Anchor Effect Research Articles

The application and influence of anchoring effect

Anchoring effect is a judgment bias phenomenon. When people need to make a quantitative estimate of an event, they will take some specific values as the starting value, which restricts the estimated value like an anchor. When making a decision, you unconsciously give too much weight to the initial information. In different fields, there will be uncertain negative effects on the trigger of anchoring effect, such as the effect of consumers and judges, and then the consequences are completely different. From this, we can understand the types of various anchoring and more detailed differences. The relevant research provides some inspiration for people to avoid or minimize the anchoring bias in decision making.

Study on the Supporting Effect of Bamboo anchor and wood Frame Beam Reinforcing Cohesive Soil Slope

Study on the Supporting Effect of Bamboo anchor and wood Frame Beam Reinforcing Cohesive Soil Slope

Anchoring: The Underestimated Manipulation of Decisions

“Anchoring” is a tactic used to manipulate negotiation outcomes. It exploits the fact that people base their estimates of unknown quantities on initial values. If they are given these initial values, their estimations are influened by them. We will address whether there is a rational justification for people to be manipulated by anchoring. We will also look at how to recognize in a negotiation situation whether the anchor effect is being used against you, how to use the anchor effect to your benefit, or at least how to defuse it if it is being used against you.

Retracted: Clinical Effect of Suture Anchor and Double-Pulley Technique in the Treatment of Inferior Patellar Fracture.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/4964195.].

Overall pull-out behavior of group anchored steel strands with 90-degree hooked type

The Precast Prestressed Assembled Structural (PPAS) system is a novel prefabricated structure system, which mainly adopts the group anchor technology for 90-degree hooked steel strands in the connection of beam-column members. For this connection, however, the anchorage performance of the group anchored steel strands with 90-degree hooked type has not been fully understood. For this reason, the overall pull-out tests on the 12 test specimens of group anchored 90-degree hooked steel strands were carried out by adopting the overall pull-out test device. The test results indicated that with the increase of the layout quantity of the steel strands in the concrete column from one row of one column (1 steel strand) to three rows of four columns (12 steel strands), the anchorage capacity, anchorage stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the group anchor specimens were significantly improved, but its anchoring efficiency presents a three-stage change rule of slow attenuation (0.065) - gentle attenuation (0.025) - fast attenuation (0.105). The variation of the anchorage depth of the steel strands in the concrete column has more pronounced effects on the failure mode and pull-out load-overall slip response, indirectly affecting its ultimate anchorage capacity, overall slip, anchorage stiffness, and anchoring efficiency, but hardly affecting its energy dissipation capacity. Additionally, the anchoring efficiency is strongly related to the failure mode of the test specimens. For the failure mode of the steel strand fracture, the anchoring efficiency is always not less than 0.85, which is significantly higher than that of the overall pulling out of the steel strands, always between 0.70 and 0.80. • The overall pull-out tests on the group anchored 90-degree hooked steel strands were successfully carried out. • The multiple 90-degree hooked steel strands with smaller anchorage lengths tended to be overall pulled out. • Increasing the layout quantity of steel strands in the concrete column can effectively improve the anchoring capacity. • Group anchored 90-degree hooked steel strands exhibited higher anchoring efficiency. • The influence of the group anchor effect on its anchorage performance cannot be negligible.

Anchoring Effect in Capital Market

Anchoring effect refers to a bias phenomenon in which an individual's decision-making in an uncertain situation is influenced by the initial irrelevant information (anchor), which biases subsequent judgment decisions to this information (anchor). As one of the most robust cognitive biases, the anchoring effect is pervasive in people's decision-making process. This paper systematically reviews and sorts out the domestic and foreign research literature on the impact of anchoring effect in the field of economic management, and summarizes the application of anchoring effect in domestic and foreign financial markets, in order to inspire future research.

A New Technique of Lattice Beam Construction with Pre-Anchoring for Strengthening Cut Slope: A Numerical Analysis of Temporary Stability during Excavation

In consideration of the temporary stability of the cutting slope during construction and its permanent stability under long-term service, a new technique of lattice beam construction with anchors pre-set in the slope from the original ground surface before cutting was proposed, and its construction process was briefly introduced. Compared with the model without pre-set anchors, the effectiveness of pre-setting anchors to strengthen the cutting slope during multi-excavation was verified in the numerical software FLAC3D. Various factors such as the factor of safety (FOS) and the maximum shear strain increment (MSSI) as well as the displacement for different stages were discussed. The results show that the anchors pre-set in the slope provide reinforcement step-by-step with excavations which changes the mechanical responses of the cutting slope and increases the factor of safety with a variation of 15.9–44.1% compared to the case without setting anchors. In addition, with excavations, the axial forces of the anchors pre-set in the stratum increase gradually, and the positions of the maximum axial forces gradually transfer from the vicinity of the cutting surface to the depth of the design slope. Numerical simulations prove that this new technique is beneficial for ensuring the temporary stability of the slope during excavations and is especially suitable for the advance anchorage of the cutting slope, in which the inclined original ground surface is cut at an angle steeper than it can stand safely and is close to the design slope surface after cutting. After the completion of slope excavation, the cast-in-place concrete lattice beam is immediately set on the design slope surface and connected with the anchor heads exposed on the cut slope surface to ensure the permanent stability of the slope. Therefore, this new technology has important guiding significance for both the temporary stability of slopes during construction and the permanent stability of slopes in service.

Design and fabrication of micro and nano surface structures for enhancing metal–polymer adhesion using femtosecond laser treatment

This study investigated the effects of micro- and nanostructures on the adhesion strength between copper and an encapsulating mold compound (EMC). The shape of the microgrooves was designed based on fracture mechanics theory, and the effect of laser-induced periodic structure surface (LIPSS) formation on the microgroove was investigated using numerical simulations. The designed surface profiles were fabricated using femtosecond laser treatments, and the adhesion strength between copper and the EMC was evaluated. The results show that deep microgrooves improved the adhesion strength owing to the anchor effect. However, the aspect ratio between the pitch and depth of the microgroove had a limitation in enhancing the adhesion strength. The formation of LIPSSs on the mountaintop of the microgroove was very effective; however, an LIPSS on the valley of the microgroove was ineffective. Numerical analyses revealed that LIPSSs suppressed the shear deformation of the EMC and worked as resistance to interface delamination. Based on the findings obtained in this study, combining micro- and nano-scale surface structure formation with femtosecond laser treatments is an effective and eco-friendly method for improving adhesion strength.

Irrational Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making

The goal of the research questions is analysing empirically if there is any irrational behaviour in decision-making and if human behaviour is not always rational using not consistent logic in problem solving or decision-making. The researcher will analysis the behaviour of the investor during bearish and bullish market to find behaviour inconsistency, that according to the researcher, could be due to the asymmetric anchor effect, asymmetric herd behaviour, asymmetric disposition effect and asymmetric, loss aversion, recency bias, frame bias. Keywords: herd behaviour, decision making, disposition effect, asymmetric behaviour, anchor bias, disposition effect, level-K strategy, recency bias, loss aversion, prospect theory, disposition effect, recency bias, frame bias,irrational behaviour or inconsistent logic in decision making and problem solving.

Effectiveness of Fan Anchors in Preventing Debonding in FRP-Strengthened Steel Members

Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) are extensively employed to strengthen existing structures because of their several advantages over other strengthening techniques. On the other hand, the premature debonding of FRP reduces its effectiveness in strengthening steel structures. Anchoring FRP composites is an effective solution to delay or even prevent their debonding. Very limited anchorage methods, however, have been introduced for FRP-strengthened steel structures and the need for an effective anchorage system remains. Fan anchor has been validated as one of the remedies against debonding failure in FRP-strengthened concrete structures. Considering the advantages that fan anchors offer, the use of fan anchors for FRP-strengthened steel structures is proposed and evaluated in this paper. Since FRP-steel joints have a different bond-slip law than FRP-concrete joints and the strengthened steel members are prone to buckling-debonding interactions, this study focuses on the efficiency of fan anchors in delaying FRP debonding by assuming that an adequate mechanical connection between the dowel and the steel substrate is provided. Three experimental studies involving shear, flexural and buckling strengthening of steel components were simulated through finite element modelling, and fan anchors were added to the models after validation. The effect of fan anchors on strength, failure mode and FRP's strain distribution of the models was examined. The study showed that the fan anchor was successfully able to delay debonding mode, which increased the strength and ductility and exploited a higher strain capacity of FRP plates.

Improved Adhesion of Copper Seed Layer Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Light for Direct High-Speed Sputtering

The dry process is progressing in the manufacturing process of semiconductor packages. The semi-additive process for forming the rewiring layer is required to be finer and more reliable than ever. The interface between the insulating resin and the copper wiring is being smoothed in order to reduce transmission loss during high-frequency communication. The conventional electroless plating method using the anchor effect is disadvantageous for smoothing. Therefore, a sputtering method is used to form the seed layer. In general, copper spatter has weak adhesion to resin, so titanium spatter is combined to increase the adhesion strength. However, etching in the lithography process requires two types of processes, titanium and copper.We investigated the improvement of copper sputtering adhesion to glass epoxy resin by a high-speed sputtering device. Adhesion strength was improved by performing plasma treatment and vacuum ultraviolet treatment as pretreatment for high-speed sputtering. Surface modification was analyzed and evaluated by XPS. We report on the process and evaluation method that contribute to the dryness of the packaging process.

Large Scale Model Test Study of Foundation Pit Supported by Pile Anchors

Due to the special time–space and environmental effects of the foundation pit, there are many unstable factors in the construction process of the field test. The indoor model test can avoid many uncertainties in the construction process due to its operability, which can reduce the interference with the test results and improve the accuracy of the test. In order to further discuss the force-bearing characteristics and deformation laws of loess pits’ support structure in Northwest China, a large model test of foundation pit supported by a pile anchor with a geometric similarity ratio of 1:10 was designed and completed. The force and deformation characteristics of the support structure were systematically studied by simulating the conditions of additional load at the pit edge, soil layered excavated, and anchors tensioned. The test results show that: for the pile-anchor support structure, the anchors have significant limiting effects on the displacement of the piles. Especially, when the position of the first row of anchors is closer to the pile top, the displacement of the pile is smaller. The stress state of the piles was changed by the prestressed anchor. The passive stress state of piles is changed from one side of tension and the other side of compression to the active stress state of “S” shape, which makes the distribution of the bending moment of piles more reasonable. The measured earth pressure in the process of soil unloading has a nonlinear distribution, which is different from the classical Rankine earth pressure distribution; specifically, the passive earth pressure in front of the pile is more obvious. In addition, the prestress applied to the anchors has a more significant effect on the internal forces of the other anchors. Compared with sequential tensioning, the prestress loss caused by interval hole tensioning is significantly reduced. The greater the number of spaced holes, the smaller the prestress loss and the better the anchoring effect of the anchor. The results of the study can provide reference for similar model tests, and also for related engineering applications.

Do you still trust me? An experimental study on the effect of uncertainty, complexity and anchors in a trust game

AbstractThe current study tests experimentally whether people's propensity to trust is biased by uncertainty, complexity, and the presence of numerical anchors in their personal monetary funds. Two hundred and fifty‐eight undergraduate Israeli students were randomly assigned to five groups that differed by the type of endowment they received. Participants were asked to indicate how much money they wanted to send to their counterpart, allocated from an endowment with an amount of money that was certain or derived from a more complex lottery whose outcomes were varying, and hence, uncertain. The results indicate that trust is strongly affected by the presence of low numerical anchors but not by the uncertainty and complexity of the endowment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the effect of uncertainty, complexity, and the presence of numerical anchors together on the trustor's behavior in the Trust Game.

Anchorage performance of group anchored 1860-grade high-strength steel strands for beam-column connection

• An overall pull-out test device for group anchored steel strands is developed. • The influence law of the layout quantity of steel strands on the pull-out load and average bond stress is analyzed. • The influence law of the embedment length of steel strands on the pull-out load and average bond stress is investigated. • The calculation formula for the critical anchorage length of the group anchored steel strands embedded in the concrete column is also proposed. • The difference of stress development of steel strands at different positions in group anchor specimens is revealed. To determine the rational anchorage form of group anchored 1860-grade high-strength steel strands adopted in the beam-column connection of the Precast Prestressed Assembled Structural (PPAS) system frame, the overall pull-out test was carried out to investigate the influence of the anchorage type, embedment length and arrangement form (layout quantity) of steel strands on the overall pull-out behavior of group anchored steel strands. Test results indicated that the influence of the interaction of multiple steel strands in concrete columns (i.e., group anchor effect) on the anchorage performance should be taken into consideration. The layout quantity and embedment length of the steel strands have a significant influence on the anchorage performance of group anchored steel strands, such as the overall slip, ultimate anchorage capacity, and average bond stress at each characteristic point, but the influencing law is different obviously. In addition, a calculation formula for critical anchorage length of the group anchored steel strands embedded in the concrete column was also proposed, and relevant design suggestions for anchorage length were recommended for various arrangement forms of steel strands. The bond properties of the steel strands in concrete columns vary with their positions in group anchor specimens, which indirectly affects the anchorage performance of the group anchored steel strands, but its influence degree is strongly related to the stress development level of steel strands at that position.

Effect of PEG anchor in PEGylation of folate-modified cationic liposomes with PEG-derivatives on systemic siRNA delivery into the Tumor

In this study, we prepared small interfering RNA (siRNA)/cationic liposome complexes (lipoplexes) modified with folate (FA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 2000, 3400 or 5000)-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) to facilitate their uptake into tumor cells via folate receptor (FR), and with PEG1600-cholesterol (PEG1600-Chol) or PEG2000-chondroitin sulfate conjugate (PEG2000-CS), to enhance their systemic stability. Among the FA-PEG-modified siRNA lipoplexes, 0.5 mol% FA-PEG5000-DSPE-modified lipoplexes with 2.5 mol% PEG2000-CS or PEG1600-Chol (LP-0.5F5/2.5P2-CS and LP-0.5F5/2.5P1.6-CL, respectively) exhibited selective growth inhibition of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma KB cells through transduction with polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) siRNA. Furthermore, the LP-0.5F5/2.5P2-CS and LP-0.5F5/2.5P1.6-CL lipoplexes exhibited decreased agglutination with erythrocytes through PEGylation, and markedly decreased the accumulation of siRNA in murine lungs after systemic injection. Finally, systemic injection of LP-0.5F5/2.5P2-CS and LP-0.5F5/2.5P1.6-CL lipoplexes resulted in accumulation of siRNA in KB tumor xenografts. These findings suggest that PEGylation of FA-PEG5000-DSPE-modified siRNA lipoplexes with PEG2000-CS or PEG1600-Chol might improve their systemic stability without the loss of selective transfection activity in tumor cells.

An Experimental Study of the Effect of the Anchor of the Option's Underlying Asset on Investors’ Pricing Decisions

The current study tests experimentally whether decision makers' options pricing is biased by the magnitude of the option's underlying asset outcomes in what is called an anchor effect. We recruited 1,023 participants through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform (MTurk) and assigned them randomly to eight groups that differed by type of asset and pricing position (buy or sell). Participants were asked to price a lottery, meaning, the option, whose outcomes are derived from an underlying lottery with a high, low or non-numerical possible outcome. The results indicate that the underlying asset's magnitude (low or high) creates an anchor that affects the option’s pricing. However, the option's pricing is not affected by framing it as a derivative lottery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examines whether the underlying asset creates an anchor that affects an option’s pricing.

Pullout capacity of circular multi-plate vertical anchors in sand – An experimental study

A multi-plate vertical anchor is a structural member designed to resist the horizontal pullout forces to provide stability to retaining structures inland and onshore. The tensile load of a structure is resisted by the multi-plate anchors using a number of plates connected axially along the central shaft. For a given embedment depth and placement ratio considered, the multi-plate vertical anchors generate higher pullout capacity than the single-plate vertical anchors. This paper presents a detailed experimental study to estimate the ultimate pullout capacity of circular multi-plate vertical anchors embedded in the sand. The plate anchors are placed at varying horizontal distances from the sidewall of the test tank. The pullout capacity of the single-plate vertical anchors was compared with the existing studies. The dimensionless breakout factors show that the multi-plate anchor can efficiently replace the existing single-plate anchors. The paper briefly discusses the scale effect, the effect of spacing, and the effect of anchors' placement ratio on pullout capacity. Results show an increase in pullout capacity of double-plate and triple-plate vertical anchors with an increase in embedment ratio and placement ratio. The results also show an increase in the breakout factor of multi-plate anchors with increased spacing between the plates.

Effects of explanations and precise anchors on salary offers

ABSTRACT Two studies were conducted which examined explanations and precise anchors on counteroffers and perceptions in a salary negotiation. Study 1 found that precise offers reduced counteroffers compared to round offers, but explanations focused on internal equity concerns or external equity concerns had no effect on counteroffers. Study 2 also found that precise offers reduced counteroffers compared to round offers. Explanations, which were manipulated to focus on constraint or disparagement rationales, failed to affect counteroffers, but a constraint explanation led to higher attributions of competence compared to a disparagement explanation or no explanation. These results suggest that precise offers are an effective tactic for reducing counteroffers and that explanations are relatively unimportant. Further research is needed to determine under what conditions an explanation may improve or harm negotiation outcomes.

Robust metallic micropatterns fabricated on quartz glass surfaces by femtosecond laser-induced selective metallization.

Quartz glass has a wide range of application and commercial value due to its high light transmittance and stable chemical and physical properties. However, due to the difference in the characteristics of the material itself, the adhesion between the metal micropattern and the glass material is limited. This is one of the main things that affect the application of glass surface metallization in the industry. In this paper, micropatterns on the surface of quartz glass are fabricated by a femtosecond laser-induced backside dry etching (fs-LIBDE) method to generate the layered composite structure and the simultaneous seed layer in a single-step. This is achieved by using fs-LIBDE technology with metal base materials (Stainless steel, Al, Cu, Zr-based amorphous alloys, and W) with different ablation thresholds, where atomically dispersed high threshold non-precious metals ions are gathered across the microgrooves. On account of the strong anchor effect caused by the layered composite structures and the solid catalytic effect that is down to the seed layer, copper micropatterns with high bonding strength and high quality, can be directly prepared in these areas through a chemical plating process. After 20-min of sonication in water, no peeling is observed under repeated 3M scotch tape tests and the surface was polished with sandpapers. The prepared copper micropatterns are 18 µm wide and have a resistivity of 1.96 µΩ·cm (1.67 µΩ·cm for pure copper). These copper micropatterns with low resistivity has been proven to be used for the glass heating device and the transparent atomizing device, which could be potential options for various microsystems.

Controlling the Movability and Excimer Formation of Functional Organic Molecules

Abstract An excimer is an excited dimer complex made of two π-conjugated fluorophore molecules such that one is in the ground, and the other in the excited state. In the solid state, the intensity of the excimer emission, which is mainly caused by the formation of the excited dimer, heavily depends on the movability of the excited π-conjugated molecule. In this study, we report that organic salts composed of disulfonic acid with a common π-conjugated molecule, 2,2′-bithiophene (BT), can act as functional excimer moieties, while linear alkylamines may be used as arrangement-controlling moieties. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of the excimer emission can be drastically changed by fixing the BT moiety, which can be achieved via the interaction of the alkyl groups (i.e., the anchor effect). The experimental relationship between the movability of the π-conjugated molecule and the intensity of the excimer emission was revealed without changing the structure and arrangement of the functional organic molecules in the solid state.