Anchor Effect Research Articles

Synthesis of High‐Performance Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composites via Hydroxyl Anchoring Effect and Directional Freeze‐Drying Method

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers present extensive application prospects, especially in the field of wearable electronics. However, utilizing nanofillers for enhanced β‐phase and piezoelectric properties faces challenges like noncontinuous interfaces, poor compatibility between nanofillers and PVDF matrix, and the requirement of high‐voltage polarization, hindering extensive domain alignment on a large scale. Herein, a method is proposed to synthesize high‐performance PVDF composites by introducing hydroxylated barium titanate (H@BTO) nanoparticles and a directional freeze‐drying method to enhance β‐phase content and piezoelectric properties without polarization. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal robust binding interactions between Ba and F atoms along with OH surface terminations on H@BTO, facilitating hydrogen bonding within the PVDF matrix, resulting in dipole alignment and increased spontaneous polarization. The composite film achieves an 86.69% β phase content and a piezoelectric coefficient of ≈14.49 pm V−1 without electric polarization. The freeze‐drying PVDF‐H@BTO composite film paired with a PA6 membrane is used to fabricate triboelectric nanogenerator, demonstrating a current density of ≈107.5 mA m−2 and an output voltage of ≈832 V. Results demonstrate that the utilization of strong binding interactions between various atoms, the hydroxyl anchoring effect, and directional freeze‐drying method as a strategy holds promising prospects for synthesizing high‐performance piezoelectric composites.

Tunable-pH Environment Induced by Local Anchor Effect of High Lewis Basicity Conductive Polymers toward Glycerol Upgrading Assisted Hydrogen Evolution.

Hybrid organic/inorganic composites with the organic phase tailored to modulate the local chemical environment at the transition metal-based catalyst surface arise as an enchanting category of catalysts for electrocatalysis. A fundamental understanding of how the conductive polymers of different Lewis basicities affect the reaction path is, however, still lacking to guide rational catalyst design. Herein, polyaniline (PANI), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) manifesting different Lewis basicities are compared for their regulatory roles on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and glycerol electrooxidation (GOR) pathways regarding local proton coverage. Concerted efforts from in situ Raman and DFT theoretical calculations unveil that conductive polymer/V2O5 surface with tunable local pH regulated by Lewis acidity/basicity. As a result of the tailored chemical environment, the restructured V2O5/PANI/NF composite demonstrates a low overall potential of 1.55 V at the partial current density of 50 mA cm-2 for formate. The glycerol upgrading assisted hydrogen evolution device composed of V2O5/PANI/NF exhibits excellent electrochemical performance at a maximal Faraday efficiency of 82%, ranking among state of the art.

Machine Learning Assisted Screening of MXene with Superior Anchoring Effect in Al–S Batteries

Machine Learning Assisted Screening of MXene with Superior Anchoring Effect in Al–S Batteries

Anchoring Effect and Its Application in Trade

Anchoring effect is one of the many heuristics or biases, which are shortcuts that help humans make quicker decisions. It affects many decisions made in our everyday lives, which might lead to the wrong choices being made. Therefore, this paper will examine one of the most influential biases that affect peoples everyday life decisions, the anchoring effect. How might it affect trade between consumers and producers? Whether it affects the consumer and the producer when they are making a decision. This will be done by analyzing different articles that looked at the implications of the anchoring effect on when a trade is going to or is taking place. At the same time, it is also important to look at how might this knowledge be useful for the different stakeholders, consumers and producers, which are involved in a trade. The results of the analysis of several articles related to the effect of anchoring bias on trade show that the anchoring effect greatly affects consumers price valuation and willingness to pay when a number is given before actually seeing the product.

The role of gender-identity congruity in cross-gender endorsement in the context of live streaming

PurposeThis paper critically examines the effectiveness of male anchor in cross-gender endorsements and questions whether it can truly deliver positive outcomes for advertisers in the context of live streaming. It explores the underlying mechanisms of this effect by examining the mediation effect of perceived gender-identity incongruence and the moderation effect of anchor presence.Design/methodology/approachThree experiments are conducted to examine the effect of cross-gender endorsement on purchase intention.FindingsThe findings from three experiments provide empirical evidence that the endorsement of female-gendered products by male anchors leads to a significant decrease in the evaluation of these products among female consumers. This negative effect is mediated by a sense of gender-identity incongruence experienced by female consumers. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that female customers exhibit higher purchase intent for female-gendered products endorsed by male virtual anchors compared to real anchors; however, the same pattern was not observed in the case of female anchors.Originality/valueThis paper empirically examines the possible negative effects of the male anchor endorsement in the live streaming context. It reveals the underlying mechanism of this negative effect, and how the virtual “presence” take a role in this underlying mechanism.

The power of past performance in multidimensional supplier evaluation and supplier selection: Debiasing anchoring bias and its knock-on effects.

This research examines how anchoring bias affects managers' multi-dimensional evaluations of supplier performance, supplier selection, and the effectiveness of two debiasing techniques. We consider the supplier past performance in one performance dimension as the anchor and investigate whether and how this anchor would have a knock-on effects on evaluating a supplier's performance in other dimensions. We conducted two online experimental studies (Study 1, sample size = 104 and Study 2, sample size = 408). Study 1 adopts a 2 x 1 (high anchor vs. low anchor) between-subjects factorial experimental design, and Study 2 is a 3 (debiasing: no, consider-the-opposite, mental-mapping) x 2 (high anchor vs. low anchor) between-subjects factorial design. The results from Studies 1 and 2 suggest that when a supplier has received a low evaluation score in one dimension in the past, participants assign the same supplier lower scores in the other dimensions compared to a supplier that has obtained a high score in the past. We also find that anchoring has a knock-on effect on how likely participants are to choose the same supplier in the future. Our findings highlight the asymmetric effectiveness of 'consider-the-opposite' and 'mental-mapping' debiasing techniques. This research is the first study that examines how anchoring bias managers' evaluations in a multi-dimensional setting and its knock-on effects. It also explores the effectiveness of two low-cost debiasing techniques. A crucial practical implication is that suppliers' exceptionally good or disappointing past performance affects the judgement of supply managers. Hence, managers should use consider-the-opposite or mental-mapping techniques to debias the effect of high and low anchors, respectively.

Influence of spike anchors in the bond behaviour of FRCM systems applied on concave masonry substrates

One of the methods that can be used for strengthening masonry arch structures is through the use of composite systems bonded to the external surfaces, preferably to the intrados, such as textile reinforced mortar systems (FRCM, TRM, SRG etc). The application of such systems to the intrados allows the ultimate load to be increased while keeping the structure in service. The load increment depends on the performance of the bond between the matrix and the masonry substrate and between the matrix and the fabric, and also the radial detachment stresses (normal for the strengthening system) that are generated when applying this technology to concave surfaces must also be taken into account, as they have a negative effect on the load transfer mechanism. Spike anchors are generally used to reduce the negative effect of curvature in order to postpone the debonding process of the strengthening system. This paper presents the results obtained from a direct shear test campaign on curved masonry specimens strengthened with a fiber-reinforced cement-based matrix (FRCM) with pozzolanic reaction and a carbon fiber fabric. In particular, the effects of spike anchors on the load transfer mechanism between FRCM and the masonry substrate are shown. The use of such spike anchors produced, on average, a higher maximum ultimate force than specimens without spike anchors.

The effect of type of mechanical anchors on bond behavior of ribbed-surface GFRP bars embedded in concrete

The deficiency in the bond between concrete and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is a major hindrance to their widespread use in concrete structures. One effective solution to this problem is to use mechanical anchors along the bar. This research investigates the effect of mechanical anchors on the bond behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars embedded in concrete. In the first phase, eight beam specimens were constructed and tested in flexure, in which the FRP bars contained no anchors or anchors made of polyethylene, aluminum, or steel. The increase in maximum tensile stress in the bar was 43 %, 17 %, and 12 % for specimens with steel, aluminum, and polyethylene anchors, respectively. Steel anchors were identified as the most effective option with the greatest maximum stress and greatest initial stiffness in the stress-slip curve. In the study's second phase, an additional set of 16 beam specimens was tested to investigate the effect of the number of steel anchors. The results showed that the tensile stress developed in the GFRP bar increases at a higher rate with a greater number of steel anchors. Compared to the specimen without anchors, the bar stresses increased by 20–25 % for one and 52–59 % for two steel anchors.

Effect of Spike Anchors in the Bond Behavior of FRCM Systems Applied onto Curved Masonry Substrates

Effect of Spike Anchors in the Bond Behavior of FRCM Systems Applied onto Curved Masonry Substrates

Pain as bad as you can imagine or extremely severe pain? A randomized controlled trial comparing two pain scale anchors

BackgroundA common method of pain assessment is the numerical rating scale, where patients are asked to rate their pain on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 is “no pain” and 10 is “pain as bad as you can imagine”. We hypothesize such language is suboptimal as it involves a test of a cognitive skill, imagination, in the assessment of symptom severity.MethodsWe used a large-scale online research registry, ResearchMatch, to conduct a randomized controlled trial to compare the distributions of pain scores of two different pain scale anchors. We recruited adults located in the United States who reported a chronic pain problem (> 3 months) and were currently in pain. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive pain assessment based on a modified Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), where the anchor for a score of 10 was either “extremely severe pain”, or the original BPI, with the anchor “pain as bad as you can imagine”. Participants in both groups also answered additional questions about pain, other symptomatology and creativity.ResultsData were obtained from 405 participants for the modified and 424 for the original BPI. Distribution of responses to pain questions were similar between groups (all p-values ≥ 0.12). We did not see evidence that the relationship between pain score and the anchor text differed based on self-perceived creativity (all interaction p-values ≥ 0.2). However, in the key analysis, correlations between current pain assessments and known correlates (fatigue, anxiety, depression, current pain compared to a typical day, pain compared to other people) were stronger for “extreme” vs. “imaginable” anchor text (p = 0.005).ConclusionPain rating scales should utilize the modified anchor text “extremely severe pain” instead of “pain as bad as you can imagine”. Further research should explore the effects of anchors for other symptoms.

Load transfer behavior and interference effect of load distributive compression anchor in residual soil

Load transfer behavior and interference effect of load distributive compression anchor in residual soil

Numerical investigation into RC slabs strengthened using FRP and hybrid anchors

It is well understood that reinforced concrete (RC) members strengthened using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) are limited by premature debonding which results in significant underutilisation of the FRP tensile strength. In order to mitigate this mode of failure, different types of anchorage systems have been developed and of these, hybrid anchors have shown significant success in shifting the mode of failure from premature debonding to FRP rupture. However, experimental data on hybrid anchors in flexural strengthening applications has been limited to date and insufficient data is currently available for development of anchor specification guidelines. This paper aims to generate additional data by developing and validating 3D finite element (FE) models to investigate the effect of hybrid anchors on RC slabs strengthened with FRP sheets. After successful validation of the model, parametric studies were conducted by varying concrete strength between 25 and 65 MPa in order to generate the required data. Lastly, two models are proposed which can be used to calculate the maximum FRP design strain when using hybrid anchors in FRP strengthened RC slabs subjected to flexural actions.

A dynamic Bayesian network based reliability assessment method for short-term multi-round situation awareness considering round dependencies

During abnormal situations, the perception, comprehension, and projection of elements related to abnormality, i.e., situation awareness (SA), is one of the critical factors to guarantee system safety, and dynamically achieved in short-term multi-round interactions. The short-term multi-round SA (STMR-SA) experiences round dependencies due to anchoring effect (AE) and confirmation bias (CB). For SA in current round, AE biases judgement of system states towards previous cognition, and CB leads to neglect of information disproving previous opinion. Therefore, AE and CB mutually promote and impede the correction of STMR-SA errors. The effects of AE and CB on STMR-SA have been verified in qualitative research but disregarded in quantitative STMR-SA reliability assessments. This paper aims to propose a novel STMR-SA reliability assessment method considering AE-caused and CB-caused round dependencies. First, a round dependency model (RDM) is developed to quantify above-mentioned round dependencies. Subsequently, STMR-SA evolution is modeled with dynamic Bayesian network, where round dependencies are represented by connections between adjacent time slices and quantified by RDM. Case study on Boeing 737-8 (MAX) accident demonstrates the effectiveness of this method. Results indicates that improvement measures including adding angle of attack (AOA) disagree warning and training enhancement, could improve the STMR-SA reliability and system safety.

Anchoring Effect and Its Applications

Anchoring effects are commonly present in the economic field, and their existence can bring many problems. The purpose of this article is to study the anchoring effect between individuals, markets, and investments, as well as the impact of the anchoring effect and which factors may affect it based on existing literature and relevant experimental results. Each aspect was studied through some experiments, and through these experiments, the anchoring effect had a significant impact on all three aspects. The result shows that for individuals, their estimates tend to be anchored; for market brands, the image of co-branded brands is influenced by high-visibility brands (anchors); and for investors, through research, it has been found that anchoring effects exist in individuals, markets, and investments, and there are different factors that can affect anchoring effects. For example, if investors have more knowledge reserves, the anchoring effect on them will weaken.

The Influence of Quantitative Restriction on the Quantity of Purchases under Anchoring Effect

The aim of this study is to analysis whether purchase quantity limit is an effective anchoring. Anchoring effect is a cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions. This bias has been extensively studied in the context of pricing decisions, but less attention has been paid to its effect on quantity limitations in purchasing decisions. This study uses a questionnaire to investigate how the anchoring effect affects consumers decisions about the quantity of a product they would purchase when faced with quantity limitations. By examining the effect of the anchoring bias on purchasing quantity limitations, the studies shed light on a relatively unexplored area of consumer behavior research. The key findings of the paper suggest that the anchoring effect influences consumers decisions about the quantity of a product they would purchase, and that this effect is moderated by the type of product being considered. Overall, the paper provides valuable insights into the role of the anchoring effect in purchasing decisions, and highlights the importance of considering product type when designing quantity limitations. By taking into account the anchoring effect and its moderating factors, businesses can better understand and influence consumers purchasing decisions, potentially leading to increased sales and revenue.

Are quality assessments in science affected by anchoring effects? The proposal of a follow-up study.

We plan to empirically study the assessment of scientific papers within the framework of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. This study is a follow-up study which is intended to answer open questions from the previous study with the same topic Bornmann (2021) and Bornmann (2023). The previous and follow-up studies address a central question in research evaluation: does bibliometrics create the social order in science it is designed to measure or does bibliometrics reflect the given social order (which is dependent on the intrinsic quality of research)? If bibliometrics creates the social order, it can be interpreted as an anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. In the planned study, we shall undertake a survey of corresponding authors with an available email address in the Web of Science database. The authors are asked to assess the quality of articles that they cited in previous papers. The authors are randomly assigned to different experimental settings in which they receive (or not) citation information or a numerical access code to enter the survey. The control group will not receive any further numerical information. In the statistical analyses, we estimate how (strongly) the quality assessments of the cited papers are adjusted by the respondents to the anchor value (citation counts or access code). Thus, we are interested in whether possible adjustments in the assessments can not only be produced by quality-related information (citation counts), but also by numbers that are not related to quality, i.e. the access code. Strong effects of the anchors would mean that bibliometrics (or any other number) create the social order they are supposed to measure.

The Applications of Anchoring Effect in The Marketing Field

This article discusses the application of the anchoring effect in marketing. The anchoring effect is a cognitive bias; people will tend to believe the information they were exposed to in the first place, and the information they were exposed to later makes it difficult to change people’s views on the information they were first exposed to. This will cause people’s decision-making to be affected because they will only judge from the information they are exposed to for the first time. Applying the anchoring effect in marketing, the article discusses three kinds: shopping, advertising, and negotiation skills. In shopping, discounts and multiple-unit pricing can use anchor information to influence consumers’ judgments. In advertisements, anchor information can also be used to make advertisements more credible. In negotiations, using anchor information can achieve the goals faster and better. This article will also discuss how to eliminate the anchoring effect; for example, before seeing the anchor information, people need to obtain more comprehensive information to keep their minds clear so they can make rational decisions.

Perceptual anchoring effects: Evidence of response bias and a change in estimates sensitivity.

People's estimates of perceptual quantities are commonly biased by the contextual presence of other quantities (like numbers). In this study, we address assimilation anchoring effects (approximation of real quantities to contextual quantities) that occur for visually displayed proportions, defining a new methodological setting for the effect. Similar to classic approaches, we asked participants across several trials whether the display contained a feature in a proportion higher or lower than "a randomly selected value" (relative judgments), and then estimated the feature proportions (absolute judgments). Across all trials, we presented seven anchors ranging from .20 to .80, each with a visually displayed representation of the same seven proportions (49 judgments in total). This allowed for a psychophysical approach to individual estimates and signal detection indexes, providing new insights into how the anchoring effect is generated in this setting. Our findings suggest that anchoring effects occur both as a bias (changes in response criteria) and as a change in the ability to discriminate stimuli (affecting sensitivity indexes). Moreover, anchors modulate the level of stimuli features for which estimates were more uncertain. Finally, our results indicate that anchor effects occur immediately in the first phase of the two-phase paradigm, leading to the availability of values for supporting absolute estimates. By using a psychophysical approach to the anchoring effects, for the first time, we could clarify that this effect is the result of both bias and changes in the ability to discriminate quantity.

Biodegradable vs nonbiodegradable suture anchors for rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The use of non-biodegradable suture anchors (NBSA) in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) has increased significantly. However, several complications such as migration, chondral damage, revision, and imaging difficulties have been reported. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of biodegradable suture anchors (BSA) in overcoming such complications and achieving functional outcomes requires further study. Thus, we aim to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of RCR using BSA and NBSA using direct comparison studies. Two independent reviewers conducted systematic searches in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from conception to September 2022. Using the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools, we assessed the included studies for bias. We applied GRADE to appraise our evidence. Our PROSPERO registration number is CRD42022354347. Six studies (two randomized controlled trials, one retrospective cohort, and three case-control studies) involving 423 patients were included (211 patients received BSA and 212 patients received NBSA). BSA was comparable to NBSA in forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, Constant-Murley score, and perianchor cyst formation (P = 0.97, 0.81, 0.56, 0.29, and 0.56, respectively). Retear rates were slightly higher while tendon healing was reduced in BSA compared to NBSA, but the differences were not significant (P = 0.35 and 0.35, respectively). BSA and NBSA appear to yield similar shoulder functions and complications in rotator cuff repairs.

Experimental investigation and analytical prediction on bond behaviour of CFRP-to-concrete interface with FRP anchors

Hybrid bonded technology with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors can effectively improve the load capacity of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-to-concrete interface. To investigate the reinforcement effect of FRP anchors, tensile shear tests of seventeen CFRP-concrete bonded joints with additional FRP anchors were conducted in this paper. The effects of the construction sequence, anchor position, and type of FRP anchor were considered in the experimental investigation. It was found that bonding CFRP sheet before installing FRP anchor and construction simultaneously could ensure the integrity of FRP anchor and provide a better anchor effect. The ultimate load-carrying capacity was increased with the increasing of plate length after anchor, that is the effect of anchor position. From the results of specimens with different types of FRP anchors at the same location, the FRP anchor composed of multiple small anchors can take effect earlier. By fitting the test results, the exponential bond-slip model for the CFRP-to-concrete interface and the elastic constitutive model for the FRP anchor were obtained. Further, substituting the two constitutive models, analytic theoretical models for load-slip curves and strain distribution were derived to predict the bond behavior of FRP anchored CFRP-to-concrete interface in this paper. The comparison between the prediction results and experimental data shows the good predictive accuracy of these analytical models.