lê Dynasty in Vietnam

The study of the variant characters in the stele inscriptions in the Later Lê Dynasty (1428 CE–1789 CE) is not only a study of the dynastic history of the inheritance and variation of Sino-annamite characters, but also an essential part of the study of their spreading and history. Chinese characters in the stele inscriptions were very rich in figure. They contained many variant characters inherited from Chinese literature and those modified with Vietnamese regional characteristics. This article systematically sorts out these variant characters from a diachronic perspective to investigate their structure categories and time distribution. It also reveals the historical track of the inheritance and variation of Chinese characters at that time. Summarizing the characteristics of these variant characters is conducive to comprehensively sorting out the historical context of inheritance and variation of Chinese characters in Vietnam, showing the far-reaching influence of ancient Chinese culture on Vietnam, and systematically build all the information of the stele inscriptions in Vietnam into a searchable database for easy query and research the stele inscriptions in Vietnam.

Feasibility Analysis of Museum Application in Teaching Chinese Culture as a Foreign Language

In recent years, the theoretical and practical achievements related to the emerging discipline of Chinese as a foreign language have been increasingly improved. The teaching of Chinese as a foreign language is not only the teaching of language, but also the teaching of culture. Its fundamental goal is to train students to use Chinese for communication. The macro purpose is to promote Chinese civilization. Learners' cognition of the background culture of the target language is conducive to improving the comprehensive language use ability and enhancing the sense of Chinese cultural identity. Therefore, cultural teaching has been paid more and more attention by researchers, and some explorations have been made in the methods, strategies and places of cultural teaching. As a non-profit permanent institution serving the society, the museum displays material and intangible heritage and provides a variety of experiences for education, appreciation, meditation and knowledge sharing. Shaanxi History Museum is known as "the pearl of the ancient city and the treasury of the Huaxia civilization". The cultural relics in the museum display the splendid ancient Chinese culture represented by the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties, covering political, economic, cultural, spiritual and other fields. As a cultural and educational institution, it provides innovative resources for revealing and presenting cultural elements. This article will start from the intersection of cultural teaching and museum functions, list the auxiliary role of museum resources in cultural teaching, demonstrate the feasibility of using museums to carry out cultural teaching, and expand the way of teaching Chinese culture as a foreign language.

Control performance of bioretention system on non-point source pollution in typical Chinese rural areas of Southeastern China

Current work focused on analysis and implementation and of bioretention system in typical rural areas in Southeastern China. These areas are vigorously protected by the Chinese government due to their traditional farming and architectural characteristics that symbolize ancient Chinese civilization. Bioretention system with high pollutant removal capacity and strong environment adaptability might be a suitable technical solution for controlling non-point source pollution in ancient Chinese villages. In lab-scale study, the hydraulic characteristics of the media and the impacts of depth of media layer, depth of saturated zone (SZ), vegetation and extra carbon source (ECS) on pollutant removal efficiency of bioretention system against the current situation of NSP in typical Chinese rural areas (TCRA) were investigated. The results revealed that roots were conducive to maintain the hydraulic conductivity and pollutant removal efficiency of the filter media. The increasing depth of media layer and SZ, vegetation, and ECS could improve pollutant controlling performance of bioretention system. A field-scale bioretention system with optimal configuration determined by lab-scale study was implemented on the site. The average removal rates of TSS, COD, TN and TP of the bioretention system in field study were 81.34%, 41.88%, 37.33% and 71.64%, respectively. Bioretention system could combine with nearby farmland in rural areas without disturbing their original texture, furthermore, proper maintenance and replacement of media and vegetation could significantly improve the performance of bioretention system in TCRAs.

Drawing Technology and Method of Digital Restoration of Ancient Chinese Costume Structure—Take Tibetan Silk Robe in the Qing Dynasty as an Example

For a long time, most of the research on ancient Chinese traditional costume in the academic circle has remained at the "metaphysical" level, and the historical research based on the "structural mechanism" of costume is very limited. However, the costume structure likes the architectural structure, contains the creation ideas and functional considerations of the ancients, and the digital restoration of the structure is an indispensable part of the in-depth study, protection and inheritance of ancient Chinese traditional costume culture. This paper takes the Tibetan silk robe in the Qing Dynasty as an example, elaborating the structure restoration drawing technology step by step. In order to provide technical solutions for the comprehensive protection and inheritance of the Chinese traditional costume culture from the perspective of costume science.

Review on Herbal Monograph Preparation

For instance, the British, Indian, and Japanese pharmacopoeias are manuals for the manufacture of high-quality medications that are released by a governing body or a concerned organisation. The therapeutic compendium and flavouring aggregation, however, are superior monographs on plant medicine (description of preparation on single topic). A compendium of knowledge is a pharmacopoeial work. on active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or products (APP), including details on their solubility, impurity profiles, testing processes, and checks for contaminants. A book that discusses a botanical remedy and provides details essential for accurately recognising it may be referred to as a flavouring treatise. It provides the basic explanation, terminology, the amount used, and the ingredients, several application methods, contraindications, and an aspect. effects, medicine compatibility issues, dose, usage,, herb. For all individuals and organisations engaged in pharmaceutical analysis and development, manufacturing, and testing on a global scale, Aggregation is an essential resource. By developing standards of identity, purity, and analysis for botanicals as well as by reviewing both ancient and modern knowledge regarding their efficacy and safety, the flavouring association hopes to promote the responsible use of flavouring medicines with the highest possible degree of effectiveness and safety. The American Flavoring Association (AHP) and individuals from various nations (such as the United States Association, the European Association, the Association of the People's Republic of China, and the Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia) shall encourage the responsible use of flavouring the best feasible combination of safe and effective drugs, and to spread this knowledge. via means of monographs and other books. BP is currently used as a primary reference in more than 100 countries; the Yankee Flavoring Consortium (AHP) plans to offer 300 monographs on botanicals, including some of the Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Western herbs most frequently used in the USA; the Indian Flavoring Association (IHP) in its cover version covers 52 monographs on Indian meditative plants; and the African Flavoring Association (AHP) provides comprehensive and up to date botanic, commercial, and phytochemical information Many meditation plants employed in ancient Chinese culture have monographs in The People's Republic of China (PPRC, English ed. 2000). Some UN agency members don't have their own collection but instead adhere to one or more groups representing diverse states (e.g., in Australia, flavouring raw materials area unit needed to be attested to the relevant potential treatise within the British pharmacopoeia). The World Health Organization (WHO) has released 117 flavouring monographs since 1999 in four volumes, with the goal of promoting worldwide harmony in the internal management and use of flavouring medications as well as serving as templates for the creation of national formularies. in addition to a second volume (30 monographs, thirteen new and seventeen adopted from the present monographs). Each UN agency monograph contains a systematic description of facts regarding a small number of distinct medicinal plants or illicit substances on nineteen different themes, spanning from I Definition to (xvii) of different countries (e.g., in Australia, flavouring raw materials area unit needed to be attested to the relevant potential treatise within the British pharmacopoeia).Since 1999, 117 flavouring monographs have been released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in four volumes, along with 30 extra volumes that contain dosage forms, material medica, and references (xviii, xviii, xix). The flavouring aggregate consists of excellent and helpful botanical monographs. This comprehensive scientific reference list on the calibre, security, and efficacy of medicinal herbs is provided as a guide for flavouring discussions. The official compendia in the pharmacopoeia should not be considered to be a substitute for the UN agency monographs. Various plant parts, including as leaves, blossoms, fruit, seeds, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes, ergot, shrubs, and flowers, are utilised as raw materials in organised medicine publications. In contrast, monographs on non-organic medicine list items like juices, gums, fixed oils, essential oils, latex, resins, fish liver oils, musk, beeswax, specific hormones, enzymes, and antitoxins in fresh or dry states, as well as other substances and blister beetles that can be whole, fragmented, or small-grained..