Anchor Effect Research Articles

Robust metallic micropatterns fabricated on quartz glass surfaces by femtosecond laser-induced selective metallization.

Quartz glass has a wide range of application and commercial value due to its high light transmittance and stable chemical and physical properties. However, due to the difference in the characteristics of the material itself, the adhesion between the metal micropattern and the glass material is limited. This is one of the main things that affect the application of glass surface metallization in the industry. In this paper, micropatterns on the surface of quartz glass are fabricated by a femtosecond laser-induced backside dry etching (fs-LIBDE) method to generate the layered composite structure and the simultaneous seed layer in a single-step. This is achieved by using fs-LIBDE technology with metal base materials (Stainless steel, Al, Cu, Zr-based amorphous alloys, and W) with different ablation thresholds, where atomically dispersed high threshold non-precious metals ions are gathered across the microgrooves. On account of the strong anchor effect caused by the layered composite structures and the solid catalytic effect that is down to the seed layer, copper micropatterns with high bonding strength and high quality, can be directly prepared in these areas through a chemical plating process. After 20-min of sonication in water, no peeling is observed under repeated 3M scotch tape tests and the surface was polished with sandpapers. The prepared copper micropatterns are 18 µm wide and have a resistivity of 1.96 µΩ·cm (1.67 µΩ·cm for pure copper). These copper micropatterns with low resistivity has been proven to be used for the glass heating device and the transparent atomizing device, which could be potential options for various microsystems.

Controlling the Movability and Excimer Formation of Functional Organic Molecules

Abstract An excimer is an excited dimer complex made of two π-conjugated fluorophore molecules such that one is in the ground, and the other in the excited state. In the solid state, the intensity of the excimer emission, which is mainly caused by the formation of the excited dimer, heavily depends on the movability of the excited π-conjugated molecule. In this study, we report that organic salts composed of disulfonic acid with a common π-conjugated molecule, 2,2′-bithiophene (BT), can act as functional excimer moieties, while linear alkylamines may be used as arrangement-controlling moieties. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of the excimer emission can be drastically changed by fixing the BT moiety, which can be achieved via the interaction of the alkyl groups (i.e., the anchor effect). The experimental relationship between the movability of the π-conjugated molecule and the intensity of the excimer emission was revealed without changing the structure and arrangement of the functional organic molecules in the solid state.

A Novel Anchor-Free Method Based on FCOS + ATSS for Ship Detection in SAR Images

Ship detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images has been widely applied in maritime management and surveillance. However, some issues still exist in SAR ship detection due to the complex surroundings, scattering interferences, and diversity of the scales. To address these issues, an improved anchor-free method based on FCOS + ATSS is proposed for ship detection in SAR images. First, FCOS + ATSS is applied as the baseline to detect ships pixel by pixel, which can eliminate the effect of anchors and avoid missing detections. Then, an improved residual module (IRM) and a deformable convolution (Dconv) are embedded into the feature extraction network (FEN) to improve accuracy. Next, a joint representation of the classification score and localization quality is used to address the inconsistent classification and localization of the FCOS + ATSS network. Finally, the detection head is redesigned to improve positioning performance. Experimental simulation results show that the proposed method achieves 68.5% average precision (AP), which outperforms other methods, such as single shot multibox detector (SSD), faster region CNN (Faster R-CNN), RetinaNet, representative points (RepPoints), and FoveaBox. In addition, the proposed method achieves 60.8 frames per second (FPS), which meets the real-time requirement.

The Influence of Thermal Treatments on Anchor Effect in NMT Products.

The anchor effect in nanomolding technology (NMT) refers to the effect that polymer nanorods in nanopores on metal surfaces act as anchors to firmly bond the outside polymer components onto the metal surface. In this work, the influences of thermal treatments on the anchor effect are studied at microscopic level from the perspective of interfacial interaction by a model system (poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) and alumina nanopore composite). The differential scanning calorimeter and fluorescence results indicate that the formation of a dense polymer layer in close contact with the pore walls after proper thermal treatments is the key for a strong interfacial interaction. Such polymer layers were formed in NMT products composed of PBMA and aluminum after slow cooling or annealing, with an up to eighteen-fold improvement of the interfacial bonding strength. The polymer chains near the nanopore walls eliminate the thermal stress induced by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients through relaxation over time and remain in close proximity with the pore walls during the cooling process of nanomolding. The above dynamic behaviors of the polymer chains ensure the formation of stable interfacial interaction, and then lead to the formation of the anchor effect.

Mechanical Behaviour of Anchored Rock Containing Weak Interlayer under Uniaxial Compression: Laboratory Test and Coupled DEM–FEM Simulation

The reason for instability in a rock mass with a weak interlayer is not only the sliding failure of the rock interlayer structural plane but also the tip crack propagation caused by the stress concentration at the tip of the interlayer. In this study, a uniaxial compression test of an anchored rock mass with a weak interlayer was carried out to determine the influence of the anchorage on the failure pattern and the strength of samples with different interlayer dip angles. In addition, the coupled DEM–FEM numerical simulation method was used to study the internal stress evolution of the sample and the stress distribution of the anchor under the anchorage effect. The results showed that the anchorage effect on reinforcement and strength enhancement was greatest for the sample with an interlayer dip angle of 30°. Under the anchorage effect, crack initiation was limited and there was more shear failure in the samples. The reinforcement range of the anchorage effect for anchors with restrained ends was larger than for anchors with free ends. When the rock–anchor interface was unbonded, the effect of the free-ends anchor reflected the residual friction, but the restrained-ends anchor still worked by limiting the lateral expansion of the rocks. The stress values and deformation of the anchors decreased gradually with an increase in dip angle.

Experimental investigation on compressive behavior of corroded thin-walled CHS T-joints with grout-filled GFRP tube repairing

This paper presents the compression tests of grout-filled GFRP-repaired chord-corroded CHS T-joints. A total of eight specimens, including uncorroded or corroded bare steel joints, grout-filled GFRP- or PVC-repaired joints were tested under axial compressive loading via the brace. The design parameters included the brace-to-chord diameter ratio, weight loss ratio due to corrosion, steel bar anchors on chord and material of external tube. The corrosion and repairing process of specimens are presented, followed by analysis of typical test results such as the failure modes, compressive strength and initial stiffness. The test results indicated that the uniform corrosion with 10% chord weight loss did not change the failure mode of compressive CHS T-joints, but caused near 20% decrease of the compressive strength and the initial stiffness. The strength of external tube and brace diameter were two key factors that guarantee the repairing effect, and the effect of steel bar anchors on chord was minimal. The grout-filled GFRP tube is effective to strengthen chord-corroded CHS T-joints for enhanced compressive strength and stiffness, with the enhance ratio of over 2.0. The repairing mechanism of the grout-filled GFRP tube is to provide a strong constraint effect on the chord, which changes the failure mode of the specimens from chord face plastification to combined failure of chord punching shear and plastification. A modified formula is proposed for estimating the confinement effect of the grout-filled GFRP tube repaired specimens.

A Ship Detection Method via Redesigned FCOS in Large-Scale SAR Images

Ship detection in large-scale synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images has achieved breakthroughs as a result of the improvement of SAR imaging technology. However, there still exist some issues due to the scattering interference, sparsity of ships, and dim and small ships. To address these issues, an anchor-free method is proposed for dim and small ship detection in large-scale SAR images. First, fully convolutional one-stage object detection (FCOS) as the baseline is applied to detecting ships pixel by pixel, which can eliminate the effect of anchors and avoid the missing detection of small ships. Then, considering the particularity of SAR ships, the sample definition is redesigned based on the statistical characteristics of ships. Next, the feature extraction is redesigned to improve the feature representation for dim and small ships. Finally, the classification and regression are redesigned by introducing an improved focal loss and regression refinement with complete intersection over union (CIoU) loss. Experimental simulation results show that the proposed R-FCOS method can detect dim and small ships in large-scale SAR images with higher accuracy compared with other methods.

Influence of surface roughness of die sinking EDM on mold releasability in compression molding of thermosetting phenol resin

Improvement in metal mold characteristics such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance and mold releasability is essential for plastic molding. In this study, factors of the mold releasability were investigated by quantitative evaluations of adhesion forces between the processed metal mold surfaces and the molded resins in compression molding of thermosetting phenol resin. Die sinking EDM was employed as the processed surfaces of the metal molds. As the mold releasability tests, the molded thermosetting phenol resin onto the EDMed surface was pulled up in the perpendicular direction from the surface. Consequently, the mold releasability could be quantitatively evaluated by measuring a maximum tensile load which means a mold release force when the molded resin is separated from the EDMed surface.Several workpieces with different surface roughness as the EDMed surfaces were prepared by varying discharge currents and pulse durations. As a result of investigations on relationships between surface roughness parameters and measured mold release forces, the mold release forces tended to increase as maximum height roughness RZ and average length RSm of the surface roughness parameters increase. On the other hand, the mold release forces tended to decrease as peak count RPc increases. Accordingly, it is considered that anchor effects become higher with increase of undulation on the EDMed surfaces. Therefore, the undulation is one of the factors affecting the mold releasability, and it would be possible to improve the mold releasability by reducing the undulations on the EDMed surfaces with EDM conditions.

Effect of abrasive blasting and atmospheric plasma treatment on static and fatigue strength of SPCC adhesive joint

For greater fuel efficiency and increased safety, shifts to design of car body using multi-material such as ultra-high strength steel, aluminum alloy and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) in addition to conventional steel are accelerated. Therefore, effective joint methods for dissimilar materials are required. Adhesive bonding has attracted attention from this point of view. The strength of adhesive bonding joints is affected by the surface conditions of the adherend. Therefore, in this study, the effects of abrasive blasting and atmospheric plasma treatment on the static and fatigue strength of SPCC (steel plate cold commercial) adhesive joint were evaluated. It was found that abrasive blasting increased the surface roughness and waviness due to the collision of particles and improved both static and fatigue strengths of the joints due to anchor effect. On the other hand, atmospheric plasma treatment created hydrophilic surface of SPCC, however, only fatigue lives of the joints increased and the static strength was not improved.

Comparative Study of 2 Bone Anchors Using a Limited Open Procedure for the Management of Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability.

Arthroscopic and open surgical procedures are commonly used to repair distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability. Both may result in patient dissatisfaction and recurrence of DRUJ instability. An alternative treatment that yields improved outcomes is a limited open approach using a bone anchor to support the DRUJ. A retrospective chart review of 58 patients (59 extremities) aged 18 to 60 years with type 1B Palmer rupture (3 months or more after injury) of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) without distal radius fracture was conducted. Inclusion criteria are: 3 to 12 months after injury, clinical DRUJ instability, and minimum of 6 months of postoperative follow-up. Operative fixation with Stryker Sonic or Depuy Mitek anchor was done by the same surgeon using a limited open procedure. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand; Brief Pain Inventory; Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Numeric Pain Scale; range of motion; and recurrence of instability. A multivariate analysis of variance model was fit to imputed data to assess the effect of both anchors. Clinical and statistical differences were found in preoperative and postoperative assessments for either the Stryker Sonic or the Depuy Mitek anchor but not between anchor types. There was no recurrence after 3 years with either anchor. Patients requiring TFCC repair using the Stryker Sonic or Depuy Mitek anchor experienced: (1) significant clinical and statistical improvement in postoperative assessments; (2) patient satisfaction; and (3) corrected DRUJ instability. Consequently, major determinants in deciding which bone anchor to use may be based on cost or surgeon's preference.

Can We Make All Legal Norms into Legal Syllogisms and Why is That Important in Times of Artificial Intelligence?

Background: The term ‘hard cases’ trace back to Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart who was one of the first legal philosophers who directly used it in his works and Ronald Myles Dworkin to whom the development and establishment of this concept in legal language is linked. Even though these two legal philosophers in one of the most famous - The Hart–Dworkin – legal debate couldn’t agree on certain things, they both agreed that when dealing with hard cases, there is a need to act creatively in order to resolve such a case properly. The division of cases into easy ones and hard ones gradually lost its popularity, even in legal theory, but perhaps it can be resurrected and used these challenging times to help meet the challenges prompted by technology? Methods: This paper analyses the dichotomy of hard and easy cases as well as circumstances relating to the courts’ decision-making processes in such cases. The essay examines whether the solutions proposed by legal positivism (such as applying syllogisms and precedents) are sufficient to deal with easy cases. The paper also examines what factors analysed by legal realists have an impact on judges while making decisions in hard cases (for example, psychological factors, such as hindsight bias, intuition, hunches, the anchor effect, laziness, unwillingness to take responsibility, or the gambler’s fallacy, as well as social factors, like upbringing, life experience, social relations, gender, age, education, etc.). Given that the article is theoretical in nature, logical, systemic, teleological methods dominate. Both descriptive method and scientific research method were used as well. Results and Conclusions: The author concludes that easy cases should eventually be delegated to artificial intelligence to resolve, whereas hard cases will remain in the competence of human judges, at least until technological development reaches a certain level.

Numerical analysis of the effect of embedment depth on the geometry of the cone failure

This paper presents the results of a numerical FEM analysis of the effect of embedment depth on the extent of the failure zone (cone failure) under the effect of an undercut anchor. For the establishment of the other affecting quantities, the formation of the value of the cone failure angle of the rock medium depending on the embedment depth was analysed. The problem is interesting as regards aspects of rock mass loosening during pull-out of undercut anchors. As a result of the analysis, a significant effect of embedment depth on propagation and the extent of cone failure has been found. The increasing value of embedment depth significantly decreases the extent of the failure zone measured on a free rock surface. The increasing value of cone failure angle limits the potential interaction of failure zones in multi-anchor systems.

Numerical analysis of undercut anchor effect on rock

The paper presents the results of a numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method (FEM) of the friction issue in the contact between the undercut anchor head and rock during anchor pull-out. Formation of failure zone of rock medium was analysed assuming different Coulomb friction coefficients in the contact zone of conical anchor head with a rock. The problem is interesting as regards practical aspects of rock mass loosening during anchor pull-out. The analysis revealed a significant effect of the friction coefficient on the propagation and extent of the failure zone. Increasing the friction factor significantly decreases the extent of the failure zone measured on a free rock surface.

Freefall hydrodynamics of torpedo anchors through experimental and numerical analysis

In the present paper, the freefall hydrodynamic effects of torpedo anchors are studied through drop tests. A numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used to simulate these drop tests relying on Reynolds-averaged-Navier-Stokes equations. A theoretical model hypothesis is necessary for these numerical simulations to define the inlet velocity, which was validated using physical experiments. The hypothesis uses the constant added-mass and drag coefficients, which are never constant in the field. Herein, the 1:50 scale model experiments (in a 4 m water pit) helped to capture the time-varying effect of the hydrodynamic forces (i.e., added mass and drag effects) of the dynamically installed torpedo anchors. In turn, the theoretical model is used in the numerical simulation of the CFD model to understand the hydrodynamic effects in the prototype. The parametric analyses are conducted with different anchor configurations as a part of the study. In particular, the effect of aspect ratio and anchor geometry (nose, fin configurations) are reported. Experimental findings report best hydrodynamic performance by the hemispheric nose followed by ellipse and ogive. In contrast, the conical nose shows inferior performance due to its significant lateral displacement. Numerical simulations also showed that long elongated cones (tip angle <60°) were more efficient.

The Interval Anchoring Effect.

The anchoring effect refers to a decision bias that initial irrelevant information can influence late judgment. So far, most (if not all) studies on the anchoring effect adopted only point anchors (e.g., "Do you want to buy a computer with a price higher or lower than $1,000?"). In reality, people also use interval anchors (e.g., "Do you want to buy a computer with a price within $800-1,200?"). Can interval anchors also produce anchoring effect? Which kind of anchors have stronger anchoring effect? To answer these questions, we conducted four experiments involving quite different content. In each experiment, we found extremely significant anchoring effects for point anchors and interval anchors, respectively, but no significant difference between them. The results suggest that rarely researched interval anchors can be as powerful as intensively investigated point anchors and thus deserve more research and applications henceforth.

The number of loaded sutures alters the suture-holding strength in different knotless suture anchors, a biomechanical study

Abstract Background Due to advances in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, a knotless suture anchor is expected to hold more than two suture limbs. The objective of this study is to investigate whether when employing different fixation mechanisms, the suture-holding strength of knotless anchors are altered by the number of loaded sutures. Methods Three types of knotless anchors (spiral core clamping, winged clamping, and spooling) were tested, with each anchor double-loaded or quadruple-loaded. Cyclic loading was applied, followed by a tensile load until failure. Clinical failure load (CFL) was defined by 3mm slippage, and ultimate failure load (UFL) was defined as a sharp deviation in the linear load-versus-displacement curve. A two-way ANOVA was performed to examine the effects of suture anchors and suture number. Results The two-way ANOVA showed significant interaction between the type of suture anchor and the number of sutures (p Conclusions The number of loaded sutures does affect the suture-holding strength of knotless suture anchors, and anchors with different fixation mechanisms are affected differently.

Experimental measurements of consumer psychology: Anchoring and adjustment effect and context effect in choice

Experimental measurements of consumer psychology: Anchoring and adjustment effect and context effect in choice

Cognitive Biases in Building Energy Decisions

Research on sustainability in the building sector currently focuses mainly on technical solutions while little attention is given to how behaviour influences the uptake of these solutions. Bounded rationality may have a significant impact on the effective implementation of more sustainable technologies that are already available. However, empirical evidence on the effects of bounded rationality in the building sector, such as cognitive biases, is still lacking. Here, we present an empirical investigation of four cognitive biases in the building environment, namely the framing, anchor, default, and decoy effect. For that, energy-related decisions situations were presented to approximately 270 participants in an online survey. Our results show that awareness of greenhouse gas emissions from buildings can be raised through framing that the willingness to pay more for an energy-efficient home can be increased by presenting it as default, and that the choices can be shifted towards more energy-efficient appliances by using a decoy. The hypothesis that anchoring increases the willingness to pay more for the installation of a solar system could not be supported. These findings decrease the lack of empirical data on cognitive biases in the context of buildings and further indicate the potential of choice architecture in the building environment. The influence of cognitive biases in energy-related decisions should be used to increase the adaptation of sustainable technologies.

Interfacial Microstructure and Formation of Direct Laser Welded CFRP/Ti-6Al-4V Joint

Joining fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone resin matrix composite (PEEK-CFRP) with Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy to form a composite structure is a promising manufacturing process. Huge difference of material properties is the biggies challenge to join them. Continuous laser welding process is conducted in this experiment to join the two materials. In this study, joints under different welding speeds were obtained. Mechanical properties and microstructures were observed, and the interfacial structures were tested. The results showed that fixed joint could be obtained. As the welding speed decreased, the tensile shear first increased and then decreased. The shear force reached a maximum value of 36.8 N/mm at the speed of 10 mm/s. The quality of joint could be observably affected by welding speed. The formation of bubbles, cracks, and anchor effect at the interface were the main factors affecting the mechanical property of joint. Thus, adhesion failure was the main failure form for CFRP fracture. Ti, Al and some other elements had been diffused across the interface, resulting in the formation of intermediate transition layer. The result of EDS, X-ray and XPS test indicated that CTi0.42V1.58 phase could be formed, and Ti at the interface could react with the oxygen and carbon of CFRP to form TiO2, TiO and TiC, forming a stable joint structure.

Strengthening mechanisms in short carbon fiber reinforced Nb/Nb5Si3 composites with interfacial reaction

The understanding of strengthening mechanisms in composites is crucial to improve its mechanical properties. Strengthening mechanisms in Nb/Nb5Si3 composites reinforced by different contents of short carbon fiber (Csf) were investigated. Interface and tensile properties of the composites were studied. Interfacial nano-sized Nb4C3 phase forms by in situ interfacial reaction, the Nb4C3 phase embedded intimately in the Csf and matrix forms an anchor effect. The content of Nb4C3 phases in the composites increases because of the increase of Csf content. Ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the composite are improved because of the increase of Csf content. When the content of Csf is 1.0 wt%, the elongation reaches the maximum, but the elongation decreases slightly when the content of Csf increases from 1.0 wt % to 2.0 wt %. The strengthening mechanisms in this composite were investigated according to grain refinement and load transfer. Load transfer is main strengthening mechanism and accounts for more than 95% of the improvement in yield strength. This indicates that the control of interfacial bonding state is crucial to improve the mechanical properties of the composites. This study can offer some valuable information to disclosing the strengthening behaviors in the Csf reinforced metal matrix composites.