Ancient Chinese Books Research Articles

Methods for Exploring Indeterminate Textuality in John Cage’s Practices of Bibliographic Encoding

The increasing ubiquity of algorithmically mediated digital texts continues to generate debate about the instability and indeterminacy of texts. The American composer John Cage is well known for disrupting traditional Western aesthetics by incorporating chance operations, algorithms, and indeterminacy into his musical compositions and literary texts. This article analyzes materials found in the pre-print archive of Cage’s printed book, M (published in 1973 by Wesleyan University Press), in order to understand how Cage brought his aesthetic of indeterminacy into print. Through analysis of archival materials, it is argued that Cage exercised control over the performance and reading of his texts, even as he ceded authorial control to the aleatory processes of the I Ching — the ancient Chinese book of divination — and to the arbitrary choices of the typesetter/printer. This article offers new understanding about algorithms and indeterminacy in the performance of bibliographic codes.
 

Woodblock Printing and Cultural Dissemination

Printing has played an unparalleled key role in the transmission of culture and the advancement of human civilization. The woodblock printing technology of China during the Sui and Tang periods ignited an innovation in book replication and dissemination, facilitating an enhancement in cultural production capacity and the transmission of culture. During the Song dynasty, advancements in printing technology, whether directly or indirectly, influenced global culture dissemination and the progress of civilization during its overseas transmission, marking a brilliant period in the history of ancient Chinese book publishing and distribution.

Formation of Cultural Heritage Through the Interaction Between Chinese and Arab Cultures from a Post-colonial Perspective: Taking Ma Jian as an Example

Abstract Ma Jian brought a major transformation that had not been experienced in the early period of Chinese-Arab relations, which not only benefited from his study in Egypt, but also originated from the wave of cultural revival in Egypt and other Arab countries in the “post-colonialism” era. Ma Jian was fruitful in his life. Two of his most prominent achievements are: first, he completed the translation of the Chinese version of the Koran. With traditional Chinese thoughts (Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism) as the root and classical Islamic thoughts as the guide, Ma Jian translated the Koran by integrating the identity characteristics of the Chinese nation with the spirit of Islam; second, he introduced Arabic into Chinese university education and compiled the first Arabic-Chinese dictionary. By establishing the Chinese-Arab cultural exchange base, Ma Jian effectively promoted the integration of the Chinese and Arab nations and multicultural exchanges and mutual learning and got rid of the “English hegemony”. At the same time, Ma Jian translated many ancient Chinese books into Arabic, which also laid the foundation for the establishment of “Sinology” in the Arab region.

A Review: Development of Plant Protection Methods and Advances in Pesticide Application Technology in Agro-Forestry Production

In this review, through reviewing the history of the struggle between human beings and plant diseases, insects and weeds, more specifically thoughts on plant protection in ancient Chinese agricultural books, the recognition of plant pests as a target and six types of plant protection methods and 36 subdivision measures are summarized. Then, we focus on the development overview of pesticide application technology and conduct a systematic review by combining the development timeline of pesticide application and key technologies including performance measurement and the simulation and modeling of pesticide-spraying systems. Finally, three suggestions for further research are proposed from the perspectives of human beings’ and environmental health, sustainable and eco-friendly application media and efficient application equipment systems in plant protection.

Textual research on Bungarus Parvus

Bungarus Parvus, a precious animal Chinese medicinal material used in clinical practice, is believed to be first recorded in Ying Pian Xin Can published in 1936. This study was carried out to analyze the names, geographical distribution, morphological characteristics, ecological habits, poisonousness, and medicinal parts by consulting ancient Chinese medical books and local chronicles, Chinese Pharmacopeia, different processing standards of trditional Chinese medicine(TCM) decoction pieces, and modern literatures. The results showed that the earliest medicinal record of Bungarus Parvus was traced to 1894. In 1930, this medicinal material was used in the formulation of Annao Pills. The original animal, Bungarus multicinctus, was recorded by the name of "Bojijia" in 1521. The morphological characteristics, ecological habits, and poisonousness of the original animal are the same in ancient and modern records. The geographical distribution is similar between the ancient records and modern documents such as China Medicinal Animal Fauna. The dried body of young B. multicinctus is used as Bungarus Parvus, which lack detailed references. As a matter of fact, it is still inconclusive whether there are differences between young snakes and adult snakes in terms of active ingredients, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications. This study clarified the medicinal history and present situation of Bungarus Parvus. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that systematic comparison on young and adult B. multicinctus should be carried out to provide references for revising the medicinal parts of B. multicinctus.

Study on the action mechanism of the Polygonum perfoliatum L. on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) belong to the category of “thoracic fullness”. Polygonum perfoliatum L. (PPL), a Chinese medicinal herb with the effect of treating thoracic fullness, was recorded in the ancient Chinese medicine book “Supplements to Compendium of Materia Medica”. It has been used since ancient times to treat NAFLD. However, the underlying mechanism and active components of PPL against NAFLD remains unclear. Aim of studyTo identify the main active components and the anti-NAFLD mechanism of PPL. Materials and methodsNetwork pharmacology, UPLC/QE-HFX analysis, and molecular docking were employed to determine the main bioactive compounds and key targets of PPL for the NAFLD treatment. This effect was further validated with administration of PPL (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) to NAFLD model mice for 5 weeks. Systemic signs of obesity, biochemical parameters, and histological changes were characterized. Immunohistochemistry, western blot, and PCR analysis were conducted to elucidate the mechanistic pathways through which PPL exerts its effects. ResultsNetwork pharmacology revealed 77 crossover genes between the PPL and NAFLD. The kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis show that PPL treat NAFLD mainly regulating glucose-lipid metabolism mediated by PI3K/AKT signal pathway. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis show that PPL treat NAFLD mainly regulating inflammation mediated by cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. In accordance with the anticipated outcomes, administration of PPL in a dose-dependent manner effectively mitigated insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Histopathological evaluation corroborated the hepatoprotective effects of PPL against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, as evidenced by the inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis and promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Further research showed that PPL blocked cytokine production by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, five flavonoids from PPL, including quercetin, baicalein, galangin, apigenin, and genistein were identified as key compounds based on ingredient-target-pathway network analysis. Molecular docking show that these active compounds have favorable binding interactions with AKT1, PIK3R1, and MAPK1, further confirming the impact of PPL on the PI3K/AKT pathway. ConclusionsThrough the combination of network pharmacology prediction and experimental validation, this work determined that therapeutic effect of PPL on NAFLD, and such protective effect is mediated by activating PI3K/AKT-mediated glucolipid metabolism pathway and hepatic NF-κB-mediated cytokine signaling pathway.

Interpretation of the anti-influenza active ingredients and potential mechanisms of Ge Gen Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationships and network analysis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGe Gen Decoction (GGD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that originated in the ancient Chinese medical book “Treatise on Febrile Diseases”. The prescription consists of 7 herbs: Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Ephedra sinica Stapf, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Zingiber officinale Rosc., and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. It can alleviate high fever and soreness in the neck and shoulders caused by exogenous wind chill and is widely used in both China and Japan. Currently, GGD is primarily utilized for treating flu and the common cold. GGD has been reported to show significant anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, the active ingredients responsible for its anti-influenza properties have not been elucidated, and the mechanisms underlying its anti-influenza effects require further research. Aim of the studyThis study aims to investigate the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of GGD in treating influenza. Materials and methodsHPLC chromatograms were established for GGD water and different polar extracts. The effect of different GGD extracts on pulmonary virus titers and TNFα expression was assessed through RT-PCR analysis. Spectrum-effect relationships between chromatographic peaks of GGD and its virus inhibition rate and TNFα inhibition rate were investigated using partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS was utilized to identify the constituents absorbed into the blood after oral administration of GGD. Network analysis of the absorbed forms of active ingredients was conducted to predict the potential mechanisms of GGD. Subsequently, total SOD activity, CAT and HO-1 expression and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were then analyzed. Finally, the impact of interfering with HO-1 expression on the anti-IAV activity of GGD was examined. ResultsThe study identified 11 anti-influenza active ingredients in GGD, which are daidzein, ononin, genistin, daidzin, 3′-methoxypuerarin, puerarin, pseudoephedrine, paeoniflorin, pormononetin-7-xylosyl-glucoside, penistein-7-O-apiosyl-glucoside, and ephedrine. Network analysis revealed various biological activities of GGD, including responses to ROS and oxidative stress. GGD also involves multiple antiviral pathways, such as hepatitis B, IAV, and Toll-like receptor pathways. Experimental assays demonstrated that GGD possesses independent antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, GGD inhibits the increase in intracellular ROS induced by IAV. In vivo, it reduces MDA levels and increases total pulmonary SOD activity. Applying siRNA and flow cytometry analysis revealed that GGD alleviates IAV-induced oxidative burst by promoting the expression of HO-1 and CAT. Western blot analysis revealed that GGD effectively promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation and enhances Nrf2 expression. Furthermore, this study found that the enhancement of HO-1 expression by GGD contributed to its anti-IAV activity. ConclusionsThe study identified the active ingredients of GGD against influenza and demonstrated the beneficial role of GGD's antioxidant activity in treating flu. The antioxidant activity of GGD is associated with the promotion of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, HO-1, and CAT. Overall, this study provides evidence supporting the use of GGD as an adjunctive or complementary therapy for influenza.

Using Ontology to Organize Chinese Ancient Books in the Digital Age

ABSTRACTThe digitization, curation, and utilization of Chinese ancient books are crucial to the digital humanities. Despite progress in these areas, issues with data interoperability, data sharing, and data linkage persist due to a lack of standardized annotated ancient corpus and a general description framework for ancient books. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an ontology‐based description framework that integrates catalogs of Chinese ancient books from various institutions, creating a standardized, interpretable, and researchable knowledge base. The framework combines general standards with unique ancient book characteristics, revealing complex relationships between books and books, books and people, and books and times, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the knowledge contained within ancient books. Additionally, this paper applied the framework to The National Rare Ancient Book Directory, a catalog containing 13,026 books from over 400 institutes, to develop an interactive system. The system is available at https://rarebib.pkudh.org/. Our results demonstrate that the framework standardizes data and provides a sophisticated and nuanced understanding of the knowledge within ancient books. This has noteworthy implications for individuals engaged in research, scholarship, and reading in the digital age.

Study on the Difference of Protective Efficacy and Mechanism of Radix Aconiti Coreani and Rhizoma Typhonii in Gerbils with Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is a common type of stroke, but effective treatment methods are still imperfect and new effective therapies need to be explored. Radix Aconiti Coreani and Rhizoma Typhonii used as Baifuzi in the treatment of stroke or symptoms associated with stroke have been recorded in ancient Chinese books and are widely used. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that both of them have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Radix Aconiti Coreani and Rhizoma Typhonii have therapeutical effects on gerbils with ischemic stroke, to investigate their potential mechanisms of action, and to provide a reference for rational clinical application by comparing the differences between them. In this manuscript, the right unilateral ligation of the carotid artery of gerbils was used to cause an ischemic stroke model. The neurological deficits of gerbils in each group were scored by Longa scale. The area of cerebral infarction was detected by 2,3,5-tribenzotetrazolchloride staining. The levels of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress indexes, and vascular endothelial function indexes in brain homogenate and serum were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of P-Akt PI3K, HO-1, and KEAP1 proteins in brain tissue were determined by Western blot. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the recovery of neuronal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of the gerbil brain tissue and the expression of proteins related to PI3K/Akt and KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in neuronal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. It was found that Radix Aconiti Coreani and Rhizoma Typhonii could improve neurological deficits and reduce cerebral infarction rate in gerbils. The results showed that Radix Aconiti Coreani and Rhizoma Typhonii could significantly decrease the expression of inflammatory factors, increase the expression of antioxidative stress indexes and vascular endothelial function factors, activate the PI3K/Akt, KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, reduce the inflammatory response, inhibit the oxidative stress, enhance the vascular endothelial cell function, and thus protect against ischemic brain injury. From the experimental results, both Radix Aconiti Coreani and Rhizoma Typhonii had neuroprotective effects on ischemic brain injury. Compared with Rhizoma Typhonii, the effects of Radix Aconiti Coreani on anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress were more significant, while Rhizoma Typhonii had showed more significant effects in promoting angiogenesis after ischemic stroke by increasing the level of NO.

Anticancer activity and mechanisms of action of Taisui fermentation broth in human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells in vitro and in vivo

Taisui, an unclassified biological object, is considered as a functional food with rich medicinal value in ancient Chinese books. However, there are few studies on Taisui, particularly on its anticancer activity and underlying mechanisms. Herein, we evaluated the anticancer potential of Taisui fermentation broth using HCT116 cells and nude mice xenografts in vitro and in vivo. Taisui fermentation broth inhibited HCT116 cells proliferation by inducing S-phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy, by regulating related proteins. Taisui fermentation broth-induced HCT116 cells death was reversed by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy inhibition suppressed Taisui fermentation broth-induced apoptosis, whereas apoptosis inhibition attenuated Taisui fermentation broth-induced autophagy. Taisui fermentation broth induced apoptosis and autophagy by regulating reactive oxygen species-mediated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/p38 signaling in HCT116 cells. Additionally, Taisui fermentation broth inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Taisui fermentation broth may be a promising anticancer agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

An Exploratory Data Analysis of Mazu Culture Research Based on Diaolong—Full-Text Database of Ancient Chinese and Japanese Books

An Exploratory Data Analysis of Mazu Culture Research Based on Diaolong—Full-Text Database of Ancient Chinese and Japanese Books

Analysis of aesthetic value of ancient books in Song dynasty——Board design and font illustration system based on Song Dynasty books

The cultural industry and commodity economy of the Song Dynasty in China were very developed, which gave rise to a very complete book publishing industry. In addition to having high cultural value, the aesthetic value of books in the Song Dynasty cannot be ignored. The books of the Song Dynasty, as a model of ancient Chinese books, had very beautiful board designs and font illustrations, which had a huge impact on the design of later books. Therefore, analyzing the book design system based on the Song Dynasty can fully explore its aesthetic value, which is of great significance for the study of art history and modern book design.

ETCM v2.0: An update with comprehensive resource and rich annotations for traditional Chinese medicine.

Existing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-related databases are still insufficient in data standardization, integrity and precision, and need to be updated urgently. Herein, an Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine version 2.0 (ETCM v2.0, http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM2/front/#/) was constructed as the latest curated database hosting 48,442 TCM formulas recorded by ancient Chinese medical books, 9872 Chinese patent drugs, 2079 Chinese medicinal materials and 38,298 ingredients. To facilitate the mechanistic research and new drug discovery, we improved the target identification method based on a two-dimensional ligand similarity search module, which provides the confirmed and/or potential targets of each ingredient, as well as their binding activities. Importantly, five TCM formulas/Chinese patent drugs/herbs/ingredients with the highest Jaccard similarity scores to the submitted drugs are offered in ETCM v2.0, which may be of significance to identify prescriptions/herbs/ingredients with similar clinical efficacy, to summarize the rules of prescription use, and to find alternative drugs for endangered Chinese medicinal materials. Moreover, ETCM v2.0 provides an enhanced JavaScript-based network visualization tool for creating, modifying and exploring multi-scale biological networks. ETCM v2.0 may be a major data warehouse for the quality marker identification of TCMs, the TCM-derived drug discovery and repurposing, and the pharmacological mechanism investigation of TCMs against various human diseases.

A Comparative Study on the English Translation of the Book of Songs

The Chinese nation has a history of 5000 years. In such a long history, we have constantly developed and created many splendid cultures. Ancient Chinese classics can be said to be the crystallization of all the people of our nation, but also the precious wealth left by ancient ancestors for us. Poetry is a classic of Chinese traditional literature, so the Book of Songs, as the earliest collection of poetry in China, naturally has an irreplaceable position. Civilization is developing, history is moving forward, and the world is gradually becoming connected with each other. As early as the first half of the fifth century, the Book of Songs was introduced to Japan, then to Western Europe, and then to the United States. The Book of Songs was gradually accepted by more and more people, and was translated into many translations. There are many different English versions of the Book of Songs abroad. The two versions selected here are the earliest complete versions of the Book of Songs at home and abroad, which respectively are Book of Poetry translated by Xu Yuanchong and The She King translated by James Legge. Of course, everyone’s translation purposes are different, not to mention people from two different countries, their translation purposes must be different. In the contemporary situation, understanding the different translation purposes of foreign translators for Chinese ancient books and conducting a comparative study of ancient books are conducive to promoting the dissemination of Chinese ancient books and the development of our culture.

Wei-Tong-Xin ameliorated cisplatin-induced mitophagy and apoptosis in gastric antral mucosa by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Wei-Tong-Xin (WTX) originated from the famous ancient Chinese formula "Wan Ying Yuan", recorded in the ancient Chinese medicine book "Zhong Zang Jing" by Hua Tuo. As "Jun" drugs, Dahuang and Muxiang have the effects of clearing heat and expelling fire, reducing food retention, regulating Qi and relieving pain. As "Chen" drug, Qianniuzi has the effect of assisting "Jun" drugs. Zhuyazao and Gancao, as "Zuo-Shi" drugs, can reduce toxicity and modulate the medicinal properties of other herbs. The present study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of WTX on the oxidative stress of gastric antrum mucosa in mice with cisplatin (CIS)-induced dyspepsia. AND. A variety of experimental methods, including western blot, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were performed in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, WTX restored the number and function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), accompanied by the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, WTX inhibited the activation of Parkin-dependent mitophagy and apoptosis. In vitro, WTX activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway and inactivated mitophagy in GES-1cells. To explore the role of Nrf2 in WTX's improvement of CIS-induced cell damage, Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 was used in cell experiments. We found that ML385 counteracted the regulation of WTX on mitophagy and apoptosis. Finally, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, was applied in our experiments, and the results suggested that WTX suppressed the CIS-induced apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. The above results, for the first time, indicated that WTX inhibited mitophagy and apoptosis of gastric antral mucosal cells induced by CIS through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Garcinia oligantha: A comprehensive overview of ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

Garcinia oligantha Merr. is an ethnomedicine plant mainly distributed in Guangdong and Hainan, China. It has the effects of heat-clearing and detoxicating, which has been used by local ethnic minorities to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammation, internal heat, toothache and scald. This review summarizes and discusses the progress of the chemical compounds and biological activities of G. oligantha that have been studied in recent years to provide the direction for the prospective research and applications of G. oligantha. The relevant literature about G. oligantha was accessible from ancient Chinese medical books and records, theses, as well as major scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Baidu Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). To date, more than 150 chemical compounds were isolated from this plant, including xanthones, volatile oil, fatty acid, benzofurane derivative and biphenyl compounds. Xanthones are the main bioactive compounds that exhibit diverse biological effects, such as antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, neuroprotective, antimalarial and antibacterial effects, which are consistent with its traditional uses as a folk medicine. Modern pharmacological studies show that these compounds participate in a variety of signaling pathways underlying different pathophysiologies, making them a valuable medicinal resource. G. oligantha is an ethnomedicine with a long history. However, due to regional and cultural constraints, the popularisation and use of ethnomedicine are still limited. Modern pharmacological and chemical research suggest that G. oligantha contains a variety of bioactive compounds and showed diverse biological functions, which is worthy of comprehensive and in-depth research. This review summarizes and discusses the recent progress in studies on G. oligantha, looking forward to promote further research and sustainable development of folk medicinal plants.

The Technique of “Book Beating” in Traditional Chinese Book Conservation

Abstract Historic books are important vehicles for understanding the evolution of human civilisation. To preserve these precious historical materials, unremitting research and exploration has been carried out for thousands of years. The introduction of new concepts and technologies has led conservators to uphold different perspectives on traditional techniques and skills. “Book beating” (chuishu 捶书) is a very special, necessary step in the traditional conservation of ancient Chinese books. However, there is a lack of consensus about how the beating technique affects the structure and long-term stability of paper. In this article, we briefly introduce the origins and basic steps of book beating as well as the precautions required, taking into account the perspectives of conservators on book beating. We then discuss the similarities and differences between book beating and “beat paper”. Analysing a number of characteristics such as the beating strength, paper thickness, and tensile strength of the paper with or without the beating we will explore the pros and cons of book beating. Finally, we put forward some ideas for future research to provide theoretical guidance and support for the conservation of ancient books.

EA-GAN: restoration of text in ancient Chinese books based on an example attention generative adversarial network

Ancient Chinese books are of great significance to historical research and cultural inheritance. Unfortunately, many of these books have been damaged and corroded in the process of long-term transmission. The restoration by digital preservation of ancient books is a new method of conservation. Traditional character restoration methods ensure the visual consistency of character images through character features and the pixels around the damaged area. However, reconstructing characters often causes errors, especially when there is large damage in critical locations. Inspired by human’s imitation writing behavior, a two-branch structure character restoration network EA-GAN (Example Attention Generative Adversarial Network) is proposed, which is based on a generative adversarial network and fuses reference examples. By referring to the features of the example character, the damaged character can be restored accurately even when the damaged area is large. EA-GAN first uses two branches to extract the features of the damaged and example characters. Then, the damaged character is restored according to neighborhood information and features of the example character in different scales during the up-sampling stage. To solve problems when the example and damaged character features are not aligned and the convolution receptive field is too small, an Example Attention block is proposed to assist in restoration. Qualitative and quantitative analysis experiments are carried out on a self-built dataset MSACCSD and real scene pictures. Compared with current inpainting networks, EA-GAN can get the correct text structure through the guidance of the additional example in the Example Attention block. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity (SSIM) value increased by 9.82% and 1.82% respectively. The learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) value calculated by Visual Geometry Group (VGG) network and AlexNet decreased by 35.04% and 16.36% respectively. Our method obtained better results than the current inpainting methods. It also has a good restoration effect in the face of untrained characters, which is helpful for the digital preservation of ancient Chinese books.

〈아지발도(阿只拔都)=이쿠라노미야(伊倉宮)〉 설의 재검토 －군사학 및 역사지리학적 고찰을 중심으로－

In the year 1380, Agibaldo appeared at the mouth of Geom river on the Korean Peninsula, with 500 ships. They met with Lee sung-gye’s troops and fought them. This battle is referred to as the Battle of Hwangsan.BR In my thesis, I asserted that the identity of the Waegoo lay with the people living in coastal areas in Takagi of Nagasaki-ken and Amakusa of Kumamoto-ken, under the influence of the Southern Dynasties of the Period of the North and South Dynasties. As an extension of this argument, I studied the Battle of Hwangsan militarily and historical-geographically. BR The tactic employed by Agibaldo at the Battle of Hwangsan was the “Jowoon jin”, which derived from the ancient Chinese military code book, 『六韜』. The Kikuchi clan had their own defensive tactics-the “Doho jin”. The latter was very similar to “Jowoon jin”, and was unique to other armed forces during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.BR The tactics of Doho jin and Jowoon jin utilized at the Battle of Hwangsan were very similar in terrms of the terrain conditions of the camp, place of operation, time of the battle, and method of attack used against the enemy. Furthermore, the area around Waihu Castle, the home of the Kikuchi clan, also had a geographical location which was deemed perfect according to the Doho jin tactic.

15 Years of Implementation of the Chinese Ancient Books Preservation Plan (2007-2022)

The article discusses the main directions, results and problems of preserving Chinese ancient books over the past 15 years, starting from 2007, when the first nationwide comprehensive Chinese Ancient Books Preservation Plan came into force. This plan has been implemented over three Five-Year Plan periods — the 11th (2006-2010), the 12th (2011-2015) and the 13th (2016-2020) — in the following areas: search and registration, restoration and storage, digitalization, editing, personnel education, promotion, and Guidelines on Promoting Ancient Books in a New Era were released in 2022. At present, search and registration of ancient books in Chinese has been basically completed: the whole volume of extant Chinese textual culture is about 500 thousand books, with the total number of individual books approaching 3 million in 30 million volumes. Along with the general results in the main areas, the article highlights the activity of individual large institutions (National Library of China, Zhonghua Book Company, Fudan University Library, etc.), expert assessments (Zhang Zhiqing, Deputy Director of the National Library of China, Gu Qing, editor-in-chief of Zhonghua Book Company and others), as well as the personal experience of modern users and participants of textual culture. Particular attention is paid to the current state of digitalization, and to the largest and most representative databases of ancient books (Database of Chinese Classic Ancient Books of NLC, Chinese Classic Ancient Books Database published by Zhonghua Book Company, Airusheng platform, Diaolong database, etc.).